Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Intervention principles for children with autism and BSR model

ZOU Xiao-bing

journal1 2019, 27 (1): 1-6. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-1611

Abstract （442）

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Autism spectrum disorder(ASD) is mainly characterized by social communication deficits, restricted interests and repetitive patterns of behavior. Research evidences prove sufficiently that early diagnosis and early intervention can improve the prognosis of ASD significantly. According to the national conditions in China, the core mission for ASD intervention must be addressed on improving social communication deficiency, adhered to scientific evidence-based intervention, personalized intervention, and family-community based intervention. Therefore, the author proposes three educational principles for ASD children and the BSR intervention model, which refers to using behavioral management strategy as basic method, using structural teaching as basic framework, and using social communication as basic components.

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Research advances on early interventional programs for children with autism spectrum disorders

MA Chen-huan, WANG Yu

journal1 2020, 28 (1): 57-60. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-0614

Abstract （331）

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex,multidisciplinary neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social communication disorders,repetitive and stereotyped behaviors,and narrow interests.At present,the prevalence of ASD is on the rise worldwide,and most ASD children have poor prognosis.Early intervention can significantly improve the poor prognosis of ASD children.This paper combs related intervention programs,including applied behavior analysis (ABA),pivotal response treatment (PRT),early start Denver model (ESDM),floortime,treatment and education of autistic and communications handicapped children (TEACCH) as well as social communication,emotional regulation and transactional support (SCERTS).

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Research progress on applied behavioral analysis intervention in autism spectrum disorders

DAI Zhen-zhen, JIANG Zhi-mei, ZHU Jun-li

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2021, 29 (6): 623-626. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-0350

Abstract （329）

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder found in early childhood,mainly characterized by social disorder,stereotyped behaviors and restricted interests,all of which limit and impair children's daily life functions.In recent years,there are more and more kinds of interventions for ASD,and applied behavior analysis (ABA) is currently the only form of treatment for ASD endorsed by the US Surgeon General.Its effectiveness has been proven and it is now widely used in the treatment of ASD children.This paper reviews the basic theory,function and effect of ABA compared with other intervention methods.

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Research advances on the genomic biomarkers of autism spectrum disorder

WEI Nian-jin, WANG Yu

journal1 2020, 28 (5): 551-554. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-0762

Abstract （322）

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disease characterized by impairment social interaction,repetitive behaviors and restricted interest. Recent studies have demonstrated dramatically increasing prevalence of ASD,reaching to 1∶59. However,the etiology and pathogenesis of ASD remain unknown. Early diagnosis and early intervention are crucial to the rehabilitation of ASD. In recent years,researches on biological markers of ASD has made great progress,especially in genomics,including gene mutation,copy number variation,single nucleotide polymorphism and epigenetic. This review will summarize the research progress on genomic biomarkers of ASD.

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Application of artificial intelligence in autism spectrum disorder rehabilitation

YOU Jia, LI You-jun, CHEN Yan-ni

journal1 2020, 28 (8): 883-886. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-1215

Abstract （320）

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a series of neurodevelopmental diseases with retarding social-emotional interaction, language and nonlinguistic communication, as well as fellowship with peers, resulting in inferior social development.Conventional diagnostic instruments such as Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Revised (ADOS-R) and Autism Diagnostic Interview (ADI-R) have been used in screening, and methods of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), Treatment and Education of Autistic and Communication Handicapped Children (TEACCH), as well as Social Story have been applied in treatments.However, great challenges are still in front of the facts of early accurate diagnosis and workable intervene with ASD.Rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) has led medicine into a smart age.With the application of AI in medicine, ASD have the potential to be identified timely and accurately, and get progress in treatment in the core symptoms.Meanwhile, AI also makes it possible to better resolve the issues of inadequate medical resources and large treatment costs.This article has reviewed recent literature on AI in ASD and unveiled the research results related to machine learning, virtue reality technology, robot--mediated intervention, and the ethics and prospect of AI in autism rehabilitation.

