Table of Content

Volume 14 Issue 12
26 December 2009

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Hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in liver injury

JIANG Shan, HAO Hai-ping, WANG Guang-ji

2009, 14(12):  1321-1328. 

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Liver is the most important metabolic organ in human, including the vast majority of metabolic enzymes involving phase Ⅰ and phase Ⅱ and playing an important role on detoxification of many endogenous and exogenous substances.UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT)is the most important phase Ⅱ metabolic enzyme that catalize glucuronidation in human, as compared with the CYP450 enzymes, study of UGTs lags behind, especially, the state of UGTs in liver injury is still poorly understood.This review summarizes latest studies of the UGTs in gene, protein structure and function, distribution in liver and relationship with the liver disease, then we discuss the effects of several common liver injury on hepatic UGT and glucuronidation.It will provide more reliable reference in durg metabolism in liver injury and guide the clinical rational use of drugs.

Studies on expression and transport function of P-glycoprotein at the blood-brain barrier in insulin resistance rats

LIU Li-ping, WU Jing, WANG Jian-qing, WANG Yin-yu, ZHANG Qian, HONG Hao, JI Hui

2009, 14(12):  1329-1334. 

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AIM: To investigate the expression and transport function of P-glycoprotein ( P-gp ) at the blood-brain barrier ( BBB) in insulin resistance ( IR) rats.METHODS: The rats were fed with high-fat diet to induce insulin resistance.At 6 weeks after the induction, the oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT) and insulin tolerance test ( ITT) were carried out, and the insulin sensitivity index ( ISI) was determined, all of which were used to evaluate IR.The rats were sacrificed for observing the integrity of the BBB by electron microscopy, and Evans blue was used to examine the permeability of the BBB.The levels of P-gp protein were determined by Western blot, the mRNA levels of mdr1a mdr1b were examined by RT-PCR, and Rhodamine 123 ( Rh123) accumulation tests were used to evaluate the transport function of P-gp at the BBB in the rats.RESULTS: The rats fed with high-fat diet displayed overweigh, abnormal glucose tolerance, significant increase in their fasting serum insulin ( FINS) and significant decrease in insulin sensitivity, compared with those of control rats, at 6 weeks after the induction.The data of Evans blue test and electron microscopy showed that no significant changes of the permeability and integrity of BBB were found in IR rats. The data of Rh123 accumulation test suggested that the transport function of P-gp at the BBB was impaired in the IR rats.The data of Western blot and RT-PCR showed that the levels of P-gp protein and mRNA levels of mdr1a were decreased significantly at the BBB in the IR rats.CONCLUSION: IR impairs the transport function of P-gp, which that results from the down-regulation of its expression at the BBB.

Effects of atorvastatin on P-selectin and MPO in cerebral ischemia reperfusion rats

NI Hong, CHU Zhao-hu, LIU Xin-ya

2009, 14(12):  1335-1339. 

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AIM: To observe the effects on the expressions of P-selectin and MPO induced by cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in the rats after using atorvastatin.METHODS: SD rats were randomly divideded into sham operation group( Sham), cerebral ischemia reperfusion group( CIR) and atorvastatin group( ATO). Aatorvastatin was given via intragastrical.ATO group were divided into four weeks, two weeks, three days later and the immediate subgroup.Sham and CIR groups were divided into 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours subgroups, and were examined 12, 24 hours later.The expressions of P-selectin by immunohistochemistry technique and the contents of MPO in brain tissue homogenate were detected.RESULTS: The expressions of Pselectin were increased obviously at 6 h after ischemia reperfusion, the peak was at 12 h, then gradually were decreased, small amounts were expressed at 3 d.The expressions of P-selectin were down-regulation, after using atorvastatin, and there were remarkable differences in ATO group ( P <0.01).Compared with Sham group, the contents of MPO were increased remarkably in CIR group ( P <0.01).There was a linear positive correlation between the expressions of P-selectin and the contents of MPO.The contents of MPO in brain homogenate were decreased treated with atorvastatin and acenterine.There was statistical significance within ATO group( P <0.05).CONCLUSION: The expressions of P-selectin and the contents of MPO are increased after cerebral ischemia reperfusion, and decreased after using atorvastatin ( r =0.883, P < 0.05).

