Abstract: Objective To analyze the trends of malnutrition, overweight and obesity of preschool children in Beijing, and to evaluate the urban-rural difference of children′s growth trends. Methods Data were extracted from five national physical fitness surveillance surveys in Beijing from 2000 to 2020, and the growth indicators of 31 117 children aged 3 to 6 years were calculated. Chi-squared and Cochran-Armitage tests were used to estimate trends in these indicators. Results Compared to 2000, the prevalence rates of stunting, underweight and wasting decreased from 1.5%, 1.4%, 0.9% to 0.6%, 0.6%, 0.8%, while the prevalence of overweight and obesity increased from 17.1%, 4.8% to 20.1%, 9.6%, respectively. Less than 1% of boys and girls in both urban and rural areas were stunted or underweight in 2020. Rural boys and girls have shown a higher prevalence of obesity than urban children since 2010, as well as the prevalence of overweight since 2014. From 2000 to 2020, rural boys and girls had declining trends in malnutrition(including stunting and underweight) rates, and rising trends in overweight and obesity rates(P<0.001). Urban girls had polarized nutrition status from 2000 to 2020, with an increasing rate of wasting(Z=2.426, P＝0.015) and an increasing rate obesity(Z=3.405, P=0.001). Conclusions The prevalence of malnutrition decreases among rural children, while the sustained rising prevalence of overweight and obesity had surpassed that of urban children. Therefore, effective nutrition policies and health strategies are warranted to address the urban-rural disparities in child growth and development.

Key words: malnutrition, overweight and obesity, urban-rural disparity, children

摘要： 目的 了解北京市3~7岁学龄前儿童营养不良和超重肥胖率的变化情况,评价城乡儿童生长发育趋势差异。方法 数据来源于北京市2000—2020年间5次国民体质监测,共计纳入31 117名3~6岁儿童,计算生长发育指标,采用χ²检验和Cochran-Armitage趋势检验进行分析。结果 2000—2020年北京市学龄前儿童生长迟缓、低体重、消瘦率分别从1.5%、1.4%、0.9%下降到0.6%、0.6%、0.8%,超重率、肥胖率从17.1%、4.8%上升到20.1%、9.6%。2020年城乡男女童生长迟缓率和低体重率均低于1%,2010年后农村男女童肥胖率超过城市男女童,2014年后农村男女童超重率超过城市男女童。趋势检验显示2000—2020年农村儿童营养不良率下降(生长迟缓、低体重P<0.001),超重、肥胖率上升(P<0.001);城市女童呈两极化趋势,消瘦率上升(Z=2.426,P=0.015),肥胖率也呈上升趋势(Z=3.405,P=0.001)。结论 农村学龄前儿童营养不良率下降,超重肥胖率持续增高反超城市儿童,需要有效的营养政策和健康战略应对儿童生长发育的城乡不平衡问题。

关键词: 营养不良, 超重肥胖, 城乡差异, 儿童