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Clinical intervention of language delays and language disorders LIU Xue-man Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (8): 813-817.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0871 Abstract （787）      PDF （1370KB）（772）       Knowledge map    Language delays and language disorders are the most common type of childhood developmental disorders. The exploratory design and initial attempts to implement a Chinese model of an evidence-based clinical intervention pathway for language delays and language disorders were guided by the Clinical Framework of children's language development and the concept of response to intervention (RTI).The early exploratory design also incorporated China's well developed nationwide maternal and children's health care system into the internationally recognized evidence-based tertiary clinical intervention pathway to achieve some initial Results in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (6): 581-585.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0347 Abstract （548）      PDF （910KB）（1013）       Knowledge map    Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in responsive caregiving for infants and toddlers XU Yu-ying, WANG Xue-na, LI Jia, AN Zi-fen, YU Li-ping Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (1): 71-75.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0343 Abstract （519）      PDF （551KB）（241）       Knowledge map    Responsive caregiving plays an important role in the early development of infants and toddlers. It can not only promote brain development, emotional and language development of infants and toddlers, but also enhance parent-child attachment and promote their social development. This paper focuses on the researches on responsive caregiving for infants and toddlers at home and abroad from three aspects:measurement tools, influencing factors and intervention measures, in order to provide theoretical reference for further study of responsive caregiving for infants and toddlers. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Guidelines of health nurturing care for children under 3 years old (trial implementation) National Health Commission of the People′s Republic of China Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (1): 1-9.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1446 Abstract （505）      PDF （3768KB）（767）       Knowledge map    Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese norm of General Physical Activity Scale for children aged 3 to 6 HE Yan-lu, YANG Zhi-yong, LIU Feng, DONG Wen-hong, KUANG Xiao-ni, ZHANG Xue-jiao, WANG Nian-rong, LUO Yan,YANG Lin, WANG Xiao-juan, WU Jian-xin, ZHANG Ting, ZHU Zong-han, WANG Jian, GUAN Hong-yan, TONG Mei-ling Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (6): 594-598.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-1495 Abstract （469）      PDF （777KB）（302）       Knowledge map    Objective To establish Chinese norm of General Physical Activity Scale for children aged 3 to 6, and to explore its cut-off score for the norm, thus to provide a practical tool for clinical application. Methods From August 2020 to May 2021, a stratified cluster sampling approach was utilized to recruit 1 616 children aged 3 to 6 years from eight cities in six major administrative regions of China. The norm distribution and scores were analyzed, and its cut-off score was discussed. Results The scores of each dimension was significantly different among eight cities( F=10.964 - 117.766, P<0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the total score of the scale is 0.937(95% CI:0.916 - 0.957). The maximum Yuden Index(YI) was 0.74, and the corresponding total score was in the 17th percentile( P 17) in the norm, with the sensitivity of 0.871 and specificity of 0.864. When P 15 (76)and P 20(80)were taken as the threshold point, the corresponding YI was 0.69 and 0.72, respectively, and the sensitivity and specificity were both above 0.8. Conclusions The norm sample of this study is representative, and the cut-off score is appropriate, which can be popularized and applied in clinic practice. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of diagnostic scales for the assessment of early neurodevelopment in infants and toddlers HUANG Heng-ye, YU Guang-jun Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (2): 162-166.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0627 Abstract （412）      PDF （693KB）（334）       Knowledge map    Early infant and toddler development is a critical period in the life span of children, and preterm or high-risk infants are at a high risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Therefore, early detection and intervention are of great importance to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants and toddlers. This review summarizes common diagnostic scales for neurodevelopmental assessment of infants and toddlers in home and abroad, especially history of evolution, current status of application, advantages and disadvantages of Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Gesell Development Schedules, Griffiths Mental Developmental Scales, and Chinese Children Development Scales, so as to provide a reference for pediatricians′ clinical work. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in health outcomes of adverse childhood experience WANG Yi-nuo, LIU Yang, ZHUANG Xu-xiu, MA Ya-nan, WEN De-liang Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (6): 632-636.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0023 Abstract （388）      PDF （532KB）（186）       Knowledge map    As a serious public health challenge,the health outcomes of adverse childhood experiences(ACEs)should not be underestimated.This article summarizes the outcomes of ACEsexperience from the following four aspects:mental health,physical health,sexually transmitted diseases and unsafe sexual behaviors,health risk behaviors,so as to provide reference for related studies. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Reliability and validity of grammar subscale of Children's Language Development Scale CHEUNG Hin-Tat, LI Xue, LIAO Min Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (8): 822-827.