Table of Content

10 June 2023, Volume 31 Issue 6

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Professional Forum

Early identification of Chinese developmental dyslexia should be valued

LI Xiuhong

2023, 31(6):  586-589.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0429

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Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a persistent neurodevelopmental disorder that is usually diagnosed only when children experience severe learning difficulty after 2 to 3 years of enrollment. This late diagnosis not only leads to academic failure in children, but also has a serious impact on their mental health, career achievements, etc. If DD can be diagnosed before enrollment, its intervention will be more effective. Considering the prognostic benefits of earlyidentification and intervention, as well as many adverse consequences that can be avoided or mitigated, identifying early risks of DD is of great value. But how to early identify DD has always been a challenge. The article aims to introduce how to early identify DD, so as to provide reference for clinical practice.

Early screening, diagnosis and intervention of learning disabilities in children

CAO Aihua

2023, 31(6):  590-594.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0498

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Learning disabilities are neurodevelopmental disorders, which are classified as dyslexia, dysgraphia and dyscalculia according to the DSM-5 and ICD-11. Learning disabilities have a significant impact on children's schooling, but they will not be identified until children show poor academic performance at school. Therefore, screening for learning disabilities at preschool age and early intervention is essential. This article focuses on early screening, diagnosis and comorbidity of children with learning disabilities, and summarizes the treatment of learning disabilities in children from three aspects: education, cognitive behavior and medical interventions.

Original Articles

Feasibility study on rapid screening of learning disabilities by number cancellation test in combination with machine learning algorithm

WANG Hongan, YU Dongchuan, LIU Fulin, CHI Xia

2023, 31(6):  595-600.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0691

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Objective To explore the feasibility of a rapid screening method using number cancellation test (NCT) in combination with machine learning algorithm for learning disabilities (LD), in order to provide ideas for rapid screening of LD. Methods A total of 414 children aged 7-12 years were randomly recruited in Nanjing, and were asked to complete the NCT, in which 18 parameters were measured to evaluate individual's abilities during NCT. Then, these parameters were considered as classification features to explore the classification of LD by seven machine learning algorithms, including linear discriminant analysis, naive Bayes, K-nearest neighbor, neural network, support vector machine, decision tree and random forest. Finally, the classification performance among different machine learning algorithms was compared. Result Among the seven machine learning algorithms, random forest was outstanding for screening LD, and the accuracy and AUC were 0.83 and 0.92, respectively. Conclusion NCT in combination with random forest algorithm can be applied as a rapid screening method (completed within 2 minutes) for LD,which further proves the feasibility of machine learing in disease prediction.

Characteristics of intelligence and executive function in overweight and obese children

MA Bingjie, LU Shaomin, XING Yanfei, LIANG Jingjing

2023, 31(6):  601-605.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1380

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Objective To explore the differences in intelligence and executive function between overweight/obese children and normal weight children, in order to provide scientific reference for early intervention of overweight and obesity. Methods A total of 341 children aged 6 to 9 were enrolled from the Center for Child and Adolescent Psychology and Behavioral Development of Sun Yat-sen University from October 2021 to April 2022, including 56 overweight/obese children and 285 normal weight children. The height and weight of children were measured. The China-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-Ⅳ) and the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) were used to assess the intelligence and executive function of children. Results There were no significant differences in intelligence quotient (IQ) scores between the two groups(P＞0.05). The overweight and obese group had higher scores of behavioral regulation index(BRI), metacogniton index(MI) and other factors than the normal weight group, which was more common in the male group (P＜0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that overweight and obesity were related to the increased risk of abnormal total score of executive function (OR=10.46, 95%CI:4.80 - 22.82,P<0.001), BRI (OR=15.98, 95%CI:5.56 - 45.93,P<0.001) and MI (OR=4.74, 95%CI:2.49 - 9.04,P<0.001). Conclusion There is no significant difference in intelligence between overweight/obese children and normal weight children, but their executive function of daily life is widely impaired.

