Table of Content

Volume 29 Issue 9
26 September 2024

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Mechanism of PX-12 induced apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through oxidative stress

LEI Guojie, YU Yanhua, LIU Yingchao, BIAN Wenxia, DU Jing, TONG Xiangmin

2024, 29(9):  961-967.  doi:10.12092/j.issn.1009-2501.2024.09.001

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AIM: To explore the mechanism of PX-12 induced apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. METHODS: Human hepatoma cell line Huh7 was selected as the main research object. After the cells were treated with thioredoxin inhibitor PX-12, the cell viability was detected by CCK8 method, the cell migration ability was detected by cell scratch test, the cell proliferation ability was detected by cell proliferation kit, the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry, and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins were detected by Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the cell viability, migration ability and proliferation ability of PX-12 treatment group were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species was increased (P<0.05) in a concentration-dependent manner. Apoptosis inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK and antioxidant NAC could restore the cell viability, and NAC could reduce the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species induced by PX-12 and restore the apoptosis induced by PX-12 (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: PX-12 induces apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through oxidative stress.

Network pharmacology-molecular docking analysis and experimental validation to explore the protective mechanism of Mongolian medicine Gaoyou on renal function

Celimuge, Hudeligen, XU Liang

2024, 29(9):  968-978.  doi:10.12092/j.issn.1009-2501.2024.09.002

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AIM: To explore the protective mechanism of Mongolian medicine Gaoyou on renal function through network pharmacology molecular docking and animal experiments. METHODS: The effective active components and targets of Gao you acting on acute kidney injury (AKI) and the related targets of AKI disease were obtained by using the relevant database of traditional Chinese medicine. The targets and components were mutually constructed to act on the network, and the signal pathways of drugs and diseases were enriched and analyzed. And the molecular docking validation study was carried out on the pharmacodynamic components with high moderate value in the network and the core action target. On this basis, after establishing the rat model of acute renal injury and giving Gaoyou intervention, the contents of creatinine (CR), urea nitrogen (BUN) and tumor necrosis factor-A (TNF-α), Kidney damage molecule-1 (Kim-1), cystatin C (Cys-C), neutrophil gelatinase related lipid transporter (NGAL) in serum of rats were detected, and renal tissue sections were observed with HE staining to verify the protective effect of Mongolian medicine Gaoyou on renal function of rats with acute renal injury. The predicted signal pathway was verified by Western blot. RESULTS: 40 key targets were obtained by network pharmacology and molecular docking analysis. KEGG and go enrichment analysis were carried out on the key targets. ALB, AKT1, VEGFA, IL-6, CASP3 and other key targets were predicted, and cancer signal pathway, TNF signal pathway, PI3K/AKT signal pathway and other key pathways were predicted. The results of molecular docking showed that the main active components of Gaoyou had good binding activity with related targets. The results of animal experiments showed that Gao you had a good protective effect on renal function, and Cr and BUN were significantly lower than those in the model group (P<0.05). The content of TNF-α decreased significantly (P<0.05). Kim-1, Cys-C and NGAL decreased significantly (P<0.05). HE staining showed that Gao can obviously improve the pathological state of acute renal damage. The expression of AKT1, p-AKT1 and CASP3 in renal tissue of rats with acute renal injury increased (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the expression of AKT1, p-AKT1 and CASP3 in renal tissue of rats in Gaoyou group decreased significantly (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Gaoyou can protect the renal function of rats with renal injury through multiple pathways such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antithrombotic, anti apoptotic and so on through the characteristics of multi-component, multi target. Intervention of PKA3/AKT signal pathway and apoptosis factor may be one of its main mechanisms.