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0131 Abstract （370）      PDF （663KB）（252）       Knowledge map    Objective To evaluate the reliability and validity of grammar subscale of Children's Language Development Scale(CLDS). Methods A stratified cluster sampling method was adopted to randomly select 1 704 preschool children(including 852 boys and 852 girls) in Chengdu from December 2018 to June 2019. Children's language ability was evaluated with CLDS, then the reliability and validity of the grammar subscale of CLDS were tested. Results There were 1 701 completed Results in sum. The grammar scale contained 40 items of picture selection after listening to a sentence. Internal consistency reliability Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.834, and the half-fold reliability was 0.795. The infit and outfit MNSQ values of the subjects and the items were 1.00, 0.93 and 0.99, 0.93 respectively. The discrimination validity was 1.73, and the reliability of the scale was 0.75. The infit MNSQ values of 40 items were between 0.86 and 1.2 logits, which fitted well with the Rasch model. The difficulty value of items ranged from -2.55 to 1.82 logits, and the individual ability value was between -2.78 and 5.0 logits. Conclusions The grammar subscale of the CLDS has good reliability and validity. It can be applied to simply and effectively measure 3- to 6-year-old children's grammar development, so as to provide reference for diagnosing and treating speech and language disorders in Chinese children. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Early screening, diagnosis and intervention of learning disabilities in children CAO Aihua Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (6): 590-594.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0498 Abstract （359）      PDF （655KB）（575）       Knowledge map    Learning disabilities are neurodevelopmental disorders, which are classified as dyslexia, dysgraphia and dyscalculia according to the DSM-5 and ICD-11. Learning disabilities have a significant impact on children's schooling, but they will not be identified until children show poor academic performance at school. Therefore, screening for learning disabilities at preschool age and early intervention is essential. This article focuses on early screening, diagnosis and comorbidity of children with learning disabilities, and summarizes the treatment of learning disabilities in children from three aspects: education, cognitive behavior and medical interventions. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Status and challenges of early recognition and early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder KE Xiaoyan Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (3): 238-240.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0013 Abstract （334）      PDF （421KB）（384）       Knowledge map    Autism spectrum disorder(ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that seriously impacts the development of children. It has become a clinical consensus that early identification and early intervention are effective means. For professional reference, this paper mainly reviews and discusses the progress in early detection, early screening and early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in the domestic and overseas researches, as well as the problems in clinical practice. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Responsive care in early childhood development nurturing care systems NI Xue-fei, FAN Li-chun Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (1): 62-65.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0049 Abstract （330）      PDF （586KB）（351）       Knowledge map    The early childhood development nurturing care consists of five major contents:child health, adequate nutrition, safety and security, responsive care and early learning opportunities. Among them, responsive care is an important way to promote early childhood development. This article summarizes and reviews the connotation, challenges, implementation and evaluation of responsive care, and explores the influence of responsive care on early childhood development. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation and intervention of hot- and cool-executive function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder YANG Bin-rang, CHEN Qiao-ru Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (12): 1277-1281.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1315 Abstract （327）      PDF （734KB）（454）       Knowledge map    Executive function impairment emerges as a primary cognitive deficit in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), involving prefrontal cortex and multi-level brain network dysfunction. Executive function has been functionally classified into cool and hot. Cool-executive function impairment mainly manifests in response inhibition, working memory and cognitive flexibility, while hot-executive function impairment usually involves delayed gratification, reward/punishment-related decision-making, self-regulation and emotion regulation. A variety of traditional paradigms have been used when assessing executive function in ADHD children, some of which are reliably modified and culturally adapted. Based on the literature, clinical practice should not focus exclusively on cool executive function. Children′s impairment in hot executive function (with emotional and social components) should also be noted as significant indicators when evaluating the state of children′s condition. Additionally, dynamic follow-up and intervention should be required to achieve the best results in the long term. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (9): 929-934.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0679 Abstract （319）      PDF （1156KB）（602）       Knowledge map    Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary study on the reliability and validity of the Chinese Version ofParent-Child Interaction Feeding Scale JIA Ni, XU Meng-xue, DING Mei-qi, YAN Shuang-qin, ZHANG Qing-lan, WANG Bao-zhen, LI Yuan-yuan, GUAN Hong-yan Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (8): 839-844.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-1244 Abstract （312）      PDF （667KB）（179）       Knowledge map    Objective To introduce Nursing Child Interaction (PCI) Feeding Scale into China, and to assess the reliability and validity of PCI Feeding Scale in Chinese parent-child dyads. Methods Under the recommended steps by the International Testing Committee, PCI Feeding Scale was translated, then Chinese Version of Parent-Child Interaction Feeding Scale (PCI-FS-C) was developed. From June 2018 to January 2019, 310 parent-child dyads from four hospitals in Beijing, Yinchuan, Lanzhou and Maanshan were selected by convenience sampling, and PCI-FS-C was adopted to code their feeding interaction. Reliability was evaluated by internal consistency (Cronbach's α coefficient) and test-retest reliability (inter-item consistency) conducted with 10% of the samples randomly selected. Six samples were selected to evaluate rater reliability. Chinese Version of Infant-Toddler Home Observation Measurement of the Environment (IT-HOME-C) was used to exam the concurrent validity by Spearman correlation in 41 samples. Multivariate linear regression was used to evaluate discriminant validity. Results Totally 273valid mother-infant dyads were included in this study. The Cronbach's α coefficients of total score, caregiver and infant subscale scores were 0.846, 0.805 and 0.690, respectively. Both caregiver subscale ( r=0.778) and PCI-FS-C ( r=0.847) had excellent test-retest reliability, while the infant subcale showed acceptable test-retest reliability ( r=0.480) ( P< 0.01). For rater reliability, the Kendall coefficient of PCI-FS-C was 0.860. PCI-FS-C, caregiver subscale and infant subscale were moderately associated with IT-HOME-C ( r=0.526, 0.506, 0.427, P＜0.05). After controlling for mixed factors, there were significant differences among different age groups in PCI-FS-C, caregiver subscale and infant subscale ( b=3.24, 2.31, 0.92). Conclusions PCI-FS-C is a valid assessment for Chinese mother-infants, which fills the gap for assessment using an Objective measurement of caregiver/parent-child interaction in China. Enlarged sample size is suggested for culture-adapted study in future. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (3): 233-237.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0133 Abstract （299）      PDF （674KB）（539）       Knowledge map    Related Articles | Metrics