Experimental study on effect of naloxone on viral myocarditis caused by coxsackievirus B₃ in mice

DING Yuan-yuan, WANG Shu-mei, ZHAO Gang-tao, YANG Fan, WANG Si-wang

2009, 14(12):  1340-1346. 

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AIM: To investigate the mechanism of naloxone on mice viral myocarditis caused by coxsackievirus B₃ ( CVB₃ ).METHODS: 120 mice were randomly divided according to experiment protocol and inoculated intraperitoneally with CVB₃ ( 100 ×TCID₅₀ ) 0.1mL.72 h after viral inoculation, 40 of the inoculated mice were given naloxone i.p.2 mg/kg for 21 days.Another 40 inoculated mice were treated with i.p.0.9 % NaCl solution daily and were as CVB3 group.Mice without inoculation ( n =40) were given i.p.0.9 % NaCl solution daily and used as normal controls.Mice were executed, and hearts were collected on Days 5, 7, 14, 21 and 28.The death rate and pathological examination were evaluated.RT-PCR technique and Western Blot technique were used to investigate the changes of expression of κOR mRNA and protein in mice at different time points during VMC with CVB3 infection.RESULTS: On the 5, 7, 14, 21 day after viral infection, the expression of κOR mRNA was dramatically increased in the myocardium of VMC mice( P <0.01).On the 7, 14, 21 day after viral infection, the expression of κOR protein in myocardium of VMC mice was dramatically increased( P <0.05). The death rate in the naloxone group ( 50 %, n =20) was significantly lower than that in the CVB₃ group ( 75 %, n =20);On the 7, 14, 21 day after viral infection, the changes of pathological and expression of κOR mRNA and protein in myocardium of naloxone group were dramatically lower than those in the CVB3 group( P <0.05).CONCLUSION: The up-regulation of κOR gene and protein were observed at different times during VMC.Naloxone can significantly improve the effectiveness in the treatment of VMC by inhibiting the up-regulation of κOR gene and protein.

Protective effects of OPG-HSP70 fusion protein on CIA rats

LIU Shan, YU Dan, ZENG Jin-jin, LI Shen-tao, WANG Wei, LIU Zhen-long, ZHAO Wen-ming

2009, 14(12):  1347-1350. 

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AIM: To study the protective effects of human osteoprotegerin ( OPG) -Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock protein 70 ( HSP70) fusion protein on animal models of the rheumatoid arthritis by the observation of the symptoms of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats.METHODS: The OPG-HSP70 recombinant strain stored in the laboratory were induced by isopropyl B-D-thiogalactopyranoside ( IPTG) and the acquired fusion protein were collected and identified, purificated and dialysis refolded.The experimental rats were divided into OPG-HSP70 group, OPG group, HSP70 group, model group and normal group, and were treated with corresponding protein after preparation.The symptoms and signs of collagen-induced arthritis rats were observed carefully.RESULTS: Compared with the positive control group, the OPG-HSP70 fusion protein group demonstrated that the arthritis index was reduced significantly ( P <0.05);the clear structures of the intra-articular synovials and the bone mineral density were increased ( P <0.05) from articular pathology studies.CONCLUSION: OPG-HSP70 fusion protein shows efficacy in alleviating the symptoms of CIA rats.

Effect of human tissue kallikrein on peripheral nerve injury

LIU Jun, WANG Jun-lu, HU Xiang-peng, LI Cai-xia, PENG Ling-li

2009, 14(12):  1351-1355. 

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AIM: To verify the therapeutic effection of human tissue kallikrein( HTK) on peripheral nervous system regeneration.METHODS: 30 adult male SD rats weighted 180 -200 g were randomly divided into 3 groups:Sham group, HTK group( 17.5 ×10^-3 PNAU kg), Control group( n =10).Calculating sciatic functional index (SFI) and static sciatic index ( SSI) were performed on the day before nerve crushed and day 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 after operation in all rats.The electrophysiological results of the sciatic nerve was determined on the 14th day postoperation.RESULTS: There was no apparent functional deficit in the Sham group before and after operation.The HTK group showed a statistically significant improvement over the control group on the 5th day postoperation.The NCV of the HTK group was greater than the Control group ( P <0.05).CONCLUSION: The treatment of HTK is effective on peripheral nervous system regeneration.