Inhibition of Inflammation and Bone Destruction in mice with Collagen-induced Arthritis by Zushima Plaster

YANG Juanjuan, LI Haolin, YANG Tianning, CHENG Weigang, WANG Zhendong, JIN Fangmei, NIAN Fanghong, SU Xiaojun, WANG Jiaqiang, WANG Haiping, WANG Haidong

2024, 29(9):  979-987.  doi:10.12092/j.issn.1009-2501.2024.09.003

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AIM: To investigate the inhibitory effect of Zushima ointment on inflammation and bone destruction in CIA mice. METHODS: SPF grade male DBA/1 mice were used, 6 were randomly selected as the normal group, and 18 CIA mice that were successfully modelled were randomly divided into the model group, the plaster group (1.0 g/kg), and the fuselage group (0.12 g per time) according to the random number table method, 6 mice in each group, and each administered group was given medication according to the body mass, and saline was given to both the normal and model groups. The normal group and the model group were given saline, and breathable adhesive paper was applied once a day for 4 h/session for 4 consecutive weeks. The arthritis scoring index was used to observe the changes of arthritis symptoms and arthritis index scores of mice in each group. Micro-CT was used to observe the damage of hind paw of mice, real-time fluorescence PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of IL-17, IL-1β and TNF-α in ankle joint tissues, and immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of OPG and RANKL proteins in ankle joint tissues, and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the pathological changes of synovial tissues after the treatment. The pathological changes of synovial tissue were observed after hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and the changes of osteoclasts in ankle joint tissue were observed by anti-tartaric acid phosphatase (TRAP) method. RESULTS: Compared with the normal group, the arthritis index score of the model mice was significantly higher (P<0.05). Micro-CT showed severe bone erosion in the hind paws of the mice, destruction of the bone surface and reduction of bone volume. The expression of IL-17, IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA (PCR) in the ankle joint tissues was significantly higher (P<0.05). Immunohistochemistry showed that the relative expression of OPG protein in the ankle joint tissues was reduced (P<0.05). Immunohistochemistry showed a decrease in the relative expression of OPG protein (P<0.01) and an increase in the relative expression of RANKL protein (P<0.01). HE results showed moderate inflammatory cell infiltration, swelling of synovial cells, massive formation of vascular opacities and synovial hyperplasia; an increase in the number of osteoclasts, roughness of the surface of articular cartilage tissue, severe bone destruction and thinning of the cartilage layer. Compared with the model group, the arthritic symptoms of mice in the cream group and the futalin group were relieved and the arthritis index score was reduced; the bone density of the mice's hind paws improved, effectively relieving osteoporosis; the expression of IL-17, IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA (PCR) in the ankle joint tissue was significantly reduced (P<0.05); the immunohistochemical results showed that the relative expression of OPG protein was increased (P<0.05), the relative expression of RANKL protein decreased (P<0.01). HE results showed that synovial cell enlargement was significantly improved, mild inflammatory cell infiltration, synovial hyperplasia was not obvious; the number of broken bone was reduced, articular cartilage destruction was significantly improved and relieved, and the thickness of cartilage layer was significantly increased. CONCLUSION: Ancestral hemp poultice relieves local symptoms of RA, reduces the expression of inflammatory factors and attenuates the inflammatory response, possibly by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and activation through modulation of the OPG/RANKL signalling axis, which further ameliorates the biological effects of articular bone and cartilage destruction.

Study on the mechanism of action of Siheifang on zebrafish melanin based on metabolomics and network pharmacology

SU Qihui, WANG Jing, LUO Rongrong, HUANG Yurong, LI Xin, WANG Yingli, JIA Ying

2024, 29(9):  988-1001.  doi:10.12092/j.issn.1009-2501.2024.09.004

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AIM: To study the mechanism of Siheifang (SHF) in improving pigment deficiency disease (PD) by combining network pharmacology and metabolomics. METHODS: Using zebrafish embryos with pigment deficiency disease induced by 1-phenyl-2-thiourea (PTU) as an animal model, the effects of SHF extract (0.01, 0.02, 0.04 mg/mL) on the morphology, melanin area, tyrosinase activity, and melanin content of zebrafish embryos were analyzed. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) was used to screen differential metabolites and obtain relevant metabolic pathways in the SHF treatment of melanin deficient zebrafish embryos model. Network pharmacology was used to obtain key targets for SHF treatment of PD and conduct KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Import The identified differential metabolites and SHF PD intersection targets were imported into the Metscape plugin, to establish a "metabolite reaction enzyme gene" network, and search for key metabolites, targets, and metabolic pathways. RESULTS: SHF treatment could increase the formation of zebrafish melanin, activate tyrosinase activity, and increase melanin content. Metabolomics analysis obtained 54 differential metabolites, and metabolic pathway analysis was conducted on these metabolites, involving the biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, glycerol phospholipid metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, and aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis pathways. Network pharmacology had obtained 55 cross targets of components and diseases. KEGG involved pancreatic cancer, TNF, cancer and other signal pathways. The joint analysis of metabolomics and network pharmacology identified four key targets: COMT, CYP1B1, TYR, and ALDH2; three key metabolites: L-tyrosine, homovanllate, L-lysine; three important metabolic pathways: tyrosine metabolism, valine/leucine/isoleucine degradation, and lysine metabolism. CONCLUSION: SHF has a good improvement effect on PD, and combined with metabolomics and network pharmacology, SHF may enhance its influence on the tyrosine metabolism pathway by regulating the metabolite L-tyrosine, thereby promoting the formation of melanin.