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Family parenting and early childhood language development SHEN Shi-fang, SHAO Jie Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (8): 865-868.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-1294 Abstract （293）      PDF （519KB）（210）       Knowledge map    Language learning is the product of the interaction between children's learning ability and language environment, which occurs in the social environment where children actively participate in. Differences in language ability begin to appear in infants and toddlers, and run through and affect people throughout their lives. In recent years, more and more domestic and foreign scholars have studied the effect of family parenting on early childhood language development. Understanding the influence of family parenting on the early language development of children can provide basis for formulating prevention and intervention strategies from the perspective of family parenting to promote the best development of early childhood language. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of methylphenidate hydrochloride prolonged-release tablets on the growth of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder LI Rong, LI Nian, WU Dandan, HUANG Rong, CHEN Yinhua Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (7): 731-735.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1339 Abstract （290）      PDF （513KB）（87）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the effect of methylphenidate hydrochloride prolonged-release tablets on the growth and nutritionl intake of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), in order to provide scientific reference for drug therapy of ADHD. Methods ADHD children in Children′s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were selected as study subjects, and were divided into treatment group and control group. The treatment group was given methylphenidate hydrochloride sustained release tablets, while the control group received behavior management. Height, weight, body composition measurement and 24 hour dietary survey analysis were monitored regularly. Results The Z scores of weigh-for-age(W/A-Z) ( t= 5.815, 6.708, 5.003, 2.234, P<0.001) andthe Z scores of body mass index-for-age(BMI/A-Z) ( t=3.776, 4.666, 6.431, 7.467, P<0.001), body composition measurement of protein content ( t=3.789, 4.087, 3.098, 2.889, P=0.001), skeletal musclecontent ( t=3.112, 2.890, 4.765, 5.221, P<0.001),fat content ( t=4.329, 3.879, 2.998, 2.567, P<0.001); 24-hour dietary assessment of energy ( t=11.657, 12.887, 5.091, 3.765, P<0.001), protein ( t=12.987, 14.098, 13.777, 12.987, P<0.001), fat ( t= 12.889, 12.012, 14.887, 13.987, P<0.001) and carbohydrate intake ( t= 13.889, 14.889, 15.098, 14.889, P<0.001)after 3-month,6-month,9-month,and 12-month treatmentwere lower than those in control group. The Z scrores of height-for-age (H/A-Z) of children in the treatment groupafter 6-month, 9-month and 12-month treatment were lower than those in control group( t=1.752, 2.625,5.961, P＜0.001). Repeated measurement anova analysis showed that the time effect, intragroup effect and interaction effect of physical assessment, body composition (except for inorganic salts) and 24-hour dietary assessment between the treatment group and control group were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusion The medication of methylphenidate hydrochloride prolonged-release tablets on ADHD children, with the treatment duration increasing, will have an impact on the height, weight, BMI and nutritionl intake of children. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Physical activity and early childhood development of preschool children WANG Jian Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (6): 585-590.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0597 Abstract （275）      PDF （1112KB）（202）       Knowledge map    Physical activity is the main form of play, games and daily life for preschool children and the important means of early nurturance, education and medical rehabilitation. It plays a positive and beneficial role in promoting the early brain, body, cognition, emotion and social development of children, shaping the overall life development trajectory and physical-mental health of children. This article highlights the latest research advances and future research perspectives in the areas of physical activity and early physical development, brain, cognitive development and social development. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development of children's movement skills and the cultivation of exercise habits should be valued in early childhood development TONG Mei-ling Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (6): 581-584.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0598 Abstract （273）      PDF （720KB）（356）       Knowledge map    As a crucial component of early childhood development, physical activity can facilitate the development of children's physical, mental and social abilities. Caregivers incorporate physical activities into daily nurturing care to progressively develop children's movement skills and to cultivate children's exercise habits, which contributes to early childhood development and children's long-term health, and is also an important move to upgrade population quality as well as to strengthen the country and individuals. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Efficacy of methylphenidate hydrochloride prolonged-release tablets and atomoxetine on symptoms and executive function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder LI Yan, WEN Zhu, DENG Si-yu, JIANG Wen-qing, FAN Juan, DU Ya-song Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (12): 1291-1296.