Chain mediating role of family home reading and mother-child intimacy in intergenerational transmission of emotion regulation strategy

SUN Yan, GUO Fei , CHEN Zhiyan

2023, 31(6):  606-611.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1247

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Objective To explore the intergenerational transmission of emotion regulation strategy and the mediating role of family home reading and mother-child intimacy in that transmission, so as to provide reference for improving children's emotion regulation ability. Methods In December 2021, mothers of 398 children aged 3 to 6 years were recruited to participate in this study to complete Parental Emotion Regulation Strategy Questionnaire, Family Home Reading Scale, Parent-Child Relationship Scale and Preschoolers Emotion Regulation Strategy Scale. SPSS 26.0 was used to analyze the relationship among the variables and AMOS 26.0 was used to establish structural equation model, to investigate the effects of mothers' cognitive reappraisal emotion regulation strategy on children's positive emotion regulation strategy and the multiple mediating effects of family reading and mother-child intimacy. Results 1) Children whose mothers have a bachelor degree or above had better abilities of solving problems than those whose mothers graduated from technical secondary school(F=5.37,P<0.01). 2) Mother's cognitive reappraisal emotion regulation strategy was positively correlated with children's positive emotion regulation strategies, family home reading and mother-child intimacy(r=0.150 - 0.348, P<0.05); family home reading was positively correlated with children's positive emotion regulation strategies and mother-child intimacy(r=0.151 - 0.279, P<0.01); mother-child intimacy was positively correlated with children's cognitive restructuring and alternative activities positive emotion regulation strategies (r=0.219,0.200, P<0.01). 3) Mother's positive emotion regulation strategy significantly predicted children's positive emotion regulation strategies (β=0.32, t=5.73, P<0.01). Family home reading and mother-child intimacy played mediating roles in the intergenerational transmission of emotion regulation strategy, and the mediation effects were 4.37% and 12.34%,respectively; meanwhile, the chain mediating effect formed by the two was 1.03%. Conclusion Maternal cognitive reappraisal emotion regulation strategy is an important influencing factor of children's positive emotion regulation strategy, family home reading and mother-child intimacy have chain mediating effects in their association.

Status quo and related factors of Internet addiction among adolescents in poor areas

HU Tingting, ZHU Xiaorui, ZHANG Qing'e, CHEN Xu, ZHOU Jiaojiao, DONG Sixin, JI Yang

2023, 31(6):  612-616.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1464

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Objective To analyze the current situation and influencing factors of internet addiction in adolescents in poor areas, in order to provide reference for intervention of Internet addiction. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate the general demographic data and Internet addiction among school students aged 9 - 18 from 20th April to 10th May 2022. Depression and anxiety of the students were assessed by the Central Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Generalized Anxiety Scale (GAD-7), and the related influencing factors were analyzed. Results A total of 23 180 primary and secondary school students completed the survey, and 2 394 (10.3%) had internet addiction. The risk factors of Internet addition included male (OR=1.243, 95%CI:1.139 - 1.355), secondary school students (OR=1.911, 95%CI:1.731 - 2.110), left-behind students (OR=1.380, 95%CI:1.249 - 1.525), attending in priority school (OR=1.375, 95%CI:1.225 - 1.544) and priority class (OR=1.184, 95%CI:1.048 - 1.338), while good academic performance(OR=0.635, 95%CI:0.564 - 0.715) and good social relationships (family OR=0.620, classmates OR=0.701) were independent protective factors for Internet addiction among adolescent school students(P＜0.05). A total of 8 261 (35.6%) adolescents were comorbid with depressive symptoms, and 1 988 (8.6%) adolescents were complicated with anxiety symptoms. Adolescents with Internet addiction were more prone to develop depressive symptoms (OR=14.891, 95%CI:13.203 - 16.796, P＜0.001) and anxiety symptoms (OR=15.412, 95%CI:13.895 - 17.095, P＜0.001). Conclusions Internet addiction is prevalent among adolescents in poor areas, and is significantly related to adolescents' age, gender, grade, school and class type, left-behind status, academic achievement and social relationship. It is urgent to timely screen and intervene adolescents with internet addiction problems.

