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Table of Content

    06 March 2013, Volume 21 Issue 3
    Timing of sexual development among school-aged girls in Shanghai.
    LI Dan,SHI Hui-jing,WANG Wen,ZHANG Yue,TAN Hui,WANG Zhen-wei.
    2013, 21(3):  234-236. 
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    Objective To determine the current timing of girls' sexual maturity in Shanghai. Methods A school-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1 675 girls aged 4~19 years old in Shanghai.Puberty was staged according to the Tanner.Mean age at entry into each pubertal stage was calculated by probit analysis. Results Median age at entry into Breast stage Ⅱ~Ⅴ was 8.26 yrs,10.62 yrs,12.88 yrs and 16.64 yrs,respectively.Median age at entry into Pubic hair stage Ⅱ~Ⅴ was 11.48 yrs,12.71 yrs,15.23 yrs and 19.07 yrs,respectively.Media age of onset of armpit hair development was 11.71 yrs.And median age of menarche was 12.09 yrs. Conclusions In comparison to those living in others countries,onset of breast development of girls in Shanghai is relatively earlier,with onset of pubic hair being later and progression of sexual development being slower.Further dynamic observational study of secular change of menarche age is needed.
    Urine bisphenol-A level and habits of life in relation to precocious puberty in girls.
    CHEN Yao,HUANG Hong,SHEN Li-xiao,LV Ying-bo.
    2013, 21(3):  237-240. 
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    Objective To investigate the relationship between bisphenol-A(BPA) and precocious puberty in girls and study the relationship between life style and BPA exposure and precocious puberty first time. Methods 44 precocious girls as the case group and 44 normal girls as the control group were recruited from July to December in 2011.The concentrations of BPA in urine samples were measured by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).The data of life style was learned through self made-up questionnaire. Results The positive rate of BPA in the case group (70.45%) was significantly higher than the control group (43.18%) (χ2=6.67,P<0.05).The concentrations of BPA in urine samples from the case group were significantly higher than samples from the control group,too (Z=3.49,P<0.01).The habit of hot water drinking from barreled water might be a week risk factor of precocious puberty in girls (β=0.967 8,χ2=3.870 3,P=0.049 1,OR=2.632,95%CI:1.004~6.903). Conclusions The exposure of BPA may be associated with the onset of precocious puberty in girls.The positive rate of BPA in the control group is high.Urine is considered to be the appropriate sample for BPA detection.The habit of hot water drinking from barreled water may slightly increase the risk of precocious puberty in girls.It's absolutely important to learn how to use plastics in the right way.
    Research on serum Kisspeptins in Chinese girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty.
    LIU Fang,LI Yue-feng,ZHANG Min,GUI Shu-yan.
    2013, 21(3):  241-243. 
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    Objective To explore the role of Kisspeptins in the onset of idiopathic central precocious puberty and realize the significance about diagnosis and treatment by detecting the level of Kisspeptins in blood serum. Methods A total of 40 girls aged 6~8 years old were divided into 2 groups by assessment of growth and development and correlated examinations:20 healthy girls of TannerⅠin control group,20 ICCP girls of Tanner II in study group,ICCP girls were treated with GnRHa for six month.And then the levels of luteinizing hormone by Chemiluminescence and Kisspeptins were detected by Western Blot. Results Compared with the control group,the level of Kisspeptins in study group before treatment increased 0.86 fold (P<0.01); compared with the study group before treatment,the level of Kisspeptins in study group after treatment decreased 0.97 fold (P<0.01);the level of Kisspeptins in study group before treatment was positive correlated with both the peak value of LH and their bone ages individually,the Spearman correlation coefficients were 0.42 and 0.38(P<0.05);the level of Kisspeptins in study group after treatment was not correlated with both the peak value of LH and their bone ages individually,the Spearman correlation coefficients were 0.05 and 0.09(P>0.05). Conclusion Kisspeptins/GPR54 system may play an important role in the onset of idiopathic central precocious puberty,the level of Kisspeptins in blood serum has a guiding significance for diagnosing and treating idiopathic central precocious puberty.
    Serum levels of ghrelin and growth hormone during the GH provocative tests in children with short stature.
    CHEN Wei,ZHANG Qin,LUO Xiao-Juan,LIU Ge-li.
    2013, 21(3):  244-246. 