Eriodictyol resists vascular remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats by inhibiting TLR4 / NF-κB signaling

WANG Huan, ZHANG Junxiu, ZHANG Ya, RONG Hao, WANG Youdi, WANG Wusan, MA Tongjun

2024, 29(9):  1002-1010.  doi:10.12092/j.issn.1009-2501.2024.09.005

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AIM: To observe the vascular remodeling of eriodictyol (EDT) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) by inhibiting TLR4/NF-kB signaling and to investigate the potential mechanism of action. METHODS: WKY normal control, SHRs model and EDT administration (EDT 120 mg/kg, SHRs + EDT) group were set for 20 weeks. Tail cuff method for blood BP measurement (SBP, DBP and MBP). Ultrasonic detection of pulse wave velocity (PWV). The aortic media membrane thickness (MT) was visualized by HE staining. The percentage of aortic collagen (VFC) changes were observed by MASSON staining, Serum content of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 was measured by ELISA. The TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 mRNA changes in the aorta were detected by q-PCR. The aortic Collagen I and Collagen Ⅲ expression was observed by immunohistochemistry, WB measured the expression of aortic TGF-β1, MMP-2, MMP-9, TLR4, p-IкBa, IкBa, p-p65 and p65. RESULTS: After 20 weeks of EDT administration, SBP, DBP, MBP and PWV of SHRs were significantly decreased, MT and VFC of aorta were significantly decreased, and protein expressions of Collagen Ⅰ, Collagen Ⅲ, TGF-β1, MMP-2, MMP-9, TLR4, p-I Camba and p-p65 were significantly decreased. CONCLUSION: After long-term administration of EDT could inhibit TLR4 / NF-κB signaling and exert anti-inflammatory effects, thus reducing TGF-β1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression, decreasing collagen content, and finally improving aortic remodeling and sclerosis of SHRs.

Mechanism of Fuyangjing gel in the treatment of chronic eczema via JAK1/STAT5 signaling pathway

LI Yanmei, MA Chaochao, NIU Fanqi, YANG Pengfei, WANG Ning, WANG Sinong, LI Tingbao

2024, 29(9):  1011-1018.  doi:10.12092/j.issn.1009-2501.2024.09.006

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AIM: To explore the molecular mechanism of Fuyangjing gel in the treatment of chronic eczema rats model based on janus protein kinase 1 (JAK1)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) signaling pathway. METHODS: Thirty-six SPF Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group, Qingpeng ointment group, Fuyangjing gel low, medium and high dose groups. Except the normal group, the other groups of rats were treated with 2,4-dinitrochlorophenone solution to induce chronic eczema-like lesions on the back. After 3 weeks of modeling, Qingpeng ointment group and Fuyangjing gel low, medium and high dose groups were respectively treated with corresponding drugs. The model group was smeared with blank gel matrix once a day for 2 weeks, while the normal group was not treated. The severity and pathological changes of back lesions in chronic eczema rats were observed. The expression of phosphorylated protein tyrosine kinase 1 (p-JAK1) and phosphorylated signal transduction and transcriptional activator 5 (p-STAT5) in rat dorsal skin was detected by Western blot. Detection of thymic stromallymphopietin (TSLP), JAK1, STAT5, interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-17 mRNA expression levels in rat back skin by qRT-PCR; The levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13 and IL-17 in serum of rats were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Compared with normal group, the serum levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-13 and IL-17 in model group were significantly increased, while IL-10 levels were significantly decreased (P<0.05). The expression levels of p-JAK1, p-STAT5 protein and TSLP, JAK1, STAT5 and IL-17 mRNA in back lesions were significantly increased, while IL-10 mRNA levels were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with model group, serum levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-13 and IL-17 in Qingpeng ointment group and Fuyangjing gel low, medium and high dose groups were significantly decreased, while IL-10 levels were significantly increased (P<0.05). The expression levels of p-JAK1, p-STAT5 protein and TSLP, JAK1, STAT5 and IL-17 mRNA in back lesions were significantly decreased, while the mRNA levels of IL-10 were significantly increased (P<0.05). The serum levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-13 and IL-17 in Qingpeng ointment group were decreased, while IL-10 levels were increased (P<0.05). The expression levels of p-JAK1, p-STAT5 protein and TSLP, JAK1, STAT5 and IL-17 mRNA in back lesions were decreased, while the mRNA levels of IL-10 were increased (P<0.05). Compared with Qingpeng ointment group, there were no significant differences in serum levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13 and IL-17 in Fuyangjing gel high-dose group (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in the expression levels of p-JAK1, p-STAT5 protein and TSLP, JAK1, STAT5, IL-10 and IL-17 mRNA in back lesions (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Fuyangjing gel may play a role in the treatment of chronic eczema by regulating the expression of JAK1/STAT5 signaling pathway related inflammatory factors, proteins and genes.