Behavior changes and influencing factors of firstborn children before and after the birth of the second children in a district of Chongqing

ZHOU Yuanke, LI Yueyue, FANG Bo, SHENG Lulu, WU Wenyi, XI Xuan, LIU Qin

2023, 31(6):  617-622.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1218

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Objective To explore the behavior changes of the firstborn children after the birth of the second children, and to analyze its influencing factors, in order to provide reference for the firstborn children getting along with the second children. Methods From March to December 2019, 94 mothers in the middle and late stages of pregnancy who were pregnant with a second child were recruited from two tertiary hospitals in a district of Chongqing to learn about the situation of their first child through questionnaires, and were followed up until the second child was 2 months old. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the correlation of demographic characteristics and family factors with behavioral changes of firstborn children. Results Among the 94 firstborn children, 43 were boys and 51 were girls, with an average age of (4.25±2.31) years old. When the second child was 2 months old, the behavior changes occurred in all the firstborn children. Among them,57.4% were dominated by positive behavior changes, and 61.7% had both positive and negative behaviors. Univariate analysis showed that firstborn children's age, relationship with parents, parenting style of father and parenting way were influencing factors of behavioral changes of the firstborn children (P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that firstborn children with older age (OR=2.543, 95%CI: 1.196 - 5.366) were more likely to have positive behavior changes towards their mother/second child, while those with intergenerational and co-parental rearing (OR=3.402, 95%CI: 1.033 - 11.195) were more likely to have negative behavior changes towards themselves. Conclusions Two months after the birth of the second child, the firstborn children all experience behavioral changes, and most of them show both positive and negative behavior, with positive changes predominating. Age and parenting way are the main influencing factors of behavior changes of the firstborn children.

Family rearing environment and behavior problems of the second child aged 4 to 6 years in Jiangsu Province

TIAN Tian, SONG Jia, LI Jing, YUAN Hui, SHEN Mengmeng, DING Rong, ZHU Xiaohua, XU Hongze, HU Youfang

2023, 31(6):  623-628.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1075

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Objective To understand the current situation of family rearing environment and behavioral problems of the "second child" aged 4 to 6 years in Jiangsu Province, and to explore the relationship between behavioral problems and family rearing environment, so as to provide theoretical basis for promoting the healthy development of "second child". Methods Using stratified cluster random sampling, a total of 1 181 "second child" aged 4 to 6 years who met the inclusion criteria in Nanjing, Wuxi, Nantong, Zhenjiang, Yangzhou, Suqian and Lianyungang in Jiangsu Province were selected from March to July 2019. The Family Rearing Environment Scale for 3- to 6-year-old children and Achenbach Behavior Scale for 4- to 16-year-old children were used for investigation. χ² test, univariate analysis, multivariates regression analysis and correlation analysis were used to analyze data. Results The total detection rate of poor family rearing environment of 4- to 6-year-old "second child"preschoolers in Jiangsu Province was 9.48%(112/1 181), and the detection rate of poor environment of emotional warmth/self-expression was the highest. The total detection rate of behavioral problems was as high as 15.92%(188/1 181). There was significant difference in the detection rate of somatic complaints(χ²=4.027) and sexual problem factors(χ²=4.374) between 4-year-old children and 5-year-old children (P<0.05). The detection rate of behavioral problems in poor family rearing environment was significantly higher than that in good and medium family rearing environment (χ²=9.901, 26.853, P<0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that moderate (OR=0.572) to good environment(OR=0.464) of language/cognitive information, good environment of neglect/intervention/punishment (OR=0.400) were protective factors for behavioral problems of "second-child" preschoolers (P<0.01). Conclusions The current situation of behavioral problems of "the second child" aged 4 to 6 in Jiangsu Province is not optimistic, and behavioral problems are closely related to many aspects of family rearing environment. More attention should be paid to the healthy development of the behavior of "second child" preschoolers and the spread of relevant knowledge. Besides, caregiversare encouraged to actively establish a good family rearing environment.