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    Objective To assess possible correlations between serum growth hormone(GH) and ghrelin values during the GH provocative tests in children with short stature. Methods Fifty seven prepubertal children with short stature were recruited in the study.Using the results of two GH-provocative tests(L-dopa and insulin),the children with short stature were divided into two groups:GHD and NGH.In both groups,serum GH and ghrelin levels were determined and possible correlations between GH and ghrelin values were assessed during the GH provocative tests. Results 1)Serum ghrelin levels had no statistical differences between GHD and NGH groups(P>0.05)during the GH provocative tests,either baseline ghrelin or peak ghrelin.2)No correlations were observed between ghrelin and GH levels either baseline or peak levels,both in GHD group and NGH group.3)Serum ghrelin levels were correlated with height,weight and BMI.But weight was the independent determinant on serum ghrelin levels. Conclusions No significantly correlations are observed between the ghrelin and GH levels in short stature children during the GH provocative tests.The results suggest that ghrelin do not play a main role during the control of GH secretion,although ghrelin possessing a strong growth hormone-releasing activity.
    Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in obese children and its clinical significance.
    CHEN Hai-yan,CHEN Meng-ying,PENG Lu-ting,WANG Fei,LI Xiao-mei,LI Rong,LI Xiao-nan.
    2013, 21(3):  247-250. 
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    Objective To compare the serum 25(OH)D concentrations between obesity children and normal weight children,and to investigate the relationships between 25(OH)D and childhood obesity,glucose and lipid metabolism. Methods Obesity was defined according to "Body mass index growth curves for Chinese children and adolescents aged 0~18 years".The serum 25(OH)D concentrations and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Biochemistry index were assayed by automatic chemistry analysis. Results There were 59 obese children (male 45,female 14,BMI 25.14±4.02) with average age (9.58±2.39) years old,and 35 normal weight children (male 23,female 12,BMI 15.56±1.51) aged (8.92±1.56) years old as control recruited in this study.The serum 25(OH)D concentrations [(45.40±11.86)nmol/L] in obese children were lower compared to control group (59.56±16.08)nmol/L(P<0.001).The serum 25(OH)D concentration was inversely related with BMI SDS (P<0.001),waist circumference (P<0.001),waist-to-hip ratio (r=-0.393,P=0.001) and blood triglyceride (P=0.036).Moreover,triglyceride level in obese children with vitamin D deficiency [serum 25(OH)D ≤50 nmol /L] was higher than that in obese children with 25(OH)D > 50 nmol /L. Conclusions The serum 25(OH) D levels in obese children are lower than those in normal weight children;the serum 25(OH) D is negatively correlated with BMI SDS,waist circumference and blood triglyceride,which implying that vitamin D deficiency may be a risk factor of visceral obesity and metabolism syndrome.
    Outcome of childhood obesity intervention in outpatient clinic.
    WANG Jing-wen,TANG Qing-ya,RUAN Hui-juan,LI Ji,CAI Wei.
    2013, 21(3):  251-254. 
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    Objective To evaluate the outcome of the childhood obesity management in the obesity clinic. Method During 1995 and 2011,there were 1 045 obese children and adolescents (boys 712,girls 333)visited the obesity clinic.The outcome of intervention and the possible influencing factors were evaluated of the 115 patients who followe-up for more than one month. Results The number of patients who treated more than one month were 115.After 1~3 months,4~6 months and more than 6 months follow-up intervention respectively,the degrees of obesity of the low age group (≤11 yrs) and high age group (>11 yrs) outpatients were decreased by 8.8% and 7.8%,18.8% and 16.5%,27.4% and 25.2% respectively (P<0.05).Outcome of outpatients who adhered to the follow-up for 4~6 months and more than 6 months showed significant efficiency (87.2% and 87.5% respectively) than the 1~3 months group (51.6%)(χ2 = 26.29,P<0.01).The change of the obesity degree was positively correlated with the initial obesity degree and follow-up time(r= 0.35 and 0.53,respectively,P<0.01).In addition a negative correlation was found between initial age and the change of obesity degree (r=-0.24,P<0.05). Conclusion It is very effective to treat the obesity children at the outpatient clinic.But the compliance of the patients was not optimistic.
    Study on the effection of environment and apolipoprotein E gene on lipids of simple obesity children.
    WANG Si-mei,GONG Qun,HU Li-qun,XU Miao,WANG Yu.
    2013, 21(3):  255-258. 