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0284 Abstract （273）      PDF （708KB）（119）       Knowledge map    Objective To compare the improvement of symptoms and executive function of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treated with methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH) prolonged-release tablets and atomoxetine (ATX), in order to provide more reference for clinical intervention. Methods From 2017 to 2019,children with ADHD who had not been medicated in the Pediatric and Juvenile Outpatient Clinic of the Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine were selected into the study, then 64 ADHD Children were divided into MPH group and ATX group according to medication treatment strategy. Changes in symptom scores and executive function indicators were assessed at baseline, at the end of 4, 8, and 24 weeks of medication. Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale-Ⅳ (SNAP-Ⅳ) and Conners Parents Symptom Questionnaire (PSQ) were used to evaluate symptoms. Executive function was evaluated by Stroop color-word test, Wisconsin card classification test and Digital Span test. Results Symptom scores and several core indicators of executive function improved significantly in both groups of ADHD children at the end of the 24th weekend ( P<0.05). There were no significant differences in SNAP-Ⅳ scale scores, PSQ scores, Stroop test, as well as the scores of WCST and Digital Span between the two groups at baseline, at the end of 4th week, 8th week and 24th week ( P>0.05). Conclusion Both MPH and ATX can continuously improve behavioral symptoms and executive function performance of ADHD children. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exercise ability and early childhood development GUO Jian-jun, WANG Chao Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (6): 591-593.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0565 Abstract （272）      PDF （455KB）（270）       Knowledge map    Early childhood development is crucial for the wellbeing and health of individuals in adulthood and even in old age. It has attracted more and more concerns from society. This paper summarizes the role of motor ability development in early education from the perspective of early physical growth, intellectual development, neuropsychological development and its effect on the intervention of special children's diseases, in order to find pathways and directions to promote children's healthy growth. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Treatment and intervention of autism spectrum disorder in China and suggestions for further practice JING Jin Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (9): 939-944.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0680 Abstract （269）      PDF （831KB）（419）       Knowledge map    Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders with unknown etiology, high heterogeneity and rapidly increasing prevalence. Early education and training is the main method of rehabilitation. The intervention for ASD in China is still developing. Various medical and rehabilitation education institutions have carried out a variety of interventions, hoping to improve the function of ASD and reduce the family and social burden caused by ASD. Based on this, this article analyzes and expounds the progress in evidence-based practice of ASD, the current situation of ASD intervention in China, the limitations and the future development direction. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical features and influencing factors of children with language delay ZHANG Ying, WANG Jun-feng, DING Yan-hua Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (8): 912-915.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0910 Abstract （262）      PDF （530KB）（217）       Knowledge map    Objective To investigate the clinical features and high influencing factors of language delay in children, in order to provide reference for the early detection and intervention. Methods From November 2019 to July 2020, a total of 126 children with language delay in the Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Fudan University were enrolled in case group. While 100 normally developed children who visited the hospital from May to July 2020 were selected as control group. Children in case group were assessed by Gesell test. For both groups, a self-designed questionnaire about individual information and family environment was used to collected related information, including gestational age, pregnancy interval, delivery mode, birth weight, initial walking age, main caregivers, screen time and maternal education level. Results The first visit age for 126 children with language delay was (29.2±4.5) months. The ratio of boys and girls was 2.7∶1. Developmental quotients (DQs) of language, gross motor, fine motor, adaptive and social in Gesell Development Scale were 49.9±16.3, 73.5±15.4, 72.4±18.1, 70.2±16.2 and 60.4±16.4, respectively. The ratio of the preterm birth in the case group was higher than that in the control group( χ 2=4.873, P<0.05). For children in the case group, the initial walking age was later than that in the control group [(14.7±2.4) months vs. (12.6±2.0) months, t=5.766, P<0.05]. The screen time of children in case group was longer than that of the control group [(3.6±1.9) h vs. (1.20±1.0) h, t=10.587, P<0.05]. The level of maternal education of case group was lower than that of control group ( t=7.973, P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the main caregiver, pregnancy interval and delivery mode between the two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions Children with language delay may suffer from problems in other developmental areas as well. The longer screen time, lower maternal education and preterm birth may be the influencing factors for language delay in childhood. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Parent-implemented early language intervention strategies for children HAO Yan, ZHAO Jin-zhu Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (8): 818-821.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0796 Abstract （255）      PDF （473KB）（303）       Knowledge map    Early language acquisition in children is a complex process. It is important to provide evidence-based interventions for children with language delays in early childhood to improve their prognosis. Conducting child early language interventions in natural contexts and training parents to incorporate language and communication opportunities into daily parent-child interactions, allowing children to learn the language and practice new skills in natural and authentic learning experiences, can maximize opportunities for children to learn the language and generalize skills, yet there is limited knowledge in this area in China. This article provides a review of parent-implemented strategies for early childhood language intervention. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Neonatal nutrition and early childhood development LIU Li, WEI Si-meng, JIANG Te Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (8): 879-883.