Basic Experimental Articles

Effect of leptin on chronic stress-induced depression and learning and memory disorder

BIN Yadi, FU Jialei, LAN Nan, JIA Yiwei, CHEN Li, LEI Xiaomei

2023, 31(6):  629-633.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1393

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Objective To analyze the correlation of different chronic restrained programs with depressive behavior and learning and memory ability in adolescent mice, in order to discuss the effects of leptin (LP) on depression, learning and memory disorders induced by chronic restrained stress, and its related receptor mechanism. Methods Totally 70 healthy male C57 mice aged 3 to 4 weeks after birth were subjected to low-intensity (2h)/high-intensity (4h) chronic restrained stress for 10 consecutive days. Then the ideal bondage model was chosen. LP was injected intraperitoneally, and the depressive behavior of the mice was observed by open field test (OFT). Morris water maze was used to detect their learning and memory abilities. ELISA was used to determine the expression of serum LP. The expression of NMDAR₁ and GABAR in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was detected by Western blotting. Results In OFT, the residence time in the central region of HCRS mice was significantly lower than that in control group[HCRS:(95.2±17.3)s, control:(157.1±25.5)s, P<0.01], which in HCRS + saline group was significantly lower than that of sham group[(97.7±25.1)s vs. (148.6±24.8)s, P<0.01]. The central area residence time of HCRS + H-LP group was close to that of sham group. In the navigation experiment of Morris water maze, the escape latency of HCRS mice in four quadrants was lower than that of control group, which had no statistical difference between HCRS+H-LP and sham mice. The average number of station crossings in Morris water maze was lower in HCRS group than that of control group (HCRS: 2.1±0.9, control: 4.2±1.9, P<0.05), and there was no statistical difference between HCRS+H-LP and sham group. Serum LP level in HCRS group (4.2±1.3) was significantly lower than that in control group (10.4±2.9, P<0.01), and there was no statistical difference between the HCRS+H-LP and sham group. The expression level of NMDR₁ in mPFC in HCRS group was significantly lower than that in control group. After high LP injection, the expression level of NMDR₁ was close to normal group. Conclusions High chronic restrained stress can cause mood, learning and memory disorders in adolescent mice. Chronic systemic application of high concentration LP can improve these disorders, which may be related to the decreased expression level of NMDAR₁ in mPFC.

Review

Research progress in childhood narcissism

WANG Jingrong, MA Xiquan, JIN Zhijuan

2023, 31(6):  634-639.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1246

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Narcissism is form of personality trait characterized with a pervasive sense of self-importance and combined with impulsivity, interpersonal conflict and social functioning deficits. Currently, the etiology and development of narcissism is poorly understood, including when narcissistic traits emerge, how it develops, and factors and developmental processes that cause some children to be more narcissistic than others. This article reviews the clinical features, intervention and management of narcissistic children, aiming to summarize the relevant researches in this field and provide empirical data for the identification and management of children with narcissistic trait.

Associations between family relationship and children's sleep

WANG Ziyang, HU Lei, LIU Jintong

2023, 31(6):  640-644.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1187

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Family relationship is one of environmental factors associated with children's sleep.This review combs related studies focused on the relation between family relationship and child sleep in recent ten years via searching CNKI, PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCOhost and Springer Link.It is found that good marital relationship of parents, good parent-child relationship, emotional security and secure attachment in marital and parent-child relationship have benefits on child sleep.Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and parasympathetic nervous system might be involved in family relationship-child sleep link.Further studies are warranted on interventions for poor family relationship in order to improve children's sleep.

Research progress in screening tools for autism spectrum disorder at different ages

LIU Annan, JIANG Zhimei

2023, 31(6):  645-649.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0790

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In recent years, ASD has become one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children. Since the last century, various ASD screening tools have emerged. However, the focus and use of these screening tools are very different and may further affect subsequent diagnosis and rehabilitation. This paper aims to compare and analyze various popular ASD screening scales and questionnaires at home and abroad, summarize their characteristics and screening effects, in order to achieve more effective and convenient early ASD screening and diagnosis in the future.