Analysis of the impact of CYP2C19 gene polymorphism combined with platelet function testing on the selection of antiplatelet drugs on gastrointestinal bleeding after PCI in elderly ACS patients

CHEN Jianfu, FU Xinyang, LIN Rongfu

2024, 29(9):  1019-1026.  doi:10.12092/j.issn.1009-2501.2024.09.007

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AIM: To investigate the effect of CYP2C19 gene polymorphism combined with platelet function test guiding antiplatelet drug selection on gastrointestinal bleeding in elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: A total of 216 elderly patients with ACS who were admitted to our hospital from April 2021 to December 2022 and successfully completed PCI were selected and divided into study group and control group according to the random number table method, with 108 cases in each group. All patients received 4 days the same dose aspirin combined with clopidogrel antiplatelet therapy before surgery. After surgery, CYP2C19 genotype detection was performed on the study group to obtain genotype grouping to distinguish different metabolites. Thromboelastogram (TEG) detection was performed on the patients with intermediate metabolites. According to the results, patients with platelet inhibition rate less than 50% (clopidogrel resistance type) were selected and their medication was changed from aspirin and clopidogrel to aspirin and ticagrelor. The control group was treated with aspirin and clopidogrel. Serum levels of cardiac troponin (cTnI), creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) and hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were observed 5 weeks after PCI, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were observed 1 and 6 months after PCI. The expression of CD62P and fibrinogen receptor 1 (PAC-1) in platelets of the two groups were compared before and after 7 and 14 days of treatment. The platelet aggregation rate of the two groups was compared. Gastrointestinal bleeding events and cardiac emergencies were recorded after treatment. RESULTS: Genetic tests showed that there were 21 cases (19.44%) of ultrafast metabolites and 25 cases (23.15%) of fast metabolites, 42 cases of abnormal metabolites including intermediate metabolites (genotypes accounting for 10.19%, 13.89%, 9.26% and 5.56%, respectively) and 20 cases of slow metabolites (genotypes accounting for 11, respectively). 8.33%, 7.41% and 2.78%). 5 weeks after surgery, the serum levels of cTnI, hs-CRP and CK-MB in the study group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05, P<0.01). One month after operation, the total incidence of MACE between the observation group and the control group was similar (P>0.05). Six months after operation, the total incidence of MACE in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). The expression levels of CD62P and PAC-1 in the study group were lower than those in the control group on day 7 and day 14 after treatment (P<0.01). The maximum platelet aggregation rate in the study group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.01). The occurrence of cardiac emergencies between the two groups was similar (P>0.05). The number of postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding in the study group was lower than that in the control group (χ2=9.479, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Aspirin combined with ticagrelor antiplatelet therapy can reduce platelet activity, aggregation rate and gastrointestinal bleeding events in patients with low response to chlorpyrrolore who are co-screened by CYP2C19 genotype and platelet function test.

Latent profile analysis and influencing factors of self concealment in breast cancer patients

SHI Juan, JIANG Lin, MA Xiaopeng, WANG Jing, WANG Jiaoyuan, LUO Bin, WANG Tingting

2024, 29(9):  1027-1034.  doi:10.12092/j.issn.1009-2501.2024.09.008

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AIM: To analyze the potential categories and influencing factors of self concealment in breast cancer patients. METHODS: A total of 207 breast cancer patients from two hospitals in Anhui province were conveniently selected and investigated with general information questionnaire, self concealment scale, perceived social support scale and chronic disease stigma scale. Potential profile analysis was used to explore the categories and characteristics of self concealment, and single factor analysis and logistic regression were used to analyze the influencing factors of different categories. RESULTS: Self concealment of breast cancer patients was divided into two categories: low self concealment group and high self concealment group. Logistic regression analysis showed that the main caregivers, comorbidities, perceived social support and sense of shame were the influencing factors of the potential profile of self concealment of breast cancer patients (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Breast cancer patients have obvious category characteristics. Medical staff should pay attention to the level of self concealment of breast cancer patients, and formulate precision strategies according to different categories of influencing factors.

Effect of antithrombotic therapy selection on stroke recurrence based on drug gene polymorphism and thromboelastography

SONG Qiuying, TAO Chenjuan, WU Zhihao, XIE Zhefeng, LIU Haijun, CHEN Binbin

2024, 29(9):  1035-1041.  doi:10.12092/j.issn.1009-2501.2024.09.009

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AIM: Clopidogrel and aspirin are commonly used drugs for the secondary prevention of cerebrovascular disease. Due to drug resistance, their preventive effect is often affected. This article explores the clinical value of clopidogrel and aspirin pharmacogenetic genetic testing in the secondary prevention of ischemic stroke. METHODS: 220 patients with mild ischemic stroke or TIA admitted to our hospital from 2021.7 to 2022.9 were included and randomly divided into individualized treatment group and clopidogrel conventional treatment group (control group). The patients were followed up for one year to observe stroke recurrence and hemorrhagic events. RESULTS: (1) Compared with the control group, the recurrence rate of ischemic stroke in the individualized treatment group after 1-year follow-up was slightly lower (5.82% vs. 7.92%, P>0.05), the risk of cerebral hemorrhage was similar, but the risk of other occurrences was increased (6.79% vs. 0.99%, P<0.05). (2) COX regression analysis showed that ESRS (HR 2.576, 95%CI 1.226-5.413, P=0.013) and history of hypertension (HR 5.517, 95%CI 1.624-18.737, P=0.006) were associated with recurrence of ischemic stroke, independent of antithrombotic regimen (HR 0.918, 95%CI 0.291-2.894, P=0.883). CONCLUSION: Aspirin GPIBA, PTGS1, and ITGB3 gene polymorphisms have limited significance in guiding antiplatelet medication. Selecting aspirin maintenance therapy for clopidogrel CYP2C19*2*3 allele carriers cannot significantly reduce the risk of recurrence of minor ischemic stroke and may increase other bleeding risks. COX regression analysis shows that ESRS and history of hypertension are independent risk factors for stroke recurrence.

Research progress on the effects of propofol on tumor growth and metastasis mechanism

JIN Baowei, WANG Kai, GUO Jianrong

2024, 29(9):  1042-1048.  doi:10.12092/j.issn.1009-2501.2024.09.010

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Propofol, as a widely used intravenous anesthetic, has been found to have the potential of anti-tumor growth and metastasis in recent years. At present, the research on the mechanism of propofol inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis is still relatively limited. In this paper, we summarize the recent studies on the role of propofol in inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis and its possible molecular mechanisms, such as regulating specific signaling pathways or key molecules, and interacting with other molecules. At the same time, the application of propofol, including the optimization of administration route and dose, as well as the possibility of being an adjunct therapy to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, was analyzed, and the recent studies on the mechanism of propofol inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis were reviewed,providing a reference for further exploration of the application and research direction of propofol in clinical anti-tumor growth and metastasis therapy.