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-1142 Abstract （254）      PDF （603KB）（211）       Knowledge map    Early childhood development refers to the growth and development of the physical, psychological and social ability of the fetus to the preschool children, which is affected by the genetic environment and other aspects. Quality nutrition of newborns is an important material basis for the early development of children. Breastfeeding in neonatal period, neonatal diseases screening, and proper feeding of premature and low birth weight infants are all key factors in promoting early child development. This review will comprehensively summarize its role in the early development of children from the perspective of neonatal nutrition, so as to provide a new orientation and reference for better optimizing maternal and infant nutrition and promoting the early childhood development. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cultivate healthy dietary behavior and keep away from childhood obesity MA Guan-sheng, ZHANG Fan Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (1): 10-14.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1199 Abstract （251）      PDF （628KB）（243）       Knowledge map    Obesity has become an increasingly serious public health challenge endangering the childhood health in China. In recent 30 years, the continuous growth of childhood obesity rate in China is closely related to the improvement of living standards and the changes of dietary behavior. Dietary behavior refers to individuals′ habitual eating activities, including food selection and purchase, eating frequency, eating quantity, cooking method, eating place, etc. Eating frequency and regular eating, dining atmosphere, breakfast, western fast food and other dietary behaviors, drinking and snack eating behaviors are related to childhood obesity. Unhealthy dietary behaviors lead to weight gain and obesity in children by affecting energy intake. Parents, schools, society and the government must work together to create a healthy eating environment for children, help them cultivate healthy dietary behaviors, keep away from obesity, and provide necessary guarantees for the healthy growth of children. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Early identification and early intervention of infants and toddlers with faltering growth MAO Meng Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (4): 349-352.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0083 Abstract （250）      PDF （572KB）（383）       Knowledge map    Faltering growth in infants and toddlers is a common problem in clinical practice, and it can lead to a variety of short- and long-term health outcomes. Early life is a critical window for faltering growth identification and intervention, so a comprehensive understanding of how to identify and intervene faltering growth at early stage is of critical importance for achieving early appropriate catch-up growth and improving the lifetime health of infants and children. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation between serum vitamin D and tic disorder YOU Hai-zhen, ZHOU Yi-fang, XIE Jing, JIN Zhi-juan, WANG Guang-hai, SUN Ke-xing Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (8): 904-907.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0524 Abstract （250）      PDF （495KB）（175）       Knowledge map    Objective To explore the association of vitamin D(VD) level with tic disorder (TD) symptom severity and clinical classification, in order to provide evidence for comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of TD. Methods From March 2020 to November 2020, a total of 225 TD children (TD group) and 228 healthy children (control group) in Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, were retrospectively enrolled in this study. According to the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS), children in the TD group were divided into mild TD group (≤25 points)and moderate to severe TD group(＞25 points). According to the DSM-Ⅴ clinical classification standard, children with TD were divided into provisional tic disorder group (PTD group), chronic tic disorder group (CTD group) and Tourette syndrome group (TS group). The correlation between vitamin D deficiency and the development of TD was analyzed. Results Serum VD level of children in TD group was significantly lower than that of the control group[(22.18±6.29) ng/ml,(26.14±6.48) ng/ml, t=6.60, P<0.001], and the proportion of insufficient or lacking VD (89.8%) was high in the control group (75.9%) ( χ2=15.35, P<0.001). Serum VD level of the moderate to severe TD group was lower than that of the mild TD group and the control group ( F=23.85, P<0.001). Serum VD level of TD children was negatively related to the severity of symptoms ( r=-0.215, P=0.001). The difference in VD levels among three clinical subtypes of TD and the control group was statistically significant ( F=16.93, P<0.001). Among them, the CTD group had the lowest VD level, which was significantly lower than the control group.The proportion of insufficient or lack of serum VDin children with TD subtypeswas higher than that of the control group ( χ2=15.91, P<0.001). Conclusions VD deficiency is more common in children with TD. There is a certain correlation between the degree of VD deficiency and the severity of tic disorder symptoms and clinical subtypesin children with TD. The detection of vitamin D level can be used as an auxiliary examination for children with TD, providing new clinical ideas for the treatment of TD. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Status of vitamin A, vitamin D and comorbidity of both deficiency in Chinese children YIN Shian, YANG Zhenyu Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2024, 32 (3): 301-306.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2024-0146 Abstract （243）      PDF （617KB）（301）       Knowledge map    Vitamin A and vitamin D deficiencies or insufficiencies in children remain global public health problems. The deficiencies of both vitamin A and vitamin D exist in Chinese children, the deficiency of vitamin A is mainly marginal (about 30%) in children aged 0 - 12 years.Vitamin D deficiency and prevalence are common in healthy children aged 0 - 18 years, among which the severe deficiency rate is 2.46%, the deficiency rate is 21.57%, and the marginal deficiency rate is 28.71%.The deficiency rate gradually increases with the increase of age.Since the respective bioactive metabolites of vitamin A and vitamin D, retinoic acid and 1 and 25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 have hormone-like properties, and both metabolites are synthesized from their vitamin precursors by different tissues and cells in the body, there may be a synergistic effect between both on target cells remotely by binding to nuclear hormone receptors.A high proportion of concurrent vitamin A and vitamin D deficiencies (comorbidities) in malnourished children under 5 years of age in low- and middle-income countries and poor areas will affect the immune response in a highly specific way, in addition to causing growth and developmental disorders (e.g., growth retardation, motor retardation), it also increases susceptibility to infectious diseases (e.g., recurrent respiratory infections, diarrhea), allergic diseases (e.g., asthma, atopic dermatitis), and neurodevelopmental disorders (touretic disorder, autism spectrum disorder).Therefore, children in the period of growth and development may benefit from supplementing with vitamin A and vitamin D. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Results of Gesell Developmental Scale of 2- to 3- year-old children with autism spectrum disorder or developmental language disorder WU Man-hong, DENG Xue-mei, LIN Hua-zhao, YU Chu-lan, ZENG Liu-yuan, YANG Yun Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (8): 895-899.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0706 Abstract （237）      PDF （587KB）（138）       Knowledge map    Objective To compare the developmental characteristics of 2- to 3- year-old children with autism spectrum disorder(ASD) or developmental language disorder(DLD) by Gesell Developmental Scale(GDS),in order to provide evidence for early diagnosis and intervention. Method From March 2020 to March 2021,children with ASD( n=78) and DLD( n=80) were evaluated by GDS,their development characteristics were analyzed and compared retrospectively. Results 1) The average developmental quotient(DQ) of ASD children was lower than that of DLD children. Except for the gross motor,the DQs of adaptability,fine motor,language and personal-social in ASD children were significantly lower than those of DLD group( t=16.043,6.208,14.219,10.811, P<0.001). 2) The language development of ASD children was predominantly severely and moderately impaired(48.72%,33.33%),while the language development of DLD children was most mildly impaired(77.5%). Fifty percent of ASD children had a mild impairment in personal-social area and no one case was normal. However,68.75% of DLD children had a mild impairment in personal-social area,and 30% of personal-social DQ was at normal or borderline level. Conclusions Except for the gross motor energy area,the average DQs of other developmental areas in ASD children are lower than those in DLD children. Familiarity with the Gesell developmental characteristics of ASD children and DLD children is helpful for the early identification,rehabilitation and education plan development as well as the prognosis of children with ASD and DLD. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the correlation between cognitive ability and learning disability in children LIU Zi-zi, XU Xiao-yu, PAN Ning, JIN Yu-ying, GUO Xu-ning, LI Xiu-hong Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (8): 834-838.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-1427 Abstract （237）      PDF （616KB）（157）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the correlation between cognitive processing defects and different types of learning disabilities in second- to fifth-grade pupils, so as to provide reference for targeted intervention measures. Methods A total of 1 905 second- to fifth-grade pupils in Guangzhou were randomly selected by stratified cluster sampling. Children with learning disabilities were screened by the Pupil Revised-Screening for Learning Disability (PRS) and the Dyslexia Checklist for Chinese Children(DCCC). Data were analyzed by χ2 test, t test and Logistic regression. Results Children with written expression disorder ( OR=2.70, 95% CI: 1.01 - 7.18), attention disorder ( OR=4.44, 95% CI: 1.50 - 13.10) and visual perception disorder ( OR=2.93, 95% CI: 1.35 - 6.35) were more likely to have learning disabilities. Children with attention disorder had a higher risk of verbal learning disorder ( OR=9.02, 95% CI: 1.82 - 44.84), and children with visual perception disorder had a higher risk of non-verbal learning disorder ( OR=4.01, 95% CI: 1.59 - 10.10).Children with attention disorder ( OR=6.06, 95% CI: 1.88 - 19.49) and visual perception disorder ( OR=4.61, 95% CI: 1.76 - 12.04) had a higher risk of developing mixed learning disorder. Conclusions Multi-dimensional cognitive impairment is related to the occurrence of learning disabilities. Specifically, children with attention impairment and visual perception impairment are more likely to have verbal learning impairment, and non-verbal learning impairment, respectively. Mixed learning impairment is significantly related to both attention impairment and visual perception impairment. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Validation and norms of the Chinese Toddler Sleep Assessment Scale FENG Wei-wei, ZHANG Tong, WANG Hui-shan, YANG Yu-feng, XU Zhi-fei, PAN Xiao-ping, WANG Guang-hai, XU Tao, Working Group on Norms Establishment of Chinese Infants and Toddlers Sleep Assessment Scales Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (1): 42-45.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0642 Abstract （236）      PDF （680KB）（205）       Knowledge map    Objective To verify the reliability and validity of Chinese Toddler Sleep Assessment Scale(TSAS), and to establish national norm and cut-off score. Methods Using multistage random sampling, totally 2 816 urban and rural caregivers whose child aged 12 to 35 months were selected in 14 cities of 7 provinces from May to December 2021. The internal consistency reliability, split-half reliability and confirmatory factor analysis were used to verify the reliability and validity of the scale. The percentile norm( P 5, P 15, P 50, P 85 and P 95) was established, and the total TSAS scores exceeding P 85 and P 97 were determined as the cut-offs for identifying poor sleep and abnormal sleep. Results The Cronbach′s α coefficients of TSAS was 0.73, the split-half reliability was 0.81, and the factor structure models were stable, which showed good reliability and validity. The age norm of TSAS was established. The total score >40 indicated poor sleep, and > 45 indicated abnormal sleep. Conclusions TSAS has stable reliability and validity. The established norm and cut-off can provide Objective reference for its promotion and application. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Association between screen time and sleep duration and the moderating effect of outdoor activity among preschoolers MA Ying, JIAO Ting, HUANG Ya-shen, SHU Guan-yu, SONG Yan-yan, JIANG Lin Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (6): 664-668.