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Research progress on common comorbidities in children with autism spectrum disorders

ZHOU Yu-nan, ZHAO Hong-bo, JIANG Zhi-mei

journal1 2020, 28 (5): 555-558. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-0996

Abstract （289）

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a set of neurodevelopmental disorders that occurs in early life. ASD children are often comorbid with ADHD,epilepsy,sleep disorders,gastrointestinal problems,immune abnormalities,anxiety,affective disorders and other diseases. This review focuses on the current research on ADHD,epilepsy,sleep disorders,gastrointestinal problems,respectively and summarized in terms of the epidemiological characteristics,the impact on clinical symptoms and treatment methods of ASD children.

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Management of family intervention for young children with autism spectrum disorder

XU Xiu

journal1 2021, 29 (1): 5-8. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-2106

Abstract （280）

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder onset in the early stage of development.There is a consensus that early identification,early detection and early intervention of ASD can greatly improve the prognosis of children with ASD.In the early intervention of ASD,the role of family intervention has attracted more and more attention,and has gradually become the research hotspot of early intervention of ASD in the world.This paper discusses the aspects that may be involved in the management and evaluation of family intervention for young children with ASD.

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Review of the main characteristics and measurement of restricted and repetitive behaviors in autism spectrum disorder

LIAO Shan, LI Meng-qi, DAI Ying

journal1 2020, 28 (1): 41-44. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-0211

Abstract （274）

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Restricted and repetitive behaviors(RRBs) is a common behavior pattern in childhood.In typically developing children,repetitive behavior is the repeated practice of children′s behavior,language and games,with the aim of mastering skills.But in other developmental disorders among children,RRBs is closely related to the abnormal developmental process.The clinical evolution and evaluation of these behaviors in children with different developmental states,especially in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD),deserve much attention.This review aims to shed light on the problem obove and provide reference for further research by combing the relevant literature.

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Research advances on pathogenesis and interventions of sleep disorders for children with autism spectrum disorder

ZHAO Qin, SHAO Zhi

journal1 2020, 28 (1): 52-56. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-0471

Abstract （252）

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Sleep disorders are commonly reported comorbidities in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD),which might not only exacerbate the core symptoms of ASD,but also adversely impact the intervention efficacy.The potential mechanism for sleep disorders of ASD is not clear so far,it might be due to the abnormal sleep regulation,ASD core symptoms,the co-occurring comorbidities,medical conditions,nutritional deficiency,and the medications commonly used.There are no specific therapeutic interventions for sleep problems of ASD currently,and parent education combined with behavioral interventions is recommended.

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Advances on the application of immersive virtual reality technology in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders

CHEN Jing, DU Ya-song

journal1 2020, 28 (5): 543-546. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-0615

Abstract （246）

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The treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is limited and the burden of this disease is heavy. This paper is aimed to introduce the advances on the application of immersive virtual reality technology in the treatment of ASD,thereby providing new ideas for the treatment of ASD patients.

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Review of the family-mediated intervention models and effects on children with autism spectrum disorders

GE Dong-mei, DAI Ying

journal1 2020, 28 (2): 167-171. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-0458

Abstract （240）

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With the increasing prevalence rate of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) worldwide,a series of intervention models appear,which create new possibilities for the prognosis of ASD children.Among them,the family-mediated intervention mode has attracted more and more attention,but it is still short of formal and systematic one at home.By reviewing different family-mediated intervention models and effects on ASD children at home and abroad,this review aims to provide some guidance for the domestic family-mediated intervention models in the future.

