Glutamate transporter and neurodegenerative disorders

Abstract

Abstract: Glutamate is the primary excitatory amino acid in the mammal brain.Glutamate transporters perform the regulation of glutamate levels in synaptic cleft.If the glutamate transporters should not be expressed, stopped working, or gone into reverse releasing glutamate from the cytoplasm, there would be an extracellular build up of glutamate.Defective glutamate uptake has been suggested to be important in connection with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

Key words: pharmacology, review, glutamate transporter, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease

CLC Number:

YANG Yan-Ling, HU Gang. Glutamate transporter and neurodegenerative disorders[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2003, 8(2): 227-231.

References

[1] Matute C, Alberdi E, Ibarretxe G, et al.Excitotoxicity in glial cells[J].Eur J Pharmacol, 2002;447:239-46
[2] Ye Z, Sontheimer H.Modulation of glial glutamate transport through cell interactions with the extracellular matrix[J].Int J Dev Neurosci, 2002;20:209
[3] Seal RP, Amara SG.Excitatory amino acid transperters:a family in flux[J].Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 1999;39:431-56
[4] Niels C.Danbolt.Glutamate uptake[J].Prog Neurobiol, 2001;65:1-105
[5] Schluter K, Figiel M, Rozyczka J, et al.CNS region-specific regulation of glial glutamate transporter expression[J].Eur J Neurosci, 2002;16:836-42
[6] O'Shea R.Roles and regulation of glutamate transporters in the central nervous sy stem[J].Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 2002; 29:1018-23
[7] Auger C, Attwell D.Fast removal of synaptic glutamate by postsynaptic transporters[J].Neuron, 2000;28:547-58
[8] Bridges RJ, Kavanaugh MP, Chamberlin AR.A pharmacological review of competitive inhibitors and subatrates of high-affinity, sodium-dependent glutamate transport in the central nervous system[J].Curr.Pharm Des, 1999;5:363-79
[9] Christopher M.Anderson, Raymond A et al.Astrocyte glutamate transport:Review of properties, regulation, and physiological functions[J].Glia, 2000;32:1-14
[10] Had-Aissouni L, Re DB, Nieoullon A.Importance of astrocytic inactivation of synaptically released glutamate for cell survival in the central nervous system-are astrocytes vulnerable to low intracellular glutamate concentrations[J] ? J Physiol Paris, 2002; 96:317-22
[11] Garthwaite G, Williams GD, Garthwaite J.Glutamate toxicityan experimental and theoretical analysis[J].Eur J Neurosci, 1992;4:353-60
[12] Nicholas J, Maragakis, Jeffrey D, et al.Glutamate transporters in neurologic disease[J].Basic Sci Semin Neurol, 2001;58: 365-70
[13] Shaw PJ.Calcium, glutamate, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: more evidence but on certainties[J].Ann.Neurol, 1999; 46:803-5
[14] Trotti D, Aoki M, Pasinelli P.Amyotrophic lateral sclerosislinked glutamate transporter mutant has impaired glutamate clearance capacity[J].J Biol Chem, 2001;276:576-82
[15] Alexander GM, Deitch JS, Seeburger JL.Elevated cortical extracellular fluid glutamate in transgenic mice expressing human mutant (G93A) Cu Zn superoxide dismutase[J].J Neurochem, 2000;74:1666-73
[16] Rothstein JD, Van KammenM, Levey, et al.Selective loss of glial glutamate transporter GLT-1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis[J].Ann.Neurol, 1995;38:73-84
[17] Warita H, Manabe Y, Murakami T, et al.Tardive decrease of astrocytic glutamate transporter protein in transgenic mice with ALS-linked mutant SOD1[J].Neurol Res, 2002;24:577-81
[18] Heath PR, Shaw PJ.Update on the glutamatergic neurotransmitter system and the role of excitotoxicity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis[J].Muscle Nerve, 2002;26:438-58
[19] Cid C, Alvarez-Cermeno JC, Regidor I.Low concentrations of glutamate induce apoptosis in cultured neurons:Implications for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis[J].J Neurol Sci, 2003;206:91-5
[20] Deitch JS, Alexander GM, Del Valle L, et al.GLT-1 glutamate transporter levels are unchanged in mice expressing G93A human mutant SOD1[J].J Neurol Sci, 2002;193:117-26
[21] Harkany T, Hortobagyi T, Sasvari M, et al.Neuroprotective approaches in experimental models of beta-amyloid neurotoxicity:relevance to Alzheimer's disease[J].Prog Neuropsy cho Pharmacol Biol Psy chiatry, 1999;23:963-1008
[22] Ferrarese C, Begni B, Canevari C, et al.Glutamate uptake is decreased in platelets from Alzheimer's disease patients[J]. Ann Neurol, 2000;47:641-3
[23] MattsonMP, Pedersen WA, Duan W, et al.Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying perturbed energy metabolism and neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases[J].Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1999;893:154-75
[24] Gadea A, Lopez-Colome AM.Glial transporters for glutamate, glycine and GABA I.Glutamate transporters[J].J Neurosci Res, 2001;63:453-60
[25] Plaitakis A, Shashidharan P.Glutamate transport and metabolism in dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra:implications for the pathogenesis of Parkonson's disease[J].J.Neurol, 2000;247:Ⅱ 25-35
[26] Ferrarese C, Tremolizzo L, RigoldiM, et al.Decreased platelet glutamate uptake and genetic risk factors in patients with Parkinson's disease[J].Neurol Sci, 2001;22:65-6
[27] Mattson MP, PedersenWA, Duan W, et al.Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying perturbed energy metabolism and neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases[J].Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1999;893:154-75
[28] Zipp F, Demisch L, Derouiche A, et al.Glutamine synthetase activity in patients with Parkinson's disease[J].Acta Neurol Scand, 1998;97:300-2
[29] Berman SB, Hastings TG.Inhibition of glutamate transport in synaptosomes by dopamine oxidation and reactive oxygen species[J].J Neurochem, 1997;69:1185-95
[30] Hazell AS, Itzhak Y, Liu H, et al.1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) decreases glutamate uptake in cultured astrocytes[J].J Neurochem, 1997;68:2216-9