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    Objective To study the influential factors about lipids with simple obesity children,and provide clinic accordance with high risk child of prophase lipid screening and prophase interference. Methods 100 cases of simple obesity children and 100 cases of normal children were selected by random sampling to proceed case control study.Both the two groups were had physique measurement,answer the questionnaire about relevant case history,diet condition,life style.At equal pace,total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),high-density,lipoprotein,cholesterol(HDL),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL),apolipoprotein A (apoA) and apolipoprotein B (apoB) were determined with the 12h fasting blood.What was more,using DNA sequencing method to detect the apolipoproteinE gene polymorphism of children both group,then,the effection of environment and gene on lipids was analyzed of simple obesity children. Results Compared to control group,experimental group had higher dyslipidemia rate and parent's high blood lipids,family history of cardiovascular disease,high intake of fat and exercise were influential factors of dyslipidemia in environment (P<0.05); what was more,apoE3 allele of experimental group had higher levels of TG,TC,LDL and lower levels of HDL,apoA,while apoE4 allele had higher levels of TG,apoB and lower levels of HDL,apoA(P<0.05).In experimental group,compared to apoE3 allele,the child who carry apoE2 allele had lower levels of TC,LDL and apoB(P>0.05),apoE4 allele had higher levels of TG,apoB and lower HDL(P<0.01); Conclusion Parent's high blood lipids,family history of cardiovascular disease,parent's obesity,high intake of fat,exercise and apoE gene polymorphism are influential factors with simple obesity children,apoE4 is one of the risk genes of dyslipidemia and correlated with dyslipidemia of obesity children.
    Study on associations between eating behaviors and overweight/obesity among preschoolers.
    YANG Xian-jun,JIANG Xun,ZHANG Yu-hai,SUN Li-jun,WANG Chang-jun,SHANG Lei.
    2013, 21(3):  259-261. 
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    Objective To explore the associations between eating behavior and overweight/obesity,so as to provide some references for early intervention of overweight/obesity among preschoolers. Methods Eating behaviors of 387 children aged 3~6 years old were assessed by using Preschooler's Eating Behavior Scale (PEBS).Children's height and weight were measured,and BMI was calculated,and all the subjects were classified into normal weight,overweight and obesity groups according to the percentile reference of BMI for children and adolescent.One-way ANOVA was performed to investigate the differences in mean score of eating behavior between weight groups.Hierarchical Regression Analysis was used to examine the associations between eating behaviors and BMI-Z. Results Significant differences in the mean score of unhealthy eating habit,external eating,food fussiness,emotional eating,satiety responsiveness,food responsiveness were found between different weight groups (P<0.01).No significant differences were found in the dimensions of enjoyment of food or initiative eating between different weight groups.After controlling for gender,age and mother's educational levels,BMI z-scores were positively associated with the food tendency dimensions of the PEBS (β:0.09~0.21) and negatively associated with food escape dimensions (β:-0.47~-0.36). Conclusions Preschooler's eating behavior might be associated with overweight/obesity,and the risk of becoming overweight or obesity could be decreased through modified children's eating behaviors.
    Study on the effects of feeding behaviors of caregivers on infants feeding disorder.
    ZHAO Zhi-wei,XU Hai-qing,DAI Qiong,WANG Xiao-yan,ZHOU Ai-qin,WANG Hong.
    2013, 21(3):  262-265. 
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    Objective To investigate the relationship of feeding behaviors of caregivers with infants feeding disorder. Methods A multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was applied to carry out the study.According which 4 017 infants aged between 6 to 24 months who came from 69 different areas (cities,counties or districts) throughout the country was enrolled for study.A self-developed and normalized Chinese infant feeding scale was used to assess the infants feeding disorder and feeding behaviors of caregivers was also investigated by filling out a specially designed questionnaire.Single and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to screen the feeding behaviors of caregivers related to the occurrence of infants feeding disorder. Results The prevalence rate of feeding disorder of Chinese infants aged 6 to 24 months was 21.41%.There were no significant differences of feeding disorder among different ages and sexes.This study indicated a series of feeding behaviors of caregivers which were positively related to the decreasing infants feeding disorder as follows:feeding according to the infants hunger signal,a verbal praise and emotional communication with infants during mealtime,encouraging the self-fed and active management the infants feeding disorder. Conclusion Infants are apt to develop feeding disorder.It will be helpful to reduce the possibility of infants to develop feeding disorder through appropriately feeding behaviors of caregivers as timely feeding,encouraging self-fed,focusing on the interaction and communicating and actively managing the infants feeding disorder.
    Comparison of malnutrition status between premature/low birth weight infants and normal term infants in two counties of western China.
    ZHOU Min,CHEN Hong-da,KANG Xiao-ping,HAO Bo,ZHAO Geng-li,CHEN Li-jun.
    2013, 21(3):  266-268. 
