Table of Content

Volume 16 Issue 10
26 October 2011

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Effect of propofol on B_ZATP induced P2X7-gated currents in RAW264.7 macrophages under different extracellular pH values

LIU Hong-liang, DAI Ti-jun

2011, 16(10):  1081-1085. 

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AIM: To investigate the sensitivity of P2X7 receptor to its specific agonist B_ZATP and the effect of propofol on P2X7-gated currents in RAW264.7 macrophages under different extracellular pH values. METHODS: RAW264.7 cells were cultured, and whole-cell patch clamp technique was used. B_ZATP (10-10000 μmol/L) was applied for 5 seconds, the currents were recorded, and the EC₅₀ value of B_ZATP was achieved under the extracellular pH value of 7.4 or 6.0. Propofol (1-100 μmol/L) was applied to the cells for 1 min, then B_ZATP with two times EC₅₀ value was applied, the IC₅₀ or EC₅₀ value of propofol was achieved under different extracellular pH values. To investigate the effect of propofol on the dose-response curve of B_ZATP under different extracellular pH values, propofol with IC₅₀ value was applied, and B_ZATP (10-10000 μmol/L) was applied for 5 seconds, the EC₅₀ value of B_ZATP was achieved. RESULTS: B_ZATP could induce the inward currents in a dose-dependent manner, and the EC₅₀ value of B_ZATP was (112±26) μmol/L and (643±87) μmol/L at extracellular pH value of 7.4 or 6.0. Propofol could inhibit P2X7-gated currents at pH 7.4, and the IC₅₀ value was (31±6) μmol/L; but propofol increased P2X7-gated currents at pH 6.0, and the EC₅₀ value was (38±6) μmol/L. The IC₅₀ value of propofol made the dose-response curve of B_ZATP shifted rightward at pH 7.4, or leftward at pH 6.0. CONCLUSION: The sensitivity of P2X7 receptor to B_ZATP decreases when extracellular pH value changes from 7.4 to 6.0. Propofol with clinically related concentrations could inhibit P2X7-gated currents at pH 7.4, and increase P2X7-gated currents at pH 6.0 extracellularly.

Inhibitory effect of ajoene on thrombosis in rats

LI Xiao-tian, FAN Yuan-yuan, SHI Ying-ying

2011, 16(10):  1086-1089. 

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AIM: To study the effect of ajoene on thrombosis in rats. METHODS: SD rats were randomly divided into five groups according to body weight: normal control group, Panax notoginseng Saponins group (50 mg/kg), and ajoene groups (25, 50, 75 mg/kg). Rats were given drugs everyday for 5 days, 2 h after the last administration using model of ligation of the inferior vena cava, FeCl₃ induced thrombosis and cuticle bleeding time to text the antithrombotic effect. Meanwhile collect blood plasma to text pronthrombin time (PT), thromboplastin time (APTT). RESULTS: Ajoene could inhibit the formation of arterial and venous thrombosis, and inhibition rates of high dose ajoene on thrombosis of the arteriovenous were more than 40%. And it also could significantly increase the cuticle bleeding time, prolong the levels of PT, APTT(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Ajoene can inhibit experimental arterial and vein thrombosis. And it has the satisfactory effect on anti-thrombosis.

Effects of soy isoflavones preconditioning on myocardial ischem ia/reperfusion injury in isolated hearts of rats

TAO Jing, HU Jie, GAO Qin, MA Shan-feng, GUAN Su-dong, LV Zheng-mei

2011, 16(10):  1090-1095. 