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Association between picky eating and core symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder

AI Nü-tian, ZHANG Qian, YANG Ting, CHEN Jie, CHEN Li, DAI Ying, JIA Fei-yong, WU Li-jie, HAO Yan, LI Ling, ZHANG Jie, KE Xiao-yan, YI Ming-ji, HONG Qi, CHEN Jin-jin, FANG Shuan-feng, WANG Yi-chao, WANG Qi, JIN Chun-hua, LI Ting-yu

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2022, 30 (4): 355-360. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0398

Abstract （239）

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Objective To investigate the relationship between severely picky eating and the core symptoms among children with autism spectrum disorder(ASD),so as to provide reference for early identification and targeted intervention. Methods From May 2018 to December 2019,1 349 children aged 2 to 7 years were enrolled in this study from 13 hospitals in 13 cities across the country,meanwhile 1 170 typically developed children were recruited. A self-made questionnaire was used to investigate the picky eating status of ASD children. Autism Behavior Scale(ABC),Social Response Scale(SRS) and Childhood Autism Rating Scale(CARS) were used to assess the core symptoms of ASD children. Linear regression was used to analyze the impact of severely picky eating on physical growth and core symptoms of ASD. Results The rate of severely picky eating in ASD children was 56.5%(763/1 349),which was 29.7%(348/1 170) in TD children. It was found that ASD and the age of children in two groups were risk factors for occurrence of severe picky eating after adjusting for confounding factors( OR=3.075,1.183,1.156, P＜0.05). Severely picky eating significantly affected ASD children's weight,body mass index(BMI),scores of ABC scale and subscales,scores of SRAS scale and subscales( β=-0.220,-0.319,6.305,1.139,2.111,1.043,1.427,0.946,5.908,0.597,1.029,1.517,1.328,1.503, P<0.05). Conclusions There is a high incidence and persistence of severely picky eaters in autistic children. Severely picky eating has significant impact on children's weight growth and BMI,and is associated with core symptoms of ASD. Therefore,clinical medical staff should pay more attention to the assessment of picky eating behaviors in ASD children,so as to carry out early identification and precise intervention of children.

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Results of Gesell Developmental Scale of 2- to 3- year-old children with autism spectrum disorder or developmental language disorder

WU Man-hong, DENG Xue-mei, LIN Hua-zhao, YU Chu-lan, ZENG Liu-yuan, YANG Yun

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2022, 30 (8): 895-899. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0706

Abstract （237）

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Objective To compare the developmental characteristics of 2- to 3- year-old children with autism spectrum disorder(ASD) or developmental language disorder(DLD) by Gesell Developmental Scale(GDS),in order to provide evidence for early diagnosis and intervention. Method From March 2020 to March 2021,children with ASD( n=78) and DLD( n=80) were evaluated by GDS,their development characteristics were analyzed and compared retrospectively. Results 1) The average developmental quotient(DQ) of ASD children was lower than that of DLD children. Except for the gross motor,the DQs of adaptability,fine motor,language and personal-social in ASD children were significantly lower than those of DLD group( t=16.043,6.208,14.219,10.811, P<0.001). 2) The language development of ASD children was predominantly severely and moderately impaired(48.72%,33.33%),while the language development of DLD children was most mildly impaired(77.5%). Fifty percent of ASD children had a mild impairment in personal-social area and no one case was normal. However,68.75% of DLD children had a mild impairment in personal-social area,and 30% of personal-social DQ was at normal or borderline level. Conclusions Except for the gross motor energy area,the average DQs of other developmental areas in ASD children are lower than those in DLD children. Familiarity with the Gesell developmental characteristics of ASD children and DLD children is helpful for the early identification,rehabilitation and education plan development as well as the prognosis of children with ASD and DLD.

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journal1 2020, 28 (1): 1-2. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-1865

Abstract （236）

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Principles of monitoring and intervention for micronutrient deficiency in children with autism spectrum disorder

LI Ting-yu, TAN Mei

journal1 2021, 29 (1): 1-4. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-1787

Abstract （233）

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common and complex neurodevelopmental disorder for which there is no specific treatment and the clinical practice is mainly based on behavioral interventions,causing a huge economic burden to the families and society.The etiology of ASD is unclear and is recognized as the result of interaction of a complex genetic background with environmental risk factors,resulting in different clinical manifestations of children with ASD.Current evidence suggests that malnutrition,especially micronutrient deficiencies in utero and in early postnatal period,may be associated with the onset and clinical manifestations of ASD.These measures,including ensuring sufficient micronutrients during pregnancy,strengthening micronutrient monitoring for ASD children,and timely and reasonable intervention,may reduce the incidence of ASD and improve the behaviors of children with ASD to some extent.