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    Objective To compare of status of malnutrition between premature/low birth weight infants(PLBW) and normal term infants(NT),in order to analyze factors causing infants malnutrition. Methods Two sample counties were random selected from the ones that satisfied the research conditions in Shaanxi province and Chongqing of western China.472 PLBW and 461 NT aged 6 to 36 months from the two counties were investigated from September 2010 to November 2010.The SPSS 19.0 and MlwiN 2.25 software were applied to analyze data using general statistical analysis and multilevel regression model. Results The prevalence of malnutrition in PLBW and NT were 22.0% and 10.0%(P<0.01) respectively,among this,stunting were 18.4% and 8.9%(P<0.01) respectively,underweight were 4.9% and 3.0%(P>0.05) respectively,wasting were 2.8% and 1.1% (P>0.05) respectively.The results of multilevel regression suggested that PLBW(OR=1.612),older age(OR=1.207),disqualification of feeding index(OR=3.089),partial eclipse(OR=2.077) and anemia(OR=2.001) were risk factors to lead malnutrition of infants. Conclusion The prevalence of malnutrition of PLBW is higher than that of NT,especially on stunting in western rural China and impropriate feeding practices of supporters are main influencing factors to lead malnutrition.
    Investigation on the physical development of children under the age of 7 years in 15 kinds of endemic minority in Yunnan.
    FANG Shao-hua,QUAN Xing,FENG Xi-yun,MA Shu-zhen,YANG Yan-huai,LIU Jin-tao.
    2013, 21(3):  269-272. 
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    Objective To establish a database of physical development of children under the age of 7 in 15 kinds of endemic minority in Yunnan,and provide reference for the various departments. Methods An investigation was conducted by cluster sampling and typical survey.To measure body weight,length (height),crown-rump length (sitting height),head circumference,chest circumference,and arm circumference for physical development of children under the age of 7 in 15 kinds of endemic minority.The data used Epidata to establish the database,with SPSS15 package for statistical analysis. Results Six indices were increasing with age growth.Boys were higher than girls.In 2010,the body weight,length (height),and arm circumference were growed compared to 1988.The increments of body weight,length (height),and arm circumference were 1.43 kg,2.8 cm,0.7 cm for boys 6 years old group.Moreover,the group existed difference in nation and region.The top three of higher mean weight were Naxi nationality,Jinuo nationality and Bai nationality.The top two of lower mean weight were Lahu nationality,Hani nationality.The top three of higher mean height were Naxi nationality,Bai nationality and Pumi nationality.The top two of lower mean weight were Bulang nationality,Lahu nationality.The body weight and height both higher regions were Lijiang,Dali,Baoshan.The lower regions were Yuanyang and Puer. Conclusions The body weight,length (height),and arm circumference increase with time.The height of the growth is mainly the growth of the lower limbs.This difference between the nations is larger,mainly in the border areas and the mainland,the minority preferential policies should be offered,we will intensify our efforts to alleviate poverty through development,and strengthen wowan's nutrition when pregnancy,and help to improve the minority children's growth.
    Effect of family function on learning burnout in middle school students.
    LIAO Hong.
    2013, 21(3):  273-275. 
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    Objective To investigate the status of learning burnout and family function of middle school students,understand the relationship between learning burnout and family function and explore the impact of family function on learning burnout. Method 344 middle school students from grade 7 to grade 12 were surveyed with FACESⅡ-CV and Scale of Learning Burnout of Middle School Students. Results The differences were statistically significant in family cohesion and adaptability between high learning burnout group and low one(P<0.05).The students' cohesion and adaptability in low learning burnout were better than those in high one.The difference was statistically significant in family cohesion(P<0.05).The ratio of the " Disengaged" type of cohesion in the high learning burnout group was significantly higher than that of the low one,and that of the " Connected" type of cohesion in the high learning burnout group was significantly lower than that of low one. Conclusion This study indicates there are great differences between high learning burnout group and low one,and family function greatly influences the two.
    Changes in expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor and inducible nitric oxide synthase protein in neonatal rats with white matter damage.
    CHANG Xiao,TANG Cheng-he,CAO Yin-li,SHANG Yun,SHI Ji-peng,JIN Jian-yun.
    2013, 21(3):  276-279. 
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    Objective To observe the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) protein in the brains of premature rats to moderate hypoxia-ischemia (HI),in order to explore possible relationships with white matter damage(WMD). Methods The 3 days old rats were randomly divided into experiment group and sham operation group.The pups were perfused at 12,24,48,72 h and 7 d of recovery from HI.Immunohistochemical technical was applied to investigate the changes of expressions of VEGF and iNOS in periventricular rats white matter tissues. Results In the experiment group,the expression of VEGF in periventricular rats white matter started to increase at 12 h and reached the peak at 24 h.The expression of iNOS was up-regulated at 12 h and peaked at 72 h after HI. Conclusion HI could induce the prominent increase in the expressions of VEGF and iNOS in white matter of the neonatal rats' brain,and may be involved in the pathophysiological process in the WMD.
    Effect of gamma- tocopherol on eotaxin of asthmatic mice.
    LIU Yan,SHANG Yun-xiao,WEN Jiang-ge,XIANG Yun,ZHANG Han.
    2013, 21(3):  280-281. 
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    Objective To explore the effect and mechanism of gamma-tocopherol(γ-T) in asthmatic mice. Methods A total of 40 male Balb/c mice(4weeks,18~20 g) were randomly divided into four groups:asthma group,dexamethasone group,γ-T group,and normal group.The mice of asthma group were received intraperitoneal injection of OVA (10 μg) on day 0,7,14 and exposed to 25 g/L OVA inhalation from day 21 for one week.Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice were challenged with dexamethasone and γ-T for one week,the normal group were only given saline.Blood plasma and BALF samples were collected after the 28 d mice were sacrificed.The concentration of eotaxin in serum and BALF were determined by the method of ELISA.One-way ANOVA was used test the difference between groups. Results The concentration of eotaxin in serum and BALF of asthmatic mice were higher than normal,and those were lower in dexamethasone and γ-T group.The concentration of eotaxin in serum of γ-T group were lower compared with asthma and dexamethasone group(P>0.05);The concentration of eotaxin in BALF of γ-T group were lower compared with dexamethasone and asthma group(P all<0.05). Conclusion γ-T prohibit the expression of eotaxin in asthmatic mice,and γ-T might be an effective therapy of allergic airway inflammation.
    Prevalence survey on the eating problems of children aged 1~5 years old in Shenyang.
    LI Jing,HUANG Yan-hong,CAO Chun-lan,DONG Ying,LI Li-li,ZHANG Xue-jiao,DONG Shuang,NI Jia,MA Hui,JIN Xing-ming.
    2013, 21(3):  294-296. 
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    Objective To investigate the prevalence of eating problems among children aged 1~5 years old in Shenyang,and provide the scientific evidence for the early intervention. Methods A total of 1 594 healthy children in eight communities and four kindergartens were randomly selected with the method of multiple stage.Cross-sectional survey was conducted.Date included the children's social demographic information,health status,their eating behavior,dining environment and exchanges of feeding were analyzed. Results The detectable rate of eating problem among children aged 1~5 years old in Shenyang was 50.6%,the prevalence rates from high to low:poor eating habits was 33.3%,poor appetite was 26.9%,24.9% preferred some kinds of food,parents excessively concerned was 22.0%,scared of eating was 2.1%,and potential disease was 0.8%. Conclusions The eating behavior problem of preschool children in Shenyang is serious,and child health care physicians should pay much more attention to it.Intervention on children's eating behavior problem should be conducted according to the different ages and areas,in order to develop their healthy eating habits.
    Bibliometric analysis of literature on children's language development in China.
    PAN Hong-di,ZHAO Ya-ru,WANG Yong-juan,LIANG Cui,TAO Xu-wei,LI Xue-ning.
    2013, 21(3):  297-300. 
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    Objective To study the characteristics of researches on children's language development by analysis of literature,to find out the existing problems and provide references for further studies in this field in China. Methods The bibliometric method was used to search.The paper retrieves masters dissertation from CNKI database,after keyword extraction by Bicomb,it provided words matrix and co-occurrence matrix of high-frequency keywords.Then it used gcluto to make cluster analysis. Results Domestic children's language development research was multidisciplinary development situation.At present the nucleus of the periodical group and stable research group had not yet formed.Domestic language development evaluation method was lack of normal children study. Conclusions Domestic children's language development research overall development trend is good,the future can be more in the intersection of multiple disciplines,strengthen medical and education institutions mutual cooperation.More needed to carry out normal children's language development rule of the group investigation,research and promotion of new language assessment method.
    Investigation of relationship between mental health status of migrant children with self-esteem level.
    ZHANG Di,BAI Chun-yu,MU Jun,DENG Li-li.
    2013, 21(3):  300-302. 
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    Objective To study the relationship between mental health status of migrant children with self-esteem level. Method By using chester sampling method,858 migrant children from 4 schools in Shenyang were surveyed with mental health test(MHT) and self-esteem scale (SES). Results There were mental health problems in migrant children.The study anxiety was the highest,the incidence rate was 48.50%.There was difference between the self-esteem level of healthy children with unhealthy children.The mental health problems had negative correlations with self-esteem level(P all <0.01). Conclusions There are mental health problem in migrant children.The study anxiety and self-blame tendency are primary problems.The mental health problems are correlation with self-esteem level.
    Influencing factors of cognitive development in 484 normal infants.
    MA Yu-jie,QIAO Yang,YANG Jian-ping,BAI Zeng-hua,WANG Jiong,JIN Hua,GU Gui-xiong.
    2013, 21(3):  302-305. 
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    Objective To exam the influencing factors of normal infant cognitive development. Methods A total of 484 infants were randomly selected,aged from 17 days to 42 months and 10 days with the girl to boy ratio of 1∶1.The infants experienced normal delivery and physical development.Cognitive tests were performed in all infants and the related factors were investigated with the self-designed questionnaire. Results In cognitive developmental quotient,there was no significant difference between girl group and boy group (t=1.211,P>0.05),and the mean±SD was 101.13±5.82.The differences of cognitive developmental quotient were not found among groups of delivery mode,maternal age at childbirth,Kaup index and number of children (P all >0.05).The scores of the infants in higher education group (mother and father) were significantly higher than those in Primary and secondary group(P all <0.01).There were significant differences among the occupation(mother and father) groups(P all <0.01).The infants in specialty technical staff group (mother and father) scored significantly higher than that in the officer group and other service group.Of the factors,stepwise multiple linear regression showed that parental education and occupation had the most important effect on children's cognitive development. Conclusion The parents with higher education level have a good family environment for the cognitive development in normal children.
    Investigation and analysis of obese children's body constitution in Ji'an city.
    ZOU Li-min,ZHANG Xiao-chun.
    2013, 21(3):  305-307. 
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    Objective To investigate and analyse the incidence rate and body constitution of obese children in Ji'an city. Methods Investigation was conducted in three primary schools in Ji'an city.The body height and weight of children enrolled were measured uniformly and strictly using the same height measuring gauge and weighing scale.The incidence rate of obese children was calculated.The body constitution including cardio-pulmonary function and physique of all children was measured and compared.All children's behavior and life styles were investigated by questionnaires. Results The incidence rate of children obese was 8.68% in Ji'an city,9.50% of boys and 7.78% of girls respectively.The body constitution was worse in obese children than normal children besides vital capacity.The ratios of tachyphagia,snacks and meat preference,low amount of exercise were significantly higher in obese children than normal children. Conclusion The incidence rate of obese children is high in Ji'an city and the body constitution is worse in obese children than normal children.The obesity in children is related to certain behavior and life styles.
    Analysis of growth and development status of primary and high school students in Weihui city.
    NIE Qiang-qiang,ZHU Jian-yong,ZHANG Zi-xiang,YANG Chao-gang,FAN Jing-yi.
    2013, 21(3):  307-310. 
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    Objectives To study the growth development and nutritional status of children and adolescents in Weihui of Henan province in 2011-2012 academic year,to find the differences between them from urban and rural areas and provide the corresponding information on study of growth and development between male and female students in Weihui City,and a basis on improving the city's health care management in schools. Methods According to the physical examination data of Weihui city's primary and high school students in 2011-2012 academic year,46 511 physical health indicators were analyzed from 6 to 15 years old based on their different genders and areas. Results Height and weight growth of 6~15 years old children and adolescents,reached the standard according to the Chinese reference value,except the male teenagers in rural areas.The children and adolescents were lagged off by their peers in cities comparing their body weight and height.The differences existed between the participants in urban and rural.In the group with the age of ten,comparing the average body height,urban boys were taller by 2.64 cm and urban girls were taller by 2.07 cm.For the average body weight,urban boys were heavier by 3.44 kg,while urban girls were heavier by 2.52 kg.In the group with the age of 10~11,it showed physiological cross-phenomenon of height growth.However,there was no such difference in weight growth.Preschool children's growth difference was more prominent. Conclusions A big gap of the children's growth level of Weihui and of the developed areas in China is found.Growth level differences between urban and rural students should not be ignored.Conducting school health care and health education in primary and high schools is needed urgently.
    Nutritional status assessment of 84 cases of very low and extremely low birth weight children.
    LING Ya,HUANG Li-mi,ZHU Xiao-na,QIAN Yan,YU Zhen.
    2013, 21(3):  311-314. 