Role of exosomal noncoding RNA from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in wound healing 

LIU Lihua, LIU Dewu

2024, 29(9):  1049-1056.  doi:10.12092/j.issn.1009-2501.2024.09.011

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Exosomes (Exos) are nano-sized membrane vesicles actively secreted by adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs), carrying bioactive molecules such as long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA), which are non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) that enter into the corresponding target cells and participate in intercellular communication. ADSC-Exo-ncRNA can regulate the immune and inflammatory response, angiogenesis, accelerate skin cell proliferation and epithelialization, and regulate collagen remodeling, thereby enhancing wound repair ability. Therefore, ADSC-Exo-ncRNA exerts an significant role in the process of wound repair and provides a promising strategy for treatment. In this paper, we review the role of ADSC-Exo-ncRNA in wound healing and its application prospects in recent year.

Progress in the clinical application of the biased μ-opioid agonist oliceridine

ZHU Changmao, XIE Li, WU Zifeng, WANG Sen, ZHANG Qi, XU Xiangqing, YANG Chun

2024, 29(9):  1057-1061.  doi:10.12092/j.issn.1009-2501.2024.09.012

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Opioid receptors μOR, δOR, κOR and NOPR are all G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which mainly function through G protein and β-arrestin. Recent studies have found that G protein mediates analgesia, while β-arrestin reduces analgesia and is related to the side effects of opioids. Oliceridine is the first biased μOR agonist approved for commerce. It mainly exerts analgesic effect by activating G protein. It has rapid onset of action and reliable analgesic effect. Due to its low activity on β-arrestin, the incidence of side effects is low, comparing to the classic opioid morphine. Oliceridine can be safely used in patients with liver or kidney insufficiency and its metabolite is inactive. This article summarizes the current progress of pharmacological research and clinical application of oliceridine, aiming to provide reference for the clinical practice of oliceridine.

Progress in the treatment of immunoglobulin A nephropathy with budesonide extended-release capsules

LIU Yang, JIN Panpan, QIU Bo, WU Huizhen

2024, 29(9):  1062-1069.  doi:10.12092/j.issn.1009-2501.2024.09.013

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Immunoglobulin A nephropathy is a common autoimmune nephropathy. A growing body of research suggests that immunoglobulin A nephropathy may be associated with dysfunction of the mucosal immune system. Immunoglobulin A nephropathy is characterized by thylakoid deposition of galactose-deficient IgA1 immune complexes, which are thought to originate from mucosal B-cells, which are abundantly present in the distal ileum, which is rich in Pyle's collecting lymph nodes. A novel targeted release formulation of budesonide has been shown to deliver the drug to the distal ileum with the aim of minimizing adverse events in patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy. This article reviews the mechanism of action, dosage form characteristics, clinical studies, drug interactions and adverse events, and limitations of budesonide extended-release capsules.

Advances in the study of acquired FXIII deficiency

LI Nana, LI Zijian

2024, 29(9):  1070-1075.  doi:10.12092/j.issn.1009-2501.2024.09.014

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Plasma coagulation factor XIII (pFXIII) strengthens and stabilizes thrombus mainly by linking fibrin molecules and recruiting α2 antiplasminase. Deficiency of this factor causes bleeding characterized by "late onset" and spontaneous abortion. According to the pathogenesis, it can be divided into two types: congenital and acquired. Acquired FXIII deficiency, which is rare and not easy to identify early, can be caused by an acquired factor inhibitor or by a disease that results in reduced FXIII synthesis or increased consumption. The most common clinical manifestation is soft tissue hematoma, which occurs in more than 70% of patients, and central nervous system bleeding is also relatively common. With the increasing number of patients with acquired FXIII deficiency reported, attention has been gradually drawn, but it is still easy to miss and delay diagnosis. This paper reviews the research progress on the mechanism, diagnosis and treatment of acquired FXIII deficiency.

Development of pharmacogenomics education in China and the United States

WANG Quanlin, SUN Shusen, ZHANG Wei, CAO Dan, JIN Yisu

2024, 29(9):  1076-1080.  doi:10.12092/j.issn.1009-2501.2024.09.015

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Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is a science based on functional genomics and molecular pharmacology, which has been rapidly developed and gradually applied to clinical practice in recent years. Therefore, China and the United States are committed to promoting the development of PGx education. This paper reviews PGx education in China and the United States, clarifies the significance of developing PGx education, and provides a detailed introduction to the current development status and challenges of PGx education in universities and clinical settings. Additionally, this paper makes some recommendations for developing PGx education and discusses future development trends in both countries.