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AIM: To observe the influence of soy isoflavones preconditioning on ischemia/reperfusion injury(IRI) in isolated hearts in rats. METHODS: The ischemia/reperfusion(I/R) model of isolated perfused hearts was established by stopping and reperfusing Krebs-Henseleit (KH) fluid to the hearts of the rats. Forty SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: control group,ischemia/reperfusion group (I/R),three SI treatment groups(L-SI,M-SI,H-SI).0.5%CMC-Na were given in I/R group,SI 30,60,120 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 were given in L-SI,M-SI,H-SI groups.After 15 days, the changes of maximal rate of the pressure(+LVdp/dt_max) increase,maximal rate of the pressure(-LVdp/dt_max) decrease, left ventricular developed pressure(LVDP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP)of heart, and rate-pressure product (RPP) were observed and analysis. The ultrastructure of heart cells were oberserved by electron micronscopy. RESULTS: Compared with control group,the level of LVEDP was increased obviously in I/R group(P＜0.01), the levels of LVDP,+dp/dt_max, -dp/dt_max,RPP were decreased (P＜0.05,P＜0.01). Compared with I/R group, the level of LVEDP was decreased obviously in M-SI group(P＜0.01), the level of RPP was increased(P＜0.05). Compared with I/R group, the levels of LVDP,+dp/dt_max, -dp/dt_max were increased in H-SI group(P＜0.05,P＜0.01). In I/R group,the mitochondria was swelling, myocardium muscle fibers was breaked and the iliac crest destruction was disappeared,the above changes were reduced obviously in M-SI,H-SI groups. CONCLUSION: M-SI,H-SI behave a protective effect on ischemia/reperfusion inisolated rat hearts.

Effects of Cyproheptadine on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and nerve cell apoptosis

TAN Ting, WANG Mei-na, MA Xiao-ya

2011, 16(10):  1096-1100. 

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AIM: To study the protection and mechanism of Cyproheptadine (CYP) on focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. METHODS: The models with cerebral ischemicre-reperfusion were induced by intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) with a nylon monofilament suture,2 h occlusion followed by 3,6,24,48 h reperfusion. The volume of cerbral infarction was observed using 2, 3, 4-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) dyeing, apoptosis of the neurocytes was detected by TUNEL technique, the expression levels of Caspase-3 proteinum in brain tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry technique. RESULTS: Compared with model group,the volumes of cerbral infarction were reduced significantly in the CYPI,IIgroups(P<0.01),the increased LDH had been decreased(P<0.01),apoptosis of the neurocytes of ischemia area in the brain tissue was depressed by CPY,the ratio of Caspase-3 proteinum expression was decreased(P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The CPY can prevent cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury by reduce the number of nerve cells apoptosis and the level of Caspase-3 in brain.

An pharmacodynamic study of Yanhong capsule on injuries from impacts

ZHANG Dan-dan, ZHANG Jun-wei, ZHANG Qiang, MENG Yan-li, WANG Wei-ming

2011, 16(10):  1101-1104. 

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AIM: To investigate the effects of Yanhong capsule on injury rats. METHODS: The changes of pathohistology were observed by local blood stasis on rats induced by hitting. The levels of blood rheology were detected. The rates of ear swelling induced by xylene were observed. The times of writhing induced by acetic acid were observed. RESULTS: Yanhong capsule could improve the symptoms of the surface congestion and edema on local blood stasis rats induced by hitting, recover the damage of muscle fiber, and reduce edema of the interstitial(P<0.05). Yanhong capsule could significantly reduce plasma viscosity, whole blood viscosity of high, medium, low shear rate(P<0.05), and significant improve indexes on blood rheological property. Yanhong capsule could reduce the rates of ear edema induced by xylene (P<0.05), and reduce the times of the writhing induced by acetic acid (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Yanhong capsule has a great action on promotion blood circulation to dissipate, anti-inflammatory and painkillers.

The neuroprojective effects of lamotrigine on rat global cerebral ischemic reperfusion damage

MAO Jie, JIANG Xiao-chun, XU Shan-shui, WANG Xuan-zhi

2011, 16(10):  1105-1109. 