Progress in sensory abnormalities in children with autism spectrum disorder

LI Menghan, LI Tingyu

2023, 31(6):  650-655.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1517

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. Sensory abnormality is one of the core symptoms in children with ASD, and raising awareness of them can help guide clinical and scientific work. This article reviews the research progress in sensory abnormalities from the aspect of clinical manifestations, related factors, evaluation instruments and interventions in ASD children.

Research progress in the effects of responsive feeding on sleep of infants and young children

WANG Dan, HUANG Chuican, FAN Lichun

2023, 31(6):  656-660.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0196

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Responsive feeding (RF) is an important component of responsive care, which is a feeding form based on the subjective willing of infants and young children. Early infancy is a critical period for the development of nervous system and circadian rhythm of sleep, and inappropriate feeding practices may cause a variety of sleep problems in infants. Existing studies have shown that responsive feeding can improve the sleep quality of infants and young children, and effectively prevent the occurrence and development of sleep-related diseases. The concept and importance of responsive feeding, the epidemiological characteristics of infant and toddler sleep problems, and the effect of responsive feeding on infant and toddler sleep problems are reviewed in this paper through literature study.

Meta Analysis

Systematic review of the prevalence and risk factors of tic disorders in Chinese children

JIANG Yanlin, ZHANG Qiang, ZHAI Rui, PENG Yaqi, TAI Ran, WANG Junhong

2023, 31(6):  661-667.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1258

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Objective To systematically retrieved the relevant data and analyze the prevalence and risk factors of tic disorders (TD) in China,in order to provide data reference for further study of TD. Methods A literature search of the CNKI, VIP, SinoMed, WanFang Data, PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases for relevant observational studies, published from database inception to October 2022, was performed. Literature screening, data extraction and evaluation of risk of bias were independently conducted by two researchers. Data analysis was performed using R software. Results Forty-five studies, including 271 172 children and 10 594 TD children, were included in the Meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of TD in China was 2.68% (95%CI:1.47% - 4.83%). Meta-regression analysis revealed that diagnostic criteria were the main source of study heterogeneity. The pooled prevalence of the TD subgroup, defined according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-Ⅳ), was 1.22% (95%CI:0.79% - 1.86%) and its prevalence in males and females was 1.67% (95%CI:0.91% - 3.04%) and 1.21% (95%CI:0.83% - 1.78%), respectively. Factors associated with TD included preterm birth, abnormal birth weight, neonatal jaundice, other perinatal factors, poor dietary habits, excessive use of electronic devices, history of high fever or febrile convulsions, recurrent respiratory infection, rhinopathy or asthma, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or other neurological comorbidities, sleep disorder, family history, psychiatric abnormality during pregnancy, corporal punishment, spoil, single-parent families, emotional lability, and high stress levels. Conclusions The prevalence of TD in China is similar to that in other countries, and males are more prevalent than females. The occurrence of TD is closely related to perinatal factors, chronic respiratory disease, and family stability.

Clinical Research

Intelligence characteristics of 2- to 5-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder, suspected autism spectrum disorder and global developmental delay