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-1587 Abstract （235）      PDF （536KB）（134）       Knowledge map    Objective To examine the association between electronic screen time and sleep duration among preschoolers in Guangzhou, and to explore the moderate effect of outdoor activity, in order to provide reference for facilitating sleep health of children. Methods Using a random cluster sampling method, a total of 166 preschoolers in 3 kindergartens in Guangzhou were selected into this study from October to December 2020. Data on electronic screen time, outdoor activities, and sleep duration of children were collected by parental questionnaire. General linear regression models were used to analyze the association of electronic screen time and outdoor activities with sleep duration, and the moderating test was used to explore the moderating effect of outdoor activity. Results Totally 138 preschoolers (83.1%) had a sleep duration less than 10 hours per night, and the daily screen time of 86 preschoolers (51.8%) was more than 1 hours. The mobile electronic screen time was prominently associated with sleep duration ( β=-0.298,95% CI:-0.603 - -0.021), while the TV screen time has no relation with sleep duration ( β＝-0.144, 95% CI :-0.382 - 0.089). The moderating test demonstrated a null moderating effect of outdoor activity on the association between screen time and sleep duration ( P>0.05). Conclusion Exposure to mobile electronic screen is adversely associated with the sleep duration among preschoolers, and outdoor activitiesplay no moderating role on this association. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Association between anxiety of adolescents and parental styles CONG En-zhao, CHEN Hai-ying, WANG Yun, HU Yao, YANG Wei-min, WU Yan Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (8): 900-903.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-1065 Abstract （234）      PDF （519KB）（95）       Knowledge map    Objective To study the relationship between adolescent anxiety and parenting styles,in order to provide reference for promoting adolescents' mental health. Method A cluster sampling method was adopted. Totally 6 195 junior and senior high school students in Xinxiang City of Henan Province was selected into this study from 2014 to 2017,and were assessed by general demographic data questionnaire,Parental Bonding Instrument(PBI),The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders(SCARED) and Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale-11( KADS-11). Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the association between adolescent anxiety and parenting styles. Results There were 6 194 valid questionnaires,including 2 586(41.8%) males and 3 608(58.2%) females. There was no significant difference in the detection rate of anxiety between male and female students(χ 2 =3.400 ,P>0.05). Adolescents' anxiety was negatively correlated with care( OR=0.969,95% CI:0.953 - 0.984, P＜0.001) and encouragement from mothers( OR=0.974,95% CI: 0.953 - 0.994,P=0.013).However,adolescents' anxiety was positively related to maternal control( OR=1.088,95% CI:1.064 - 1.113, P< 0.001) and paternal control( OR=1.042,95% CI:1.019 - 1.066, P<0.001). There was also a significant positive correlation of comorbidity of anxiety and depression with maternal control (OR=1.065,95% CI:1.035 - 1.096, P<0.001) and paternal control( OR=1.068,95% CI:1.038 - 1.099, P<0.001). Conclusions Parental care is a protective factor for adolescent anxiety,while parental control is a risk factor,especially father control is a risk factor for comorbidity of anxiety and depression in adolescents. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes and clinical significance of serum 25-(OH)D 3 and vitamin D-binding protein levels in adolescent patients with first-episode depressive disorder YANG Liu, LIU Yushan, WU Ningbo, SUN Jing Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (3): 259-262.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0902 Abstract （232）      PDF （535KB）（194）       Knowledge map    Objective To test the levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3[25-(OH)D 3] and vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) in adolescent patients with first-episode depressive disorder, and to analyze their clinical significance. Method A total of 100 adolescent patients with first-episode depressive disorder admitted to Qinhuangdao First Hospital from April 2021 to March 2022 were selected as the depression group, and 100 healthy adolescents who took physical examinations during the same period were selected as the control group. The levels of serum 25-(OH)D 3 and VDBP were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) was used to assess the degree of depression in patients with depression, and then the adolescents were divided into mild group ( n=41), moderate group ( n=32) and severe group ( n=27). The levels of serum 25-(OH)D 3 and VDBP among depression group, control group and adolescent patients with first-episode depressive disorder with different degrees of depression were compared. The correlation of serum 25-(OH)D 3 and VDBP levels with HAMD score in adolescent patients with first-episode depressive disorder and the influencing factors of the occurrence of first-episode depressive disorder were analyzed. Results Compared with the control group, the level of serum 25-(OH)D 3 in the depression group decreased ( t=10.625, P<0.05), while the level of VDBP increased ( t=13.158, P<0.05). The level of serum 25-(OH)D 3 of children in mild, moderate and severe depression group decreased in turn ( t=58.319, P<0.05), while the level of VDBP increased in turn ( F=18.805, P<0.05). Serum 25-(OH)D 3 level was negatively correlated with HAMD score and VDBP in adolescent patients with first-episode depressive disorder ( r=-0.517, -0.511, P<0.05), while serum VDBP level was positively correlated with HAMD score ( r=0.498, P<0.05). Serum 25-(OH)D 3 deficiency( OR=1.775) and high level of VDBP ( OR=1.519) were risk factors for the occurrence of first-episode depressive disorder ( P<0.05). Conclusions The serum 25-(OH)D 3 level is lower in the adolescent patients with first-episode depressive disorder, and the VDBP level is higher.Serum 25-(OH)D 3level is negatively correlated with VDBP, both of which were significantly correlated with HAMD scores. Both VDBP and 25-(OH)D 3 can be used as auxiliary indicators to determine the severity of adolescent depression. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in school refusal of children ZHOU Ya-nan, YANG Chun, WU Dan-dan Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (12): 1354-1357.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0872 Abstract （225）      PDF （610KB）（172）       Knowledge map    School refusal(SR) is a common psychological behavioral problem in children,which can be manifested by children′s reluctance to go to school,lack of interest in learning and school,or even completely refusing to go to school. More and more studies have shown that most children with school refusal are accompanied by anxiety,depression and other emotional problems,which may have a wide and negative impact on their academic performance,family,interpersonal relationship and other aspects. This review combs the definition,assessment,etiology,treatment and prognosis of school refusal in children,which is helpful for clinicians to further explore the etiology of school refusal in children,and timely assess and intervene to help them improve clinical outcomes and return to school as soon as possible. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Intervention progress in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in preschool children ZHU Pei-ying, WANG Yu Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (12): 1332-1335.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0610 Abstract （224）      PDF （551KB）（239）       Knowledge map    Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood,with inattention,hyperactivity and impulsivity as the main symptoms,and it is mainly manifested as hyperactivity in preschool period. ADHD has a seriously negative impact on children′s academic performance,interpersonal communication,physical and mental development and other aspects,and can continue to adolescence or adulthood. Early intervention can reduce the core symptoms of ADHD and reduce the incidence of comorbidities. Current interventions for preschool ADHD include behavioral therapy,physical therapy and drug therapy. Drug treatment can significantly improve the core symptoms of ADHD,but it can not improve the social interaction and executive functions of preschool children,and the side reactions of drugs can cause problems such as drug addiction and poor compliance. Behavior therapy can not only improve children′s social function and emotional problems,reduce the pressure of parenting,but also have no problems such as drug side reactions,which has become a current research hotspot. This article reviews the intervention progress in ADHD in preschool children. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in the mechanism, assessment and intervention of developmental stuttering MA Dan, ZHANG Wen-li, CAO Ling, ZHANG Ling, QU Hai-bo Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (7): 750-754.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0665 Abstract （223）      PDF （644KB）（143）       Knowledge map    Developmental stuttering is a language disorder characterized by repetition of words or sounds, lengthened and paused language rhythm disorder, which is still inconclusive in etiology. There may be secondary associated with motor spasms. Children who stutter may begin to show behavioral, emotional, and social development disorders as early as the age of 3, which are already evident in older children who stutter. Therefore, it is necessary to provide timely interventions to prevent children from serious mental health problems in their future life. This review summarizes the pathogenesis and evaluation methods of stuttering, expounds the treatment methods of stuttering, and takes an outlook at the imaging and treatment prospects of stuttering. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Assessment and treatment for sleep disorders in children with autism spectrum disorder CHEN Cen, CHENG Hui, JIANG Fan, SHEN Min, WANG Guang-hai Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (6): 637-641.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0195 Abstract （222）      PDF （689KB）（215）       Knowledge map    Sleep disorders, as one of the most common comorbid disorders in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), have attracted extensive clinical and research attention in recent years.Sleep disorders are significantly related to the core symptoms of ASD, affect the children's function, quality of life and efficacy of intervention and rehabilitation, and also cause great parenting distress and economic burden on parents.At the international level, sleep disorders especially for insomnia have been integrated in the assessment and treatment for ASD, yet the relevant work in China is much less developed and pediatric professionals has insufficient ability to assess and treat sleep disorders in ASD children.Therefore, this review introduces the assessment and treatment strategies for sleep disorders in ASD children in order to inform clinical and research work. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Motor development of children under 3 years old in 15 provinces of China in 2020 PAN Hong-di, ZHANG Yue, LI Yi-chen, NIU Ting-ting, HU You-fang, HU Yan, HUANG Yan, SUN Quan-chao, ZHU Ling, CHEN Wei, HUANG Yong-ling, KUANG Xiao-ni, GE Fei, HE Li, ZHANG Lian-xun, TANG Rui-xia, LIU Yun-fen, XU Tao, LI Zhi-xin Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (10): 1053-1057.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0342 Abstract （217）      PDF （1743KB）（167）       Knowledge map    Objective To investigate the population distribution of gross motor milestones in children under 3 years old in China, and to map the development process of major indicators of gross motor development, so as to provide evidence for individualized assessment and intervention for infants and toddlers. Methods From September to December 2020, a cross-sectional survey was conducted on the development of normal children aged 1 to 36 months in 30 districts/counties of 15 cities in 15 provinces (autonomous regions/municipalities) of China. The developmental process map was drawn according to 10 categories of motor abilities, including "head control", "sitting", "turning over", "crawling", "standing", "walking/running", "upper limb strength", "squatting/jumping", "walking up stairs" and "single-foot use", and the 50th percentile age of each indicator was described. Results A total of 8 010 normal children aged 1 to 36 months were included in this study. The milestone curves of gross motor development showed the achievement of 30 indicators of gross motor development in Chinese infants. The median age of "lifts head 90°(prone)" was at 3.2 months, "supine turning prone" was at 4.6 months, "sit without hand support" was at 6.3 months, "hands-and-knees crawling" was at 7.6 months, "stand alone" was at 11.4 months,"walk alone" was at 13.1 months, "run with good balance" was at 15.8 months, "balance on each foot(≥1 s)" was at 18.7 months, "jump up with both feet together" was at 20.4 months. The curves reflected the attainment of milestones at different ages and suggested that the rate of attainment of each milestone increased rapidly over a certain age range of months. For example, infants' head control ability developed mainly within 6 months of age. The rate of turning over at 3 months was less than 15%. It took a certain amount of time for infants to transform their gross motor ability and develop proficiency. The median switching time between "sit without hand support" and "stand alone" was about 5.1 months. It took about 2.2 months from "sit with support" to "sit without hand support". Conclusion The milestone curve of gross motor development reflects the development trajectory of 30 gross motor development indicators of infants in China, providing basis for clinical evaluation, early intervention and development prediction of children's health care in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics