Inflammatory lung diseases are currently a major challenge threatening human health and life. Imbalanced inflammation and excessive inflammation can lead to tissue damage and trigger the occurrence and development of systemic diseases. Anti-inflammatory treatment is of vital importance for improving patient survival and quality of life. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the exploration and research of drug targeting strategies, effectively addressing issues such as slow onset, low bioavailability, and rapid in vivo clearance rates during drug delivery. Drug targeting can increase local drug concentrations, reduce dosing frequency, and mitigate side effects. This review primarily elaborates on the classification and characteristics of inflammatory lung diseases. It comprehensively reviews targeted drug delivery strategies for inflammatory lung diseases from three perspectives: local targeting, passive targeting, and active targeting. Furthermore, it discusses the prospects and challenges of drug targeted therapy for lung diseases, potentially providing new research and application ideas for the targeted treatment of inflammatory lung diseases.