Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic immune-mediated disease characterized by diffuse mucosal inflammation and clinical symptoms of abdominal pain, diarrhea, mucopurulent bloody stool and tenesmus. Due to its complex etiology, difficult treatment and poor prognosis, UC has been listed as one of the modern refractory diseases by the World Health Organization. MicroRNAs (microRNAs) regulate various biological processes such as cell growth, differentiation, and development by regulating gene expression. Studies have shown that miRNA is involved in the pathogenesis of UC through various pathways such as intestinal mucosal barrier homeostasis disorder, intestinal flora imbalance and excessive differentiation of immune cells, and is expected to become a new target for clinical treatment of UC. In order to better understand the role of miRNA in the pathogenesis of UC and provide new research directions for the treatment of UC, this article reviews the correlation between miRNA and the pathogenesis of UC, the potential of miRNA as a biomarker of UC, and the treatment strategies of miRNA in UC in recent years.