LIU Mengjiao, ZHENG Xiaoqin, MENG Xian, WU Xiaoling, GE Dongmei, NIE Jing

2023, 31(6):  668-673.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1188

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Objective To describe and compare the developmental levels of Gesell Developmental Scale(GDS) in children aged 2 - 5 years who were diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), suspected ASD and GDD, and to know about the intelligence quotient, so as to provide reference for early diagnosis and early intervention. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on children aged 2 - 5 years who were diagnosed with ASD (n=270), suspected ASD (n=158) and GDD (n=218) in Sichuan Maternal and Child Health Hospital from July 2018 to August 2022. The DQs of five domains of GDS were described and compared among the three groups. Results 1) The intelligence level of children in three groups was significantly different (P<0.05); The scores of ASD group were significantly lower than those of suspected ASD group in all five domains of GDS, and the scores of fine motor and adaptability were significantly lower than those of GDD group (P<0.05). 2) The intelligence development of the three groups at different ages was significantly different (P<0.05); For children aged 2 to 3 years, the scores in five domains of ASD children were lower than those of suspected ASD group, and the scores in four energy areas of GDD group were significantly higher than those of ASD group except for gross motor (P<0.05). For preschool children, the score of fine motor in ASD group was significantly lower than that in GDD group (P<0.05), and the score of fine motor, adaptability and language ability in ASD group was significantly lower than that in suspected ASD group. 3) The developmental quotient of children in each group was different between children aged 2 - 3 and preschool children. The development level of personal-social area of preschoolers in ASD group was significantly higher than that of ASD children (Z=2.45, P<0.05). The scores of adaptability and gross motor domain of preschoolers in the suspected ASD group were significantly lower than those of children with suspected ASD (Z=2.83, 1.99, P<0.05). The development levels of language, adaptability and gross motor area of preschool children in GDD group were significantly lower than those in the GDD group (Z=2.97, 5.18, 4.36, P<0.05). Conclusions There are certain differences in the neurodevelopmental characteristics of children with different age groups and developmental problems. In clinical practice, GDS can be used to clarify their intelligence development to identify ASD, suspected ASD and GDD, which is important for early diagnosis of the disease, the formulation of training programs and prognosis of the disease.

Influencing factors of children with developmental stuttering

YU Yabin, WANG Jianhong, XU Qi, WANG Lei, ZHOU Bo, ZHANG Lili, WANG Xi, WANG Lin

2023, 31(6):  674-677.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1487

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Objective To analyze the related influencing factors of children with developmental stuttering, in order to provide scientific basis for reasonable clinical intervention. Methods A case control study design was adopted. The clinical data of 189 children with developmental stuttering (stuttering group) in the Center of Children's Healthcare, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics from October 2020 to April 2022 and 388 typically developed children (control group) who underwent physical examination during the same period were analyzed. χ² test and multivariate Logistic regression were used to analyze the association between developmental stuttering and potential influential factors. Results There were significant differences in terms of whether only-child or not (χ²=5.353), relationship among family members (χ²=7.107), family history of stuttering (χ²=6.248), parent-child reading (χ²=4.492) and daily screen time (χ²=6.005) between children in stuttering group and control group (P <0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that only-child (OR=1.702, 95%CI: 1.153 - 2.514, P=0.007),family history of stuttering (OR=1.814, 95%CI: 1.028 - 3.201, P=0.04), non-parent-child reading (OR=1.663, 95%CI: 1.120 - 2.471, P=0.012), screen time≥1h/d (OR=1.517, 95%CI: 1.025 - 2.246, P=0.037) were risk factors for developmental stuttering in children. Conclusions The occurrence of developmental stuttering in children is related to multiple factors. More attention should be paid to only-child and children with family history of stuttering. Besides, parent-child reading time should be increased, responsive care should be enhanced and screen time should be controlled.

Types and frequencies of gene variants in idiopathic short stature children

LIANG Yijia, WU Honglin, HE Xiumei, HU Xiaohong, HE Xiyu

2023, 31(6):  678-683.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0202

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Objective To analyze the types and frequency of genetic variation in children with idiopathic short stature (ISS), in order to provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of ISS. Methods Clinical data of 208 children with ISS in the pediatric endocrinology outpatient of the Fourth and the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital from July 2017 to July 2022 were retrospectively analyzed, and genetic analysis was performed on patients with suspicious genetic variation to explore the potential genetic pathological mechanism. Results Among 208 children with ISS, 22 children showed suspicious genetic variation through preliminary screening and genetic analysis. Seven types of genetic variation in 8 children with genetic variation were detected by whole exon sequencing and copy number variation analysis techniques, including variations in FGD1, FGFR1, ACAN, SLC26A4, CREBBP, ACTB and KAT6A. The cumulative detection rate of genetic variation in patients with idiopathic short stature was about 3.85%, and the diagnosis rate by genetic analysis was about 36.4% in patients with clinically suspected genetic variation. Conclusions The occurrence of ISS is closely related to genetic variation. Through clinical characterization analysis and molecular genetics detection, different types of genetic variation related to growth plate development can be found, which can help to clarify the etiology of ISS.