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Early prediction of autism spectrum disorders based on eye movement research

LI Fei-rong, CHEN You-qing

journal1 2020, 28 (1): 48-51. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-0273

Abstract （226）

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Autism spectrum disorder(ASD) is generally characterized by social disorders,narrow range of interests,behavioral stereotypes and eye fixation. Abnormal eye fixation is one of the clinical manifestations of ASD and an early biomarker for children with ASD. Eye movement technology has been gradually applied in clinical and related research of ASD. The current early predictions using eye movement technology mainly focus on the gaze time of the face,the eye movement characteristics of visual search and the attention to geometric figures. It is more consistent that the fixation time of the face and eye area is short,the fixation time of the geometric figure is long,and the advantage in visual search can be used as an early predictor of ASD. This review summarizes the early prediction of ASD using eye movement technology in the past few years in order to provide reference for the early detection of ASD.

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Assessment and treatment for sleep disorders in children with autism spectrum disorder

CHEN Cen, CHENG Hui, JIANG Fan, SHEN Min, WANG Guang-hai

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2022, 30 (6): 637-641. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0195

Abstract （223）

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Sleep disorders, as one of the most common comorbid disorders in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), have attracted extensive clinical and research attention in recent years.Sleep disorders are significantly related to the core symptoms of ASD, affect the children's function, quality of life and efficacy of intervention and rehabilitation, and also cause great parenting distress and economic burden on parents.At the international level, sleep disorders especially for insomnia have been integrated in the assessment and treatment for ASD, yet the relevant work in China is much less developed and pediatric professionals has insufficient ability to assess and treat sleep disorders in ASD children.Therefore, this review introduces the assessment and treatment strategies for sleep disorders in ASD children in order to inform clinical and research work.

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Research progress on the genetics of autism spectrum disorder

LI Sheng, JIANG Hong, FEI An-xing, ZOU Tian-tian

journal1 2020, 28 (1): 45-47. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-0454

Abstract （219）

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a set of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by a deficit in social behaviors,repetitive and stereotyped behaviors.ASD children usually have cognitive and emotional disorders,mainly caused by factors such as early development,genetic and abnormal brain functions.This review combs the advances in genetics of ASD.

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Very early intervention with parents as mediators for autism spectrum disorder

KE Xiao-yan

journal1 2020, 28 (1): 3-5. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-1644

Abstract （212）

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Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that seriously affects the development of children.For professional reference,this paper focuses on the research progress of very early intervention for autism spectrum disorder and the importance and necessity of parental involvement.

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Development and adaptive behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder

YANG YU-Lin, DAI Ying

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2022, 30 (9): 1014-1018. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-1435

Abstract （209）

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Objective To investigate the changes of development and adaptive behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in different years, so as to provide theoretical basis for early identification, diagnosis and rehabilitation training of ASD. Methods The assessment results by Gesell Development Scale and S-M scores of ASD children aged 1 to 5 who were diagnosed for the first time in the Department of Child Health Care of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University in 2015, 2017 and 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Results There were no significant differences in total development quotient (DQ) of GDS and S-M scores of ASD children in the year 2015, 2017 and 2019 (F=0.920 , 0.49 5,P>0.05). Children with ASD in different years had developmental delay(DD) on different levels, and there were significant differences in scores of DQ in gross motor area ( F=9.683, P< 0.05), distribution of DQ in gross motor area and fine motor area ( χ ²＝22.583, 11.596, P<0.05). The DQ scores of fine motor and social behavior area of girls with ASD were higher than those of boys ( Z＝2.023,2.837, P<0.05). There were significant differences in DQ and S-M score in ASD children at different age groups ( H=56.557, 185.824, 37.935, 8.038, 68.752, 32.657, P<0.05). Conclusions No significant changes are seen in the level of DD and adaptive behavior for ASD children in recent five years. There are gender and age differences in the development level and social living skills of ASD children, and the retardation of gross motor development has become more and more obvious in recent years. Standardized assessment of development and adaptive behavior should be conducted as soon as possible for ASD children, and the results should be interpreted according to the gender and age of children in order to give comprehensive assessment and precise clinical intervention.

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journal1 2018, 26 (4): 349-351. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-04-01

Abstract （207）

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Research advances in missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents

ZHOU Yu-hang, ZHAO Hong-bo, GUO Lan-min, JIANG Zhi-mei

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2021, 29 (4): 409-413. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-0161

Abstract （207）

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by social communication disorders of varying severity,repetitive behaviors and a narrow range of interests.ASD has become one of the important causes of mental disability in children and adolescents in China,and early intervention is beneficial to the prognosis of children.However,there are often missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis phenomena in the diagnosis of ASD.Based on previous studies,this review combs the manifestation types and causes of missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis of ASD,and discusses possible countermeasures.

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Review of methods for assessing mealtime behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder

ZHANG Peng-fei, LUO Yan

journal1 2019, 27 (12): 1327-1330. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-0880

Abstract （201）

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Due to the characteristics of autism spectrum disorder(ASD), the mealtime behavior of ASD children, compared with healthy contemporaries, often present extreme food selectivity, food refusal and rapid eating.It also includes unusually persistent preference for the traits and texture of certain foods and aggressive, self-injurious, ritual mealtime behaviors.These poor mealtime behaviors affect the intake of nutrients and the development of typical mealtime behaviors in children with autism.If mealtime behavior problems of children with ASD were discriminated and identified in time, it will be beneficial to rehabilitation and growth of children with ASD.A comprehensive, accurate, objective and detailed assessment of mealtime behavior problems can serve as a reference and basis for mealtime behaviors interventions and treatments for children with autism.Therefore, this review summarizes and elaborates on the assessment methods of ASD children's mealtime behaviors.

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Advance on insulin-like growth factor-1 in autism spectrum disorders

HONG Xiao-wen, CHEN Yan-hui

journal1 2019, 27 (1): 56-58. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-1095

Abstract （199）

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The diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is mainly dependent on behavioral symptoms,and most children could not receive accurate diagnosis until 4 years old when the impairment of social interaction presents typically and the best period of intervention has been missed. It is worth noting that scientists have made a lot of theoretical and practical research on the pathological mechanism and drug target of ASD. And more and more studies have shown that the biomarker,insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1),plays an important role in the development and progression in ASD. This review will summarize the role of IGF-1 in ASD in order to elucidate that IGF-1 is expected to be a biomarker of early diagnosis and early prevention of ASD,and to explore the application of IGF-1.

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Research progress on the mechanism of vitamin D in autism spectrum disorders

YANG Jing, HU Yan

journal1 2020, 28 (12): 1347-1350. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-1480

Abstract （189）

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder.At present,the pathogenesis of ASD is not clear,and there is no effective treatment.In recent years,many studies have shown that vitamin D plays an important role in brain development and the occurrence and development of ASD.This review combs the progress on the mechanisms of vitamin D in ASD.

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Review on school performance and social skills development in children with autism spectrum disorders

KONG Mian, GUO Feng-yi

journal1 2020, 28 (10): 1126-1130. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-1305

Abstract （186）

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Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by barriers to social interaction in varying degrees, and narrow interests and stereotypes. Symptoms appear early in childhood and usually persist throughout the life cycle. In the Second National Disability Survey and Standards published in 2006 in mainland of China, ASD was included in the category of mental disorders, and the Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Children with Autism were established. Despite increasing public awareness of ASD in China, most studies are more focused on early diagnosis and comprehensive intervention. Researches regarding the school placement, performance and social skills of ASD children are still at early stage. This review briefly describes the performance and social skills development of ASD children to future support school-age children with autism in China.