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AIM: To investigate the neuroprojective effects of lamotrigine on rat global cerebral ischemic reperfusion damage. METHODS: Pulsinelli's method was employed to establish cerebral ischemia reperfusion animal model. The dynamic varieties of Glu, patho-change of brain tissue and neurocyte apoptosis were observed after giving lamotrigine. RESULTS: (1) Basic levels of Glu in acute ischemia and reperfusion group and LTG group were same as sham group's. They improved swiftly after lack blood, and reached peak after the brain reperfusion 30 min, then gradually fell. The levels of acute ischemia and reperfusion group were notability higher than sham group's in 30-330 min (P<0.05). The levels of LTG group were notability higher than sham group's, and lower than acute ischemia and reperfusion group's in 30-330 min (P<0.05). (2) By the method of TdT-mediated Dutp-biotin nick end-labeling, positive apoptosis cell in LTG group were decreased remarkably than in acute ischemia and reperfusion group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: After cerebral ischemia and reperfusion, lamotrigine can reduce the amount of excitatory amino acids, and enhance nerve cell's living rate, and provide obvious protective effects .

Relaxation effects of dauricine on isolated tracheal smooth muscles of guinea pigs

SHEN Bai-ru, ZENG Zhi-lin, XU Ji-de, LIU-Si, XU Xiao-yang, ZHU Wei-si, LI Yin, JIAN Wen-hua

2011, 16(10):  1110-1113. 

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AIM: To investigate the relaxation effects of Dauricine (Dau) on isolated tracheal smooth muscles of guinea pigs. METHODS: We made tracheal pieces of guinea pigs, and used experimental methods in isolated organs, recorded the relaxation effect of Dau for isolated tracheal smooth muscles of guinea pigs, and also observed the relaxation effect's changes of Dau for isolated tracheal smooth muscles of guinea pigs in different channel and receptor blockers. RESULTS: Dau had a significant relaxing effect on isolated tracheal smooth muscles of guinea pigs, and the relaxation effect had a significant concentration-dependent between 60 to 120 μmol/L concentrations (P<0.05). The relaxation of isolated guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle of nifedipine plus Dau group was weaker than that of Dau group between 80 to 160 μmol/L concentrations (P<0.05). The relaxation of isolated guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle of propranolol plus Dau group was weaker than that of Dau group between 60 to 120 μmol/L concentrations (P<0.05), but the relaxation of isolated guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle of propranolol plus Dau group was similar compared to Dau group between 120 to 160 μmol/L concentrations(P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Dau has a significant relaxing effect on isolated tracheal smooth muscles of guinea pigs and it may be related with β₂ receptors and inhibiting calcium channel.

Influence of rhein intervention on the expression of HGF and BMP7 in renal tissue of rats with chronical allograft nephropathy

SU Jian, YIN Li-ping, ZHANG Xin, LI Bi-bo, LIU Li, LI Hui

2011, 16(10):  1114-1120. 

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AIM: To investigate the expression of HGF and BMP7 in renal tissue of rats with chronical allograft nephropathy (CAN) and the influence of rhein intervention on their expression. METHODS: We used Fisher rats as donors and Lewis rats as recipients to establish the model of chronic allograft nephropathy. 30 rats with transplanting kidneys were randomly divided into two groups: 16 rats in blank group and 14 rats in rhein intervention group. 5 normal lewis rats were as controls. The intervention group was given rhein oral solution 100 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 by gavage after transplantation. The blank group and control group were given 0.5% solution of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. The blood and urine sample were collected at 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 16 weeks after transplantation respectively and renal function and total urine protein were examined. Half of rats in each group were killed at 8 weeks and 16 weeks for examining the renal pathology. And then we used immunohistochemical methods and real-time quantitative PCR to detect the protein expression levels and mRNA expression levels of HGF, BMP7 and transforming growth factor β₁(TGF-β₁) in CAN rats kidney tissues. RESULTS: (1) The rhein intervention group was significantly different from blank group(P<0.05 ). Rhein can improve renal functions and significantly reduce the grade of renal fibrosis and interstitial inflammation(P<0.05 ); (2) The levels of BMP7 and HGF were markedly elevated in renal tissues of rhein intervention group(P<0.05 ). However, the expression of TGF-β₁ was similar between these two groups. CONCLUSION: Rhein can improve renal functions and reduce the grade of renal fibrosis and interstitial inflammation, which may associate with that rhein plays a role in anti-inflammation, inducing the expression of BMP7 and HGF.