Moderating role of personality traits in the influence of violent video games on adolescent aggressive behavior

YING Jiali, CHEN Xiuqin, YANG Chen, HUANG Limei, YU Yan, GAO Xuemei

2023, 31(6):  684-688.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1131

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Objective To analyze the relationship between violent video games and adolescent aggressive behavior, and to examine if the personality traits moderate the effect that violent video games have on aggression. Methods A cluster random sampling method was used to investigate all grades of two general junior high schools in Pudong New District and Songjiang District, Shanghai in May 2019. Finally 1 886 valid questionnaires were collected. The questionnaires included general demographic information, the Video Game Questionnaire, Attack Questionnaire, and the Chinese Big Five Personality Inventory (abbreviated version). Results All five dimensions of personality had statistically significant differences in physical and verbal aggression, and personality had a moderating effect in violent video game exposure leading to aggressive behavior (P<0.05), of which neuroticism, openness and extroversion had positive effects on physical(β=0.18、0.08、0.01,P<0.05) and verbal aggression(β=0.23、0.11、0.07,P<0.05). Neuroticism and extraversion also positively moderated the effect of violent video games on physical aggression(β=0.06、0.08,P<0.01), and extraversion alone positively moderated the effect of violent video games on verbal aggression(β=0.07,P<0.01). Conclusions Personality traits not only have a positive effect on adolescent aggression behavior, but also play a moderating role in the relationship between violent video games and aggressive behavior. Therefore, reasonable emotion regulation should be properly guided, and impulses should be suppressed, thereby reducing the occurrence of aggressive behavior in adolescents.

Cross-sectional study of infant sleep behavior and sleep problems in two districts in Beijing

ZHANG Lijin, WANG Dan, KANG Hongxia, WANG Qijuan, WEI Qianwei, HE Hui, SHANG Xiao-rui, LI Yi-chen

2023, 31(6):  689-692.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0699

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Objective To understand the status of infant sleep behavior and sleep problems in Beijing, and to analyze possible influencing factors, in order to provide reference for the promotion of sleep health in infancy. Methods Community health service centers in two townships in 2 districts from urban and suburban areas were selected from June 1st,2021 to August 31st,2021 in Beijing, by using the cluster sampling method.A questionnaire survey was conducted among 894 resident caregivers to collect general information and infant sleep status. Results Totally 55.0% of infants and caregivers shared the same bed,41.1% of them slept in different beds within the same room.The proportion of infants sleeping on their sides and supine was 48.1% and 46.9%, respectively; and 50.5% and 28.7% for milk sleep and being rocked/cuddled to sleep, respectively.The detection rate of infant sleep problems was 65.9%, and the common sleep problems included difficulty in falling asleep(26.0%), night awakening(13.0%), night crying(12.8%) and circadian rhythm disorder (8.9%).Multivariate analysis showed that circadian rhythm disorder (OR=2.479,95%CI:1.341 - 4.584) and night awakening (OR=3.097,95%CI:1.873 - 5.122) were risk factors for night crying, while infants with fewer (OR=0.237, 95%CI:0.087 - 0.646), few sleep problems(OR=0.190, 95%CI: 0.072 - 0.499) and without sleep problems(OR=0.112, 95%CI: 0.042 - 0.294) were protective factors for night crying. Conclusions Infants in Beijing mainly sleep with bed-sharing, milking and cuddling,with high prevalence of sleep problems.Sleep rhythm disorder may increase the incidence of night crying, so it is necessary to strengthen the education and guidance of infant sleep health for parents.