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Correlation between repetitive and stereotyped behaviors and sensory gating in autism spectrum disorder

HAO Hui-rui, DONG Xian-wen, LI En-yao, FAN Ya-lei, CHENG hui, JIANG Miao-miao, ZHAO Peng-ju

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2022, 30 (4): 366-370. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0669

Abstract （182）

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Objective To explore the developmental trajectory of restricted and repetitive behavior (RRB) in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and to determine whether there is a correlation between RRB and sensory gating, so as to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods From August 2018 to May 2021, 89 children with ASD and 76 children with global developmental delay (GDD) in Children's Rehabilitation Department of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were selected into this study. RRB was assessment by the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R), and cerebral sensory gating was evaluated by the sensory gating P50 ratio, and the correlation was analyzed. Results There was no significant correlation of the total scores, low-level and high-level of RRB with sensory gating in ASD children and GDD children ( P>0.05). There was no significant decrease with age in the total scores, low-level and high-level of RRB in ASD children ( P>0.05). However, RRB score was negatively related to the age of children with GDD ( r=-0.43 to -0.23, P<0.01). Conclusions The developmental trajectory of RRB in ASD children is not a simple negative linear curve with age. There is no significant correlation between RRB and sensory gating. P50 may not be an effective index to predict repetitive and stereotyped behaviors.

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Discussion on the necessity of routine screening for inborn errors of metabolism in children with autism spectrum disorder

REN Shuang, LI Chen-yang, QIAO Chong, LI Jing

journal1 2019, 27 (4): 397-399. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-1367

Abstract （179）

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Autism spectrum disorder(ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders,and its etiology is very complicated.Some children with inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) accompanied by ASD or autistic symptoms, can relieve ASD to a certain extent by the treatment of IEM, so IEM is probably one of the causes of ASD.This review discusses whether IEM screening should be routinely carried out in ASD children.

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Research progress on zebrafish models of autism spectrum disorder

WANG Yi, LIU Chun-xue, XU Xiu

journal1 2019, 27 (1): 46-50. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-0529

Abstract （176）

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a set of heterogeneous neurodevelopmental conditions,characterized by social deficits and the presence of repetitive stereotypic behaviors and restricted interests. The biological mechanisms of ASD have not been completely identified. As a fundamental research tool,animal model is comprehensively applied to study genetic basis,neuropathological mechanisms as well as pharmaceutical researches. Zebrafish models have been popularized as typical ASD models based on the advantages of the external fertilization,high fecundity,rapid development,optical transparence of embryos and larvae which allow real-time imaging of developing pathologies,drug screening on a large scale economically. This review thus aims to summarize the achievements of zebrafish for modeling ASD.

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Research advances on intestinal microbes and childhood autism spectrum disorders

BAI Mao-fei, WANG Xia

journal1 2019, 27 (9): 986-989. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-0134

Abstract （172）

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Autism spectrum disorders(ASD)is a serious neurodevelopmental disorder,and its core symptoms include the lack of social function,social communication barriers,limitations of interest and stereotyped behavior,caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Intestinal microorganisms are a large number of microorganisms present in the intestine,which not only affect the ability to digest and absorb,but also affect the brain development and function through the gut-brain axis. Specific probiotics can regulate the balance of human micro-ecology,maintain normal metabolic absorption and immune defense functions. Intestinal microbial disorders in critical stages of infant development may increase the risk of ASD,and affect the development of ASD in children through neuroendocrine,immune,and metabolite pathways. Therefore,probiotics treatment is promising to be a new adjuvant treatment for ASD.

