Gut microbiota and colorectal cancer: advances from pathogenic mechanisms to therapeutic interventions

doi:10.12092/j.issn.1009-2501.2026.07.010

Abstract

Abstract:

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, and its incidence has shown a steadily increasing trend in recent years. Clinical investigations and experimental evidence from animal models have established a strong association between the gut microbiota and CRC. The gut microbiota functions as a key regulatory factor in the initiation and progression of CRC, primarily through shaping the local immune and inflammatory microenvironment, producing metabolites with either tumor-suppressive or tumor-promoting activities, and secreting genotoxic substances, among other mechanisms, thereby driving CRC development. Meanwhile, the gut microbiota can also modulate the sensitivity of CRC to chemotherapy and immunotherapy through multiple pathways. This review aims to explore specific microbial taxa closely related to CRC onset, progression, and treatment, with a particular focus on the gut microbiota–mediated pathogenic mechanisms of CRC and currently effective therapeutic strategies. Ultimately, this work seeks to advance understanding of the deeper interplay between the gut microbiota and CRC, while providing novel perspectives for improving therapeutic efficacy in CRC.

Key words: colorectal cancer, gut microbiota, chemotherapy, immunotherapy

CLC Number:

R735.34

Wei LIU, Wei ZHANG. Gut microbiota and colorectal cancer: advances from pathogenic mechanisms to therapeutic interventions[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2026, 31(7): 937-947.

Figures/Tables 4

References 69

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Gut microbiota	Treatment	Mechanisms	References
F. nucleatum	Promote chemoresistance	F. nucleatum targets the TLR4-MyD88 signaling pathway to modulate autophagy.	[47]
B. fragilis	Promote chemoresistance	SusD/RagB, the surface protein of B. fragilis activates the Notch1 signaling pathway, suppressing chemotherapy-induced apoptosis.	[48]
Gut microbiota	Potentiate drug toxicity	Gut microbiota secrete β-glucuronidase to decouple SN-38G, leading to intestinal toxicity.	[50]
L. johnsonii	Promote anti-PD-1 efficacy	IPA produced in cooperation with C. sporogenes regulates the stemness program in CD8⁺T cells, potentiating Tpex generation.	[51]
R. intestinalis	Promote anti-PD-1 efficacy	Butyrates produced by R. intestinalis activate the NF-κB signaling pathway to enhance T cell function.	[52]
F. nucleatum	Promote anti-PD-1 efficacy	Butyric acid produced by F. nucleatum suppresses PD-1 gene transcription, ameliorating CD8⁺T cell exhaustion.	[53]
F. nucleatum	Promote anti-PD-L1 efficacy	F. nucleatum induces PD-L1 expression by activating STING signaling and increased the accumulation of (IFN-γ)⁺ CD8⁺ TILs.	[54]
F. nucleatum	Reduce anti-PD-1 efficacy	Succinate produced by F. nucleatum suppresses the cGAS-(IFN-β) pathway, limiting CD8⁺T cell infiltration in TME.	[55]
P. anaerobius	Reduce anti-PD-1 efficacy	P. anaerobius activates the NF-κB signaling to induce CXCL1 secretion, promoting MDSCs migration into tumors.	[56]
L. gallinarum	Promote anti-PD-1 efficacy	ICA derived from L. gallinarum targets the IDO1-Kyn-AHR axis, suppressing CD4⁺ Treg differentiation while enhancing CD8⁺T cell function.	[62]
L. rhamnosus GG	Promote anti-PD-1 efficacy	LGG triggers type I interferon production in DCs, enhancing the cross-priming of antitumour CD8⁺T cells	[64]
B. pseudolongum	Promote anti- CTLA-4 efficacy	L-arginine signaling through SLC7A1 reprograms CD8⁺T cells toward tissue-resident memory fate.	[67]

Gut microbiota	Treatment	Mechanisms	References
F. nucleatum	Promote chemoresistance	F. nucleatum targets the TLR4-MyD88 signaling pathway to modulate autophagy.	[47]
B. fragilis	Promote chemoresistance	SusD/RagB, the surface protein of B. fragilis activates the Notch1 signaling pathway, suppressing chemotherapy-induced apoptosis.	[48]
Gut microbiota	Potentiate drug toxicity	Gut microbiota secrete β-glucuronidase to decouple SN-38G, leading to intestinal toxicity.	[50]
L. johnsonii	Promote anti-PD-1 efficacy	IPA produced in cooperation with C. sporogenes regulates the stemness program in CD8⁺T cells, potentiating Tpex generation.	[51]
R. intestinalis	Promote anti-PD-1 efficacy	Butyrates produced by R. intestinalis activate the NF-κB signaling pathway to enhance T cell function.	[52]
F. nucleatum	Promote anti-PD-1 efficacy	Butyric acid produced by F. nucleatum suppresses PD-1 gene transcription, ameliorating CD8⁺T cell exhaustion.	[53]
F. nucleatum	Promote anti-PD-L1 efficacy	F. nucleatum induces PD-L1 expression by activating STING signaling and increased the accumulation of (IFN-γ)⁺ CD8⁺ TILs.	[54]
F. nucleatum	Reduce anti-PD-1 efficacy	Succinate produced by F. nucleatum suppresses the cGAS-(IFN-β) pathway, limiting CD8⁺T cell infiltration in TME.	[55]
P. anaerobius	Reduce anti-PD-1 efficacy	P. anaerobius activates the NF-κB signaling to induce CXCL1 secretion, promoting MDSCs migration into tumors.	[56]
L. gallinarum	Promote anti-PD-1 efficacy	ICA derived from L. gallinarum targets the IDO1-Kyn-AHR axis, suppressing CD4⁺ Treg differentiation while enhancing CD8⁺T cell function.	[62]
L. rhamnosus GG	Promote anti-PD-1 efficacy	LGG triggers type I interferon production in DCs, enhancing the cross-priming of antitumour CD8⁺T cells	[64]
B. pseudolongum	Promote anti- CTLA-4 efficacy	L-arginine signaling through SLC7A1 reprograms CD8⁺T cells toward tissue-resident memory fate.	[67]

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