Abstract: Objective To observe common patterns of chopsticks using skill, and to analyze their efficiency and developmental trends with age. Methods From March 2014 to March 2017, a sample survey of 7 kindergartens in 5 urban areas in the north and west of China was carried out by photographing. The physical characteristics of the interaction between fingers and chopsticks were analyzed, children′s chopsticks using action modes were classified, and the use efficiency of different action modes were evaluated, then the developmental characteristics of children′s chopsticks using modes at different ages were compared. Results Totally 291 children participated in this study. Finally 11 action modes have been coded, which were classified into "four fingers prehension", "three fingers prehension", "palm prehension" and "other types" modes concerning Yokubo′s classification. Children hold chopsticks in the middle (63.57%), upper middle (17.18%) and lower middle (15.81%) part. Among the movement tasks, the "three fingers prehension" was most efficient. The efficiency rates of "palm prehension" [(78.7 ± 54.6) s, 77.4%] and "other types" [(62.5±42.5) s, 60.0%] modes were significantly lower than those of "four fingers prehension" [(54.6±40.3) s, 97.3%] and "three fingers prehension " [(53.8±31.1) s, 96.6%] (P<0.05). The proportion of children using the "palm prehension" movement mode decreased with age (32.6% at the age of 3 and 12.8% at the age of 5), while the use of the "three fingers prehension" movement mode increased with age (41.3% at the age of 3 and 59.6% at the age of 5). Conclusion The movement mode of chopsticks using in early childhood is still immature and diverse, and tends to developfrom low-efficiency mode to high-efficiency mode with age.

Key words: chopsticks using skill, children, fine motor, development, multicenter study

摘要： 目的 通过多中心研究,分析中国学龄前儿童的筷子使用动作模式,研究其模式特点并分类,探讨儿童早期发育阶段筷子使用的年龄发展趋势。方法 2014年3月—2017年3月期间在中国北部和西部5个城市7所幼儿园抽样调查3～<6岁儿童,分析儿童手指与筷子相互作用的物理学特征及操作任务成功率,编码不同动作模式并进行分类,探讨不同分类动作模式的效率及其年龄发育特点。结果 共调查291名儿童,编码11种动作模式。参考Yokubo分类法,可以归类为“四指握式”、“三指握式”、“掌握式”和“其他式”。儿童握筷位于中间部位(63.57%),中上部(17.18%)、中下部(15.81%)。在动作任务中,“三指握式”成功率最高,“掌握式”[用时(78.7±54.6)s,成功率77.4%]和“其他式”[用时(62.5±42.5)s,成功率60.0%]显著低于“四指握式” [用时(54.6±40.3)s,成功率97.3%]和“三指握式” [用时(53.8±31.1)s,成功率96.6%](P<0.05)。儿童使用“掌握式”动作模式的比例随着年龄的增加呈下降趋势(3岁为32.6%,5岁为12.8%),而“三指握式”的使用随年龄增加呈上升趋势(3岁时为41.3%,5岁时为59.6%)。结论 学龄前中国儿童早期筷子使用动作模式尚不成熟,呈现多样化的特点,并且随年龄增长趋向于低效率模式向高效率模式发展。

关键词: 筷子使用, 儿童, 精细动作, 发育, 多中心研究