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Review in neurobiological mechanisms of somatosensory disorders in autism spectrum disorder

HU Mei-xin, LI Hui-ping, XU Xiu

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2021, 29 (1): 42-46. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-17501

Abstract （172）

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Somatosensory disorder refers to abnormalities in the somatosensory system's perception and processing of stimuli from the skin and deep tissues.It is one of the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD),which seriously affects children's social,communication and adaptation skills development and prognosis.There are many studies on somatosensory disorders,but the mechanism between ASD and somatosensory disorders is still unclear.Therefore,this article will review the neurobiological mechanisms of somatosensory disorders and further analyze the known neurobiological mechanisms of ASD combined with somatosensory disorders,thereby providing an idea for understanding the role of somatosensory disorders in the pathogenesis of ASD and for exploring ASD intervention methods.

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Electronic health programs for behavioral intervention and management of autism spectrum disorder

WU Li-jie

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2022, 30 (4): 352-354. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0336

Abstract （170）

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex of neurodevelopmental disorder. There are no targeted drugs to ASD, and the main treatment is behavioral intervention. Electronic health (e-health) programs for intervention and management of ASD have attracted considerable attention. This paper focuses on the research progress in e-health for ASD, so as to provide evidence for professionals.

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Research progress on the brain development of children with autism spectrum disorders

LIU Jia-ning, CHEN Yan-hui

journal1 2019, 27 (1): 51-55. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-0484

Abstract （169）

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Researches on the structure,neural pathways and neuronal excitability of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have progressed rapidly in recent years. Studies indicated that abnormalities of brain development in ASD children can be found in early childhood by imaging and elctroencephalogram(EEG) examination,such as abnormalities in the corpus callosum and confusions in the nerve pathways of the white matter.On the other hand,the excitability abnormalities of some neurons is related to the behavioral changes of ASD,and the abnormalities were related to some receptor activities and some signaling pathways. These findings are helpful to explain the pathogenesis mechanism and behavioral manifestation of ASD,and related biological changes could also help to diagnose ASD and provide a breakthrough point for the treatment of ASD.

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Advances and reflections on nutrient signalling pathways as biomarkers of autism spectrum disorders

LI Ting-yu

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2022, 30 (4): 349-351. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0335

Abstract （166）

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common and complex neurodevelopmental disorder. Nutrition plays an important role in the growth and development of children, and there is a certain relationship with the occurrence, development and prognosis of ASD subtypes. With the deepening of research, correlating ASD symptoms with serum nutrient levels has been extremely challenging. This manuscript takes folic acid and vitamin A (VA) as examples to review the new ideas of using nutrient signaling pathway as a potential biomarker of ASD, hoping to provide reference for further exploring the occurrence, diagnosis and treatment of ASD.

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Systematic review on the effect of gluten-free and casein-free diets inchildren with autism spectrum disorder

QU Ling-ling, WAN Yan-nan, CHENG Qian

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2022, 30 (8): 884-889. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0249

Abstract （166）

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Objective To systematically interview the effects of gluten-free and casein-free (GFCF) diets in children with autism spectrum disorder(ASD), in order to provide scientific reference for clinical treatment. Methods Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, SpringerLink, Vip, Wan-fang and China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI) database. Only randomized controlled trails were included, and the quality of the literature was evaluated. Results A total of 7 studies with 181 ASD samples were included. Seven articles all studied the effects of GFCF diets on core symptoms of ASD, five articles showed that the GFCF diets could not improve the core symptoms of ASD. Two articles studied the effects of GFCF diets on gastrointestinal symptoms of ASD, but neither of them showed that GFCF diets could improve the gastrointestinal symptoms of ASD. Conclusion GFCF diets could not improve the core symptoms and gastrointestinal symptoms of ASDchildren.

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Research progresson voltage-gated calcium channel-encoding genes in autism spectrum disorders

JIAO Cui, LIU Tao

journal1 2021, 29 (1): 47-51. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-0945

Abstract （162）

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder with social disorders and narrow interest as common symptoms.Genetic contributions are its main pathogenesis.Research on ASD susceptibility genes is a hot topic in the medical field at home and abroad.Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) are essential for the regulation of neuronal action potential and neurotransmitter release.Currently,all 10 subtypes of the VGCC encoding genes have been found to be associated with ASD.So this review aims to summarize the research progress of the 10 genes encoding VGCC and ASD.