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    Objective To explore very low and extremely low birth weight children by three different methods of nutritional evaluation of nutritional assessment,explore the ideal nutrition for premature children evaluation methods. Methods A total of 84 VLBWIs and ELBWIs were collected.They were divided into two groups according to the length of their days receiving PN.General clinical data of birth weight,head circumference,height,and weight variance (measured once per day) were recorded.Comparisons were made among the three parenteral and enteral nutrition methods (Mounla's method,the Chinese criteria of VLBWI's growth assessment,and Christensen's weight growth chart),while using them to analyze the nutrition conditions of each group. Results Applying the Mounla's method of nutrition assessment,there were no significant difference (P>0.05) in elements and intake amounts of nutrition between the two groups.while according to the domestic preterm low birth weight child growth assessment methods,average weight growth were both more than 15 g/(kg·d).And there were significant differences(P<0.05) between the two groups.Compared weight growth chart of two groups with Christensen's,five weight growth indicators were found all behind the growth of Christensen's value,the Group 2 was more apparentent. Conclusions The conclusion of applying Mounla nutrition evaluation method and standard of the intrauterine growth rate to assess the nutrition composition of VLBWIs and ELBWIs is not comprehensive with the results found in this study,and growth curve of Christensen are uncertain for use in chinese baby.a more reasonable method of nutritional assessment and the establish of VLBWI and ELBWI growth curve needs expanding samples for further study.
    Analysis of present situation of health status and child health care of migrant children in Baoan district of Shenzhen city.
    XU Ling-jun,KONG Gui-hua,QIU Xian.
    2013, 21(3):  316-318. 
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    Objective To understand the present situation of health status and child health care of migrant children from Baoan district of Shenzhen city,to provide basis for improving present situation of child health care of migrant children. Method Two streets of Baoan district of Shenzhen city were selected for the study.Keepers of 805 migrant children were investigated by an questionnaire. Results The rate of physical examination in the past year was 60.7%,the rate of exclusive breast feeding during 0~6 months was 69.9%,the detection rate of child nutrition disorders (moderate to severe malnutrition,obesity and anemia) was 22.7%,there were significant differeces in rate of physical examination and anemia between migrant children from different age group (χ2=45.4 and 6.6,P<0.05). Conclusions The present situation of child health care of migrant children in Shenzhen is serious,the detection rate of child nutrition disorders is at a very high level.It is important to strengthen health education on food supplement,physical examination and diet of child in 1 year or older.
    Clinical study of nutrition and growth in very low birth weight premature infants.
    ZHAO Yi-huai,CAI Li-xuan,LIN Ming-xiang.
    2013, 21(3):  319-321. 
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    Objective To investigate the nutrition status and correlated factors of growth of very low birth weight infants (VLBWI) during the early stage. Methods Clinical data of VLBWI discharged from Jan.1st,2009 to May.31th,2011 were collected retrospectively according to certain criteria from department of neonatology.Nutrition support,growth pattern and factors associated with growth were studied. Results Two hundred and twenty-eight VLBWI were included.Infants as small for gestational age showed later time for initial enteral feeding,enteral feeding reached 100 kCal/(kg·d),total energy intake of 120 kCal/(kg·d) and supply of amino acids/lipid emulsions than those as appropriate for gestaional age(P<0.01).Infants as small for gestational age showed higher number ratio of feeding intolerance during hospitalization than those as appropriate for gestaional age(P<0.05).Infants as small for gestational age showed slower growth rate than those as appropriate for gestational age(P<0.05).The proportion of growth restriction was obviously increased at premature infants leaving hospital.The infants as appropriate for gestational age showed obviously lower proportion of extrauterine growth restriction than those as small for gestational age. Conclusions Most VLBWI could not achieve growth rate as desired for normal intrauterine growth rate.More aggressive enteral and parenteral nutrition strategy needs to be considered for improving the early growth of VLBWI.
    Survey on nutritional knowledge,attitude and behavior among 1 098 children's guardians.
    YIN Feng-ke,ZHAO Yun-qing,WANG Shao-guang,HUANG Run-ping,HAN Ping.
    2013, 21(3):  321-324. 
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    Objective To study the nutritional knowledge-attitude-practice(KAP) status of children's guardians in one community of Kaifeng and provide a scientific basis for the targeted nutrition education programs following. Method A total of 1 200 guardians from 6 kindergartens were selected by stratified-cluster random sampling and investigated through the survey. Results The good rate of parents' nutrition knowledge,attitude,behavior score and total score were 56.4%,42.4%,33.3%,31.5%,respectively.The frequency of guardians' taking potato,fish,nuts,grains,vegetables,animal visceral was insufficient.Educational level,occupation and family role were influencing factors of nutrition KAP score.The score of parents' behavior and that of children's were positively correlated (r=0.521,P<0.05). Conclusions The nutritional knowledge of parents needed to be improved.Furthermore,parents' bad dietary behaviors are widespread and their dietary structure is unreasonable.In addition,Parents' nutrition KAP score is related to their educational level,occupation and family role.There are consistency and correlation between parents' and children's dietary behavior.