Weighted modification model for analyzing drug interactions by the nonlinear mixed effect model: A case study

HUANG Ji-han, ZHANG Mi, WANG Min, ZHENG Qing-shan

2011, 16(10):  1121-1125. 

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AIM: To apply the weighted modification model with the nonlinear mixed effect model (NONMEM) to quantitatively assess the optimal combination of allantoin (X₁), metronidazole (X₂), and dexamethasone (X₃) for anti-inflammatory effects in mice. METHODS: The activity of t-PA in peritoneum was taken as index for the analysis in Kunming mice. The weighted modification model was selected as basic model and NONMEM was used to build final model with drug interaction as fixed effect and random effects. RESULTS: The weighted modification model was built with X₁X₂ as fixed effect successfully (P<0.001). In the final model, the combination of X₁ and X₃ had a strong synergism, the both components were main effective ones, and the optimal dose ratio of X₁, X₂ and X₃ was 400∶131∶8.0 (mg/kg, i.p.). CONCLUSION: The weighted modification model can provide more information for a combination design in using NONMEM, and the interactions among components and variability of inter-subject and intra-subject can be fully evaluated.

Consistency efficacy assessment of multi-regional clinical trials

WANG Fei, XIE Hai-tang, JIANG Bo, YAN Fang-rong

2011, 16(10):  1126-1131. 

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The multi-regional clinical trials (MRCTs) have received wide attention with an increasing trend of globalization of clinical trials. A key issue in MRCTs is how to assess the consistency of treatment effect across regions. In this paper, we provide a systematic review of methods that be commonly used for assessing the consistency in MRCTs. We also give some simple discussion about the choice of methods of assessing the consistency of treatment effect across regions, such as the power of the test, the false-positive rate and the relationship between the type I error and the sample size. The purpose of this paper is to provide some reference for the members in designing and conducting MRCTs and offer some theory evidences of clinical trails for new drug development. We hope that more researchers can concern this study in this field, promoting the development of MRCTs in our country.

Sample size estimation in randomized controlled drug clinical trials

LI Chan-juan, JIANG Zhi-wei, WANG Rui, XIA Jie-lai

2011, 16(10):  1132-1136. 

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Sample size estimation is a key research aspect in randomized controlled drug clinical trial. Sample size estimation factors, parameters and basic rules are discussed in our research. In addition, sample size estimation procedures are introduced based on two examples. A reference is provided for estimating sample size in randomized controlled clinical trials.

Effects of some parameters of randomized play the winner rule on allocation proportions in clinical trial

YU Li-li, LI Xia, BU Xiao-dong, LIU Zhao-ping, XIA Jie-lai

2011, 16(10):  1137-1141. 

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RPW rule is a most commonly used randomization method of adaptive design. In this article, the influence of three parameters of RPW(u,a,b) rule on the treatment allocation proportion by means of Monte Carlo simulation were explored. The results indicated that the difference of allocation proportions between two treatment groups decreases with the increase of u value and trend towards zero when u become very large. However parameter a has an inverse influence of that of u. Compared with parameter a and u, the influence of parameter b is more complex, the difference of allocation proportions between two treatment groups increases as b increases, but the extent of this influence is too low to be concerned. In addition, the treatment allocation proportions were investigated through computer simulation experiment under different situations of treatment successful probabilities. We hope this study can provide some references for the application of RPW rule in practical clinical trials.

Explore of data management model of early intervention in clinical trials

LI Hai-gang, XIE Hai-tang, YANG Guo-ping, SUN Hua, PAN Hang-shan

2011, 16(10):  1142-1147. 