Comparing in vitro antibacterial behaviors of carbapenems against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

WANG Jin, WANG Zhe, LIU Jian, LIU Yuan-chen, XIAO Yong-hong

2009, 14(12):  1356-1360. 

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AIM: To compare the antibacterial behaviors of carbapenems against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including the in vitro antibacterial activity and the morphological changes of bacterium.METHODS: In vitro the sensitivity of different antibiotics against P. aeruginosa were determined by standard KB method and agar dilution method on Mueller-Hinton (MH)agar, dilutedMH agar (1:16)and Minimum Medium (MM) agar.The bacterial morphological changes after incubating with different antibiotics were observed with electronic microscope.RESULTS: 14 % clinical isolates of P.aeruginosa show double-circle phenomena around meropenenm disc.The MIC values of panipenem were higher than those in imipenem and moropenem on MH agar, while decreased 8-16 times on MM agar. Imipenem and panipenem induced bacterial cell ovoid formation, ceftazidime induced bacterial filamentous elongation and lower concentration meropenem led bacterial cell fusiform change.CONCLUSION: In vitro antibacterial activity of panipenem was affected by the medium type and lower basic amino acid concentration medium favored its bactericidal effect.Meropenem did not have complete bactericidal effect and more bacterial endotoxin could be released at lower drug concentration.

Effects of carbachol on inflammatory cytokines expression of rat abdominal macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide

ZHOU guo-yong, HU Sen, LV Yi, SONG Qi

2009, 14(12):  1361-1365. 

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AIM: To investigate the effects of cholinergic drug carbachol on the expression of inflammatory cytokines from rat abdominal macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide( LPS).METHODS: Rat peritoneal macrophages were collected and exposed to carbachol, nicotine or muscarine, and then stimulated by LPS for 4 hours.Supernatants of cultures were harvested and assayed for TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 by ELISA method.RESULTS: The expressions of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly increased after LPS stimulation.The increase of TNF-αand IL-6 expression was inhibited after addition of carbachol and nicotine, which was dose-dependent in carbachol group.The inhibitive effect of muscarine was much less than that of carbachol and nicotine ( P <0.01 ).Carbachol and nicotine had no significant effect on IL-10 release stimulated by LPS.CONCLUSION: The results suggest that carbachol, similarly to nicotine, inhibits the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines but has no effect on the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines on inflammatory model of rats abdominal macrophages.

Inhibitory effect of botulinum toxin type A on isolated aortic contractility-induced by Methoxamine and electric field stimulation

ZONG Xiao-jian, SONG Yan-feng, ZHANG Xue-ping, HOU Yi-ping

2009, 14(12):  1366-1370. 

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AIM: To observe the inhibitory effect of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A)on rabbit aortic contractility- induced by methoxamine (MOA), an agonist of noradrenergic αreceptor, and electric field stimulation (EFS) in vitro.METHODS: MOA and EFS treated groups were carried out in this study.0.5 cm ×3.0 cm spiral-shaped strip of rabbit abdominal aorta was suspended in incubation bath containing Krebs bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4, constant 37 ℃)with 95 % O₂ and 5 %CO₂, and the change of muscular force was recorded.Strips in MOA-treated group were administrated with MOA 5 μmol/L for promoting contraction for 30 min, followed by Krebs (as control, n =10), BTX-A 50 U mL (n =10)or 100 U mL (n =10)addition for 30 min recording, and subsequently treated with MOA 5 μmol/L again.Other strips in the EFS treated group were persistently stimulated by 50 Hz, 80 V, 1 ms and 60 s electricity, followed by Krebs (n = 10)or BTX-A 50 U mL (n =10)addition for 30min, and subsequently treated with MOA 5 μmol/L again. RESULTS: BTX-A given at 50 and 100 U mL was dose-dependently decreased aortic contractility-induced by MOA by 80 %(P <0.01)and 95 %(P <0.01), respectively.The contractile tension of the strips-treated with BTX-A at 50 and 100 U mL induced by MOA wer 35 %(P <0.01)and 3 %(P <0.01)respectively in comparison with control group.The aortic contractility- induced by EFS was decreased by 94 %(P < 0.01)with BTX-A 50 U mL.The contractile tension MOA repeated addition into the strips-treated with EFS +BTX-A at 50 U mL were decreased to 10 % (P < 0.01)in comparison with control group.CONCLUSION: MOA, an agonist of noradrenergic αreceptor, and EFS, can promote rabbit aortic contractility.BTXA inhibits arterial smooth muscular contractility-induced by MOA and EFS,which is related to inhibiting noradrenergic release and its receptor.

