Research progress on the treatment of type I hypersensitivity reactions via different epinephrine administration routes

doi:10.12092/j.issn.1009-2501.2026.03.012

Abstract

Abstract:

Epinephrine is the first-line drug for treating type I hypersensitivity reactions and can effectively alleviate symptoms such as hypotension, erythema, urticaria, and angioedema, while also inhibiting the further release of allergic mediators. Intramuscular administration of epinephrine ensures rapid absorption and efficacy, and both epinephrine injection vials and auto-injectors are available on the market, providing timely treatment in emergency situations. To enhance the convenience of drug administration and improve patient compliance, new routes of administration for epinephrine are being explored, including liquid nasal sprays, powder nasal sprays, sublingual formulations, and inhalers. This article summarizes the advantages and limitations of currently available and under-researched epinephrine formulations with different routes of administration and predicts future research directions and priorities.

Key words: anaphylaxis, epinephrine, routes of administration, intramuscular injection, mucosal administration

CLC Number:

Jiarui CHEN, He ZHANG, Haili ZHANG, Yi CHENG, Chunyan LIU, Meng LI, Nan LIU, Zengming WANG, Hui ZHANG, Aiping ZHENG. Research progress on the treatment of type I hypersensitivity reactions via different epinephrine administration routes[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2026, 31(3): 400-408.

Figures/Tables 4

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名称	规格	企业名称	批准时间
盐酸肾上腺素注射液	1 mg/mL	开封制药（集团）有限公司	2002-07-10
盐酸肾上腺素注射液	1 mg/mL	远大医药（中国）有限公司	2020-08-27
盐酸肾上腺素注射液	1 mg/mL	武汉武药制药有限公司	2022-07-12
盐酸肾上腺素注射液	1 mg/mL 0.5 mg/0.5 mL	山东威智百科药业有限公司	2024-02-29
ADRENALIN	1 mg/1 mL	ENDO OPERATIONS	2012-12-07
ADRENALIN	30 mg/30 mL	ENDO OPERATIONS	2013-12-18
EPINEPHRINE	1 mg/1 mL 10 mg/10 mL 30 mg/30 mL	BPI LABS	2014-07-29
EPINEPHRINE	1 mg/1 mL	AM REGENT	2018-07-06
EPINEPHRINE	30 mg/30 mL	INTL MEDICATION SYS	2020-04-24
EPINEPHRINE	1 mg/1 mL	FRESENIUS KABI USA	2024-11-20
EPINEPHRINE	30 mg/30 mL	AM REGENT	2024-09-06

名称	规格	企业名称	批准时间
盐酸肾上腺素注射液	1 mg/mL	开封制药（集团）有限公司	2002-07-10
盐酸肾上腺素注射液	1 mg/mL	远大医药（中国）有限公司	2020-08-27
盐酸肾上腺素注射液	1 mg/mL	武汉武药制药有限公司	2022-07-12
盐酸肾上腺素注射液	1 mg/mL 0.5 mg/0.5 mL	山东威智百科药业有限公司	2024-02-29
ADRENALIN	1 mg/1 mL	ENDO OPERATIONS	2012-12-07
ADRENALIN	30 mg/30 mL	ENDO OPERATIONS	2013-12-18
EPINEPHRINE	1 mg/1 mL 10 mg/10 mL 30 mg/30 mL	BPI LABS	2014-07-29
EPINEPHRINE	1 mg/1 mL	AM REGENT	2018-07-06
EPINEPHRINE	30 mg/30 mL	INTL MEDICATION SYS	2020-04-24
EPINEPHRINE	1 mg/1 mL	FRESENIUS KABI USA	2024-11-20
EPINEPHRINE	30 mg/30 mL	AM REGENT	2024-09-06

商品名	规格	企业名称	批准时间
EPIPEN	0.3 mg/delivery	MYLAN SPECIALITY LP	1987-12-22
EPIPEN Jr	0.15 mg/delivery	MYLAN SPECIALITY LP	1987-12-22
ADRENACLICK	0.15 mg/delivery 0.3 mg/delivery	IMPAX	2003-05-30
AUVI-Q	0.1 mg/delivery 0.15 mg/delivery 0.3 mg/delivery	KALEO INC	2012-08-10
EPINEPHRINE (AUTOINJECTOR)	0.15 mg/delivery 0.3 mg/delivery	TEVA PHARMS USA	2018-08-16
SYMJEPI	0.3 mg/delivery	ADAMIS PHARMS CORP	2017-06-15
Anapen Junior 0.15 mg solution for injection	0.15 mg/delivery	LINCOLN MEDICAL LIMITED	2001-07-11
Anapen 0.3 mg solution for injection	0.3 mg/delivery	LINCOLN MEDICAL LIMITED	2001-07-11
Jext 150 micrograms solution for injection in pen-filled pen	0.15 mg/delivery	ALK ABELLó A-S	2010-11-12
Jext 300 micrograms solution for injection in pen-filled pen	0.3 mg/delivery	ALK ABELLó A-S	2010-11-12

商品名	规格	企业名称	批准时间
EPIPEN	0.3 mg/delivery	MYLAN SPECIALITY LP	1987-12-22
EPIPEN Jr	0.15 mg/delivery	MYLAN SPECIALITY LP	1987-12-22
ADRENACLICK	0.15 mg/delivery 0.3 mg/delivery	IMPAX	2003-05-30
AUVI-Q	0.1 mg/delivery 0.15 mg/delivery 0.3 mg/delivery	KALEO INC	2012-08-10
EPINEPHRINE (AUTOINJECTOR)	0.15 mg/delivery 0.3 mg/delivery	TEVA PHARMS USA	2018-08-16
SYMJEPI	0.3 mg/delivery	ADAMIS PHARMS CORP	2017-06-15
Anapen Junior 0.15 mg solution for injection	0.15 mg/delivery	LINCOLN MEDICAL LIMITED	2001-07-11
Anapen 0.3 mg solution for injection	0.3 mg/delivery	LINCOLN MEDICAL LIMITED	2001-07-11
Jext 150 micrograms solution for injection in pen-filled pen	0.15 mg/delivery	ALK ABELLó A-S	2010-11-12
Jext 300 micrograms solution for injection in pen-filled pen	0.3 mg/delivery	ALK ABELLó A-S	2010-11-12

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