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AIM: To explore solutions to real-time monitoring of clinical trials. METHODS: The method with the traditional clinical trial management is fully compatible and convenient; data management plays a very important role more evidently in the entire clinical trial process. Before the subjects rolling into the test, the data management side should organiz CRF into Excel format 's e-CRF based on clinical trials investigational protocol, and write the appropriate verification procedures using Excel's VBA language system. Data management side enhances real-time monitoring and improves the process management of clinical trial through verifying, analyzes and processes e-CRF. RESULTS: This method can greatly enhance the performance of clinical trials by improving data quality and shortening the research cycle period, warning of potential risks, reducing dropping, saving costs. CONCLUSION: Deta management model of early intervention will be a very promising tool under the circumstances of the existing basic instructure and conditions of most clinical trial institutions in our country.

Determination of the contents of febuxostat in human plasma by HPLC-FLU and studies on its pharmacokinetics

ZHANG Wen-li, CHENG Hang, YANG Guo-ping

2011, 16(10):  1148-1152. 

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AIM: To study the pharmacokinetics of febuxostat tablets and establish an HPLC method for determining the contents of the febuxostat in human plasma. METHODS: 12 healthy volunteers were used 3×3 simplified Latin square design. The volunteers divided into 3 groups were administrated with single dose febuxostat 40, 80, 120 mg respectively, then 80 mg a day for seven days.The plasma concentration of the drug were determined by HPLC-FLU method.Methanol: the mobile phase was 0.1% formic acid (gradient,V/V:0-5.2 min = 71∶29,7-10 min = 90∶10, 10.2-12.5 min = 71∶29). The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min.The excitation wavelength and emission wavelength were 320 nm and 380 nm, respectively. Internal standard was 2 - carboxylic acid. RESULTS: The linear ranges of febuxostat was 0.025-10 mg/L (r=0.9996),the detection limit was 0.005 mg/L,the average recovery was 94.3%,both the RSD for intra-day and inter-day were 1.53%,2.27%.Among 12 healthy subjects,the main pharmacokinetic parameters of febuxostat in single dose of 40、80、120 mg were as follows:C_max=(1.63±0.54),(3.59±1.23),(4.76±1.15) mg/L, t_max=(1.29±0.60),(1.06±0.68),(1.71±0.98) h, AUClast= (4.94±1.21),(11.68 ±2.80),(18.93±5.27) mg·h·L^-1;The pharmacokinetic parameters of multi-dose administration(80 mg) were C_max=(4.19±1.44) mg/L, t_max=(1.31±0.97) h, AUCss=(12.42±3.31) mg·h·L^-1. CONCLUSION: After administration of multi-dose febuxostat, no accumulation occurs in vivo. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of febuxostat tablets were consistent with foreign reports.

Bisphosphonates used in hemodialysis patients and their effects on insulin-like growth factor

DING Xiao-kai, CHEN Tian-xin, CHEN Bo, XUE Zeng-qi, XV Yv-lan

2011, 16(10):  1153-1156. 

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AIM: To observe the change of bone mineral density, insulin-like growth factors and other biochemical markers of bone metabolism before and after treatment with bisphosphonates in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients with osteoporosis. METHODS: 45 hemodialysis patients with abnormal bone mass (osteopenia or osteoporosis),in addition to the supplement of calcium and calcitriol, using alendronate 70 mg/weeks, before and after 12 months treatment, the bone mineral density(BMD), serum insulin-like growth factor-1, procollagen typeⅠN-terminal propeptide(PINP) and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen(CTX) were detected,respectively,and the adverse drug reactions were recorded. RESULTS: Compared with the pre-treatment,the levels of serum IGF-1,the hip (femoral neck,greater trochanter,total hip) BMD were increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01);and the levels of serum PINP,CTX were decreased in pre-treatment(P<0.01).There is no significant different in the change of the lumbar spine BMD pre-and post-treatment(P>0.05).Mild gastrointestinal symptoms were found in individual patients. CONCLUSION: In MHD patients with osteoporosis,the treatment of bisphosphonates can reduce bone turnover and bone loss with good safety.Bisphosphonates may improve MHD osteoporotic patients' bone mass by increasing the IGF-1 which is closely related to bone formation.

Relationship of medication use with small airway function and airway inflammation in patients with totally controlled asthma

NIE Han-xiang, HUANG Yi, DING Xu-hong, HU Su-ping

2011, 16(10):  1160-1163. 