    Trend research on the mortality situation of children under 5 year-old in Shaanxi province from 2006 to 2011.
    WANG Bao-zhu,LI Min,CAI Wen-juan.
    2013, 21(3):  327-329. 
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    Objective To analyze the mortality situation of children under 5 year-old and the change trend in Shaanxi province. Methods The data collected from the children surveillance (2006-2011) in Shaanxi province,using SPSS 13.0 to do statistical descriptive,and evaluated the change trend by using estimated annual percent change (EAPC). Results 1) The mortality of children under 5 year-old was 12.74‰ for Shaanxi province in 2011,descending 53.9% compared to 2006 (27.66‰).The mortality for urban and rural area were 9.45‰ and 13.49‰ respectively in 2011,comparing to the mortality 9.22‰ and 34.86‰ for urban and rural in 2006.The grap between urban and rural mortality for children under 5 year-old was reducing steadily.2) There was significant decreasing trend for the pneumonia mortality for children under 5 year-old in 2006 to 2011.Birth asphyxia,premature delivery and low birth weight had become the main cause of deaths for children under 5 years old.3) Trend analysis of deaths for children under 5 year-old:The mortality of children under 5 year-old in entire province and rural areas had negative correlation with years(P<0.05).Their estimated average annual percent change(EAPC) had statistical significance (P<0.05),but the mortality for urban area had no correlation with years(P>0.05). Conclusions The overall mortality of children under 5 year-old showed a declining trend gradually in Shaanxi province,but the mortality fluctuated for urban areas.It's needed to strengthen monitoring and intervention.In the cause of death,the infectious diseases (for example,pneumonia,diarrhea and so on) are under the control gradually,and its influence to the death reduced unceasingly.But the proportion of non-infectious disease (for example,the birth suffocates,the premature delivery/Low birth weight) are increasing unceasingly.It's necessary to strengthen comprehensive intervention.
    Oral health status and analysis for 242 children of a college kindergarten in Xi'an.
    WANG Xiao-qiong,YAO Ming-sheng,LIU Kun,BAO Ping.
    2013, 21(3):  329-331. 
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    Objective To discuss the relationship between oral hygienic habits and dental caries in children for oral health existing problems. Methods A comprehensive oral health inspection for the 242 children in a Xi'an University kindergarten,checked and analyzed the status of teeth replacement,caries,severe caries,calculus,delay teeth replacement,and dental filling for children from 4 to 6 years old.242 children and their parents were interviewed to fill out the questionnaire the results and make were recorded statistical analysis was made finally. Results There were 71 carious,18 severe caries,28 fillings,26 calculus in 242 peoples.The reasons resulting in dental caries were as follows:1)Bacterial factors:the mainly reason was plaque,bacteria was the necessary condition for dental caries;such as no brushing habits;2)Food factors:excessive consumption of snacks,sweet food,while systemic nutritional support was not enough;3)Host factors might be the arrangement of teeth or irregular patterns and rules;children's oral health habits were directly related to the reasons for the incidence of dental caries. Conclusions Severe caries,bad oral health,bad brushing effect,poor self protection awarenesss of dental health are observed in 242 children,health education should be carried out to improve the awareness of baby teeth protection,and developing good oral hygienic habits can effectively prevent the occurrence and development of dental caries,which is good for the health development of children.
    Influence of health education on the obesity rates in preschool children.
    LI Wei,RAN Yu-chen,HUANG Mei-lin,WANG Hong,CAO Li,HUANG Yan,LIN Hua.
    2013, 21(3):  332-333. 
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    Objective To study the obesity intervention methods of preschool children in collective management and to provide the scientific basis for public health and early control,reduce the incidence of obesity. Methods Since July 2009,two kindergartens for intervention and control were randomly selected and children aged 3~4 years old in the park for a period of 2 years monitoring.Health education was given to the interventions kindergartens.Children's meal frequency and the incidence of obesity were compared between intervention and control kindergartens. Results After the intervention,the children's eating behavior of the control group kindergarten had obviously improved and there were significant differences(P<0.05).After intervention obesity rates had fallen,but compared with no significant differences(P>0.05). Conclusions Health education in preschool kindergarten to prevent obesity happened is feasible.But more favorable intervention measures are needed to reduce the occurrence of obesity for obese children.