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Research advances on the relationship between melatonin and sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorder

WANG Jing-qiu, WANG Cheng-ju, HU Bin

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2022, 30 (6): 651-654. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0215

Abstract （159）

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Autism spectrum disorder(ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders,often accompanied by circadian rhythm disorders and sleep problems. Sleep problems may not only aggravate some of the core symptoms of ASD children,but also affect the effect of rehabilitation training. The clinical manifestations of sleep problems in ASD children are various,but the exact mechanism is not clear. Studies have found that it is closely related to abnormal melatonin secretion and metabolism,and melatonin treatment is effective and safe. This paper mainly reviews the sleep problems of ASD children and the research progress related to melatonin in order to provide basis for improving sleep quality of ASD children and formulating effective intervention programs.

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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2022, 30 (8): 916-919. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0977

Abstract （157）

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Associations of maternal anxiety with emotional and behavioral problems in children with autism spectrum disorder

LIU Si-yu, LIN Li-zi, WANG Xin, DAI Mei-xia, CHEN Qian, CHEN Jia-jie, CAO Mu-qing, JING Jin

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2022, 30 (4): 361-365. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0756

Abstract （156）

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Objective To compare maternal anxiety between children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and children with typical development (TD), and to explore the associations of maternal anxiety with emotional and behavioral problems in children with ASD. Methods A total of 55 ASD children and 74 TD children aged 6 to 12 years were recruited in this study. Station-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to evaluate maternal anxiety, and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used to assess children's emotional and behavioral problems. Results Mothers of ASD children had a higher level of maternal anxiety including state anxiety score and trait anxiety score ( t=5.272, 4.484, P<0.05). In terms of SDQ, ASD children had higher scores of emotional and behavioral problems, hyperactivity/attention deficit, emotional symptoms, peer relationship problems and conduct problems( t=10.791, 7.482, 4.295, 12.925, 3.544, P＜0.05), and lower score of prosocial behaviors than TD children ( t=5.084, P<0.01). In children with ASD, both maternal state anxiety and trait anxiety score were positively associated with total difficulties score [S-AI: β=0.83 (95% CI: 0.19 - 1.46), T-AI: β=0.60 (95% CI: 0.05 - 1.14), P<0.01] and emotional symptoms score [S-AI: β=2.28 (95% CI: 0.72 - 3.84), T-AI: β=2.04 (95% CI:0.74 - 3.33), P<0.01]. In TD children, maternal state anxiety score was positively associated with total SDQ score [ β=0.50 (95% CI: 0.03 - 0.96), P<0.05] and conduct problem score [ β=1.74 (95% CI:0.19 - 3.30), P<0.05], maternal trait anxiety score was positively related to conduct problem score [ β=1.54 (95% CI: 0.09~3.00), P<0.05]. Conclusions Mothers of ASD children have higher levels of anxiety than those of TD children. Maternal anxiety is associated with emotional problems in ASD children, while it is associated with conduct behaviors in TD children.

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Research progress on the correlation between intestinal flora and autism spectrum disorder

KUNG Wei-yen, WANG Yu

journal1 2019, 27 (4): 407-410. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-1166

Abstract （156）

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder mainly characterized by social communication disorders, repetitive behaviors and narrow interests.The etiology of ASD is complex, and it focuses on the genetic and environmental factors.As the pathogenesis is unknown, there is no effective treatment.It is found that gastrointestinal diseases and changes of intestinal flora are common in ASD children.Recent studies have shown a two-way interaction between the gut nervous system and the central nervous system, called the microbiota-gut-brain axis.Gut flora regulates brain function through neuroendocrine, immune and intestinal nervous systems and thus affects brain development and behavior.Therefore, the imbalance of intestinal flora may be related to the occurrence of ASD.This article will summarize the effect of intestinal flora on ASD and the progress of related treatment.

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