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AIM: To describe the relationship of medication use with small airway function and airway inflammation in patients with totally controlled asthma. METHODS: Maximum expiratory flow rate at 25% and 50% of forced vital capacity (V_max25% and V_max50%), and the percentage of eosinophil and the concentration of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in induced sputum in patients with totally controlled asthma who were using oral antiinflammatory agent without or with inhaled therapy and only inhaled therapy were measured. RESULTS: V_max25% and V_max50% of predicted normal value in 43 patients with clinically controlled asthma who were using oral antiinflammatory agent without or with inhaled therapy were significantly higher than those in 49 patients who were only using inhaled therapy [(67.1±11.9)% vs (54.4±12.6)% and (72.2±13.2)% vs (65.5±11.3)%, respectively] (all P＜0.05). It was found that percentage of eosinophil and level of ECP in patients with clinically controlled asthma who were using oral antiinflammatory agent without or with inhaled therapy were significantly lower than those in patients who were only using inhaled therapy [(3.8±2.9)% vs (5.1±2.0)% and (93.0±76.6) μg/L vs (130.4±86.7) μg/L, respectively] (all P＜0.01). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that oral antiinflammatory agents with or without inhaled therapy may have a greater effect on small airway function and airway inflammation.

Case-control study on the relationship between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and hypertension

ZHANG Long, SHENG Lei, CHEN Jin-feng, YANG Song, SHEN Chong

2011, 16(10):  1164-1168. 

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AIM: To investigate the correlation between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and hypertension and blood pressure variation. METHODS: A stratified cluster sampling method was conducted to select people over the age of 40 from community based population. Logistic regression and stratification analysis method were applied to evaluate the association of hs-CRP with hypertension. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences of hs-CRP between hypertensive or without medicine treatment group and control group. Remarkably, hypertensive in female had high hs-CRP level (2.67±2.82) mg/L than that of control group (2.14±2.35) mg/L,t=2.1034, P=0.043. After adjusted for covariates, Logistic regression analysis indicated that there was significant association between hs-CRP and hypertension in smoking population, OR(95%CI)=1.145(1.001-1.309), P=0.048. The association was still significant even excluding patients with medicine treatment and OR(95%CI)=1.252 (1.041-1.503), P=0.017 and elevated hs-CRP (>2.4 mg/L) increased risk of hypertension significantly as well, OR(95%CI)＝5.065(1.597-16.067), P＝0.006. For normotensives and hypertensive without medicine treatment, individuals with elevated hs-CRP (>2.4 mg/L) had higher systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) than that of normal hs-CRP (≤2.4 mg/L) in female whereas not in male. CONCLUSION: The finding suggests that elevated hs-CRP was an independent risk factor for hypertension and there was a strong association smoking population.

Study on the methods of Chinese medicine and western medicine therapeutic evaluation for the treatment of advanced gastric cancer

WANG Hai-bo, WU Shi-xiu, HUANG Qing-ke

2011, 16(10):  1169-1173. 

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AIM: To investigate the difference and characteristics in Chinese medicine (CM) and Western medicine therapeutic evaluation methods in the application of advanced gastric cancer. METHODS: A total of 215 cases of advanced gastric cancer were enrolled in this study and assigned into two groups. 115 cases in the CM group were treated with CM injection combined with treatment based on syndrome differentiation. 100 cases in the chemotherapy group were treated with chemothearapy scheme. All the treatment were lasted for 6 weeks. Their short-term therapeutic effects were observed by the “clinic efficacy appraisal standard of therapy for advanced gastric cancer with CM” simultaneously and by the follow-up Western medical solid tumor's effect evaluation criterion. RESULTS: According to WHO solid tumor's effect evaluation criterion, the efficacy of the chemotherapy group was much better than that of the CM group. However, according to the “clinic efficacy appraisal standard of therapy for advanced gastric cancer with CM”, the efficacy of the CM group was better than that of the chemotherapy group. There was difference in the results of the two evaluation methods. CONCLUSION: Compared with WHO solid tumor' s effect evaluation criterion, “the clinic efficacy appraisal standard of therapy for advanced gastric cancer with CM” can reflect more features and advantages of CM for advanced gastric cancer treatment, having value for further study.

A clinical observation of escitalopram and venlafaxine-extended-release (XR) general in the treatment of outpatients with depression

WANG He-qiu, REN Zhi-bin, WANG Shu-zhen

2011, 16(10):  1174-1178. 

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AIM: To observe and compare the efficacy and safety of escitalopram and venlafaxine-extended-release (XR) in the treatment of outpatients with depression. METHODS: 89 outpatients with depression were randomized to receive escitalopram or venlafaxine-extended-release (XR) for 8 weeks, and dose titrated from 10 mg/d or 75 mg/d to a maximum of 20 mg/d or 150 mg/d respectively within the first 2 weeks of treatment. Effects and adverse events were evaluated with MADRS, HAMA, CGI and TESS before and after the treatment. RESULTS: After 8 weeks treatment, total scores of MADRS of 39 patients with escitalopram or 36 venlafaxine-XR both showed significant change compared with baseline, and escitalopram. After 8 weeks treatment, percentage of recovery were 51.28% and 44.44% respectively, while significant improvement percentage were 71.79% and 61.11% in each group. CONCLUSION: Escitalopram and venlafaxine-extended-release (XR) both are effective and safe antidepressants, and escitalopram has a faster and better effectiveness profile in treatment of depression.

Progress in protein tyrosine phosphates (PTPs) related to insulin signaling pathway

DONG Min, LIU Zhao-qian

2011, 16(10):  1179-1185. 

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Protein tyrosine phosphates (PTPs) are key regulators of the insulin receptor signal transduction pathway. Insulin signaling is tightly regulated by the balance of IR tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylating. Several PTPs expressed in the major human insulin target tissues or cells and could attenuate insulin action by dephosphorylating the IR. Inhibiting several PTPs would prolong insulin signaling and facilitate glucose uptake and decrease blood glucose. Inhibitors of several PTPs are predicted to be the novel drug targets for type 2 diabetes and obesity treatment.

Preventive and therapeutic effect of glucomannan on diabetes

SUN Juan, GE Sheng

2011, 16(10):  1186-1190. 

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It is well documented that glucomannan can improve hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia.This article reviewes the effect of glucomannan on hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. The underlying mechanisms, dosages and toxic or side effect are also reviewed. That gives evidence for clinical application of glucomannan.A new mechanism of glucomannan on improving hyperglycemia is proposed, which gives insight into future research in glucomannan on diabetes.

Advances in the influence of MDR1 gene polymorphisms on pharmacokinetics of related drugs

DING Zheng, DENG Jie, SONG Hong-tao

2011, 16(10):  1191-1196. 

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Transport proteins involve in drug disposition in vivo. P-glycoprotein, encoded by multidrug resistance1, accelerates the drug efflux from those tissues.MDR1 gene polymorphisms not only has an direct influence on the distribution and function of P-gp, but also has an impact on the disposition of its substrates.Further study of physiological and biochemical function on different genetype encoding P-gp could be very important in individual treatment.This article reviews recent studies of influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms of MDR1 gene on the pharmacokinetics of substrates and this can provide references for clinical individualized therapy.

Placebo analgesia and its underlying mechanisms

ZHANG Rui-rui, Guo Jian-you

2011, 16(10):  1197-1200. 

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Placebo effect is a biological phenomenon with psychosocial-induced biochemical changes in a patient's brain and body. The term placebo-related effects aims to extend the concept of placebo effect to related phenomena and makes the underlying mechanisms better understood. The placebo analgesia effect is induced by different mechanisms, including the expectation of pain relief and conditioning. According to pharmacological studies, placebo analgesia is subdivided into opioid and non-opioid components while functional imaging data has also revealed brain regions and brain network involved in placebo analgesia. On the basis of previous research, this paper discussed the definition and underlying mechanisms of placebo analgesia, and gave some suggestions about related study in future.