Isopsoralen inhibiting the apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells

QI Ming-xin, HUANG Xiu-rong, GUO Na, ZHANG Ke-li

2009, 14(12):  1371-1374. 

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AIM: To investigate if isopsoralen inhibits the apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells (HLEC) with experimental oxidative injury ( HLECB₃).METHODS: Lens epithelial cells were incubated with 300 μmol L H₂0₂ to make the HLEC-B₃ model. The estradiol ( E₂ ) was as a positive control, the HLEC apoptosis and apoptosis rate were measured by FCM, the ultrastructure changes and apoptosis bodies of HLEC were observed under transmission electron microscope.RESULTS: The ultrastructure observation indicated that the apoptosis cells occurred in most HLEC of H₂0₂ group and the changes were severe and presenting different stages.While the changes in E₂ and ISR groups were slight and most of them were in early and middle stages.The apoptosis rate in H₂0₂ group was significantly higher than that in the control group, E₂ and ISR groups.The ΔΧM in H₂O₂ group was reduced obviously compared with control group, E₂ and ISR groups.CONCLUSION: ISR may decrease the apoptosis of HLEC, providing scientific evidence for pursue effective medicine to prevent and treat senile cataract.

Research the expression of NF-κB and apoptosis of neutrophils induced by TNF-αtreated with Lidocaine

DONG Nan, ZHANG Yan

2009, 14(12):  1375-1378. 

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AIM: To observe the effect of lidocaine to the activation of NF-κB and apoptosis in human neutrophils( PMN) in vitro.METHODS: Human PMN were divided into five groups:control group (0.9 % sodium chloride);TNF-α( 200 ng/L);TNF-α +lidocaine ( 1.0 mmol/L);TNF-α+lidocaine ( 2.0 mmol/L), and TNF-α+ lidocaine ( 4.0 mmol/L).The expression of NF-κB subunit p65 mRNA in the nuclear and I-κB mRNA in the cytosol extracts were analyzed by Western blotting, after co-incubation for 3 h and the content of p65 protein were observed by RT-PCR. PMN apoptosis was detected on flow cytometry after coincubation 12 h and 24 h.RESULTS: The expression of NF-κB mRNA was significantly decreased and the expression of I-κB mRNA was markedly increased in lidocaine groups ( P <0.05).The expression of p65 was significantly better in lidocaine ( 2.0 mmol/L), and lidocaine ( 4.0 mmol/L) than that in lidocaine ( 1.0 mmol/L).There was no significant difference between lidocaine ( 2.0 mmol/L) and lidocaine ( 4.0 mmol/L).The PMN apoptosis induced by TNF-αwas significant inhibited by dolicaine at 12 h and 24 h( P <0.05), and lidocaine ( 4.0 mmol/L) significant was better than that lidocaine ( 1.0 mmol/L) ( P <0.05). CONCLUSION: Lidocaine( 1.0 、2.0 or 4.0 mmol/L) can down-regulate the expression of NF-κB subunit p65 mRNA induced by TNF-αand the content of p65 protein in human PMN, and lidocaine can significant reverse the PMN apoptosis induced by TNF-α.

Simvastatin inhibit the expression of tumor necrosis factor-αin rat cadiocyte and the relation with reactive oxygen species

SHANG Fu-jun, WANG Jie-pin, ZHENG Qiang-sun, LIU Xiong-tao, XUE Yu-sheng, HE Yong, ZHANG Lu-xing, LIU Hui, WANG Bin, ZHAO Lian-you

2009, 14(12):  1379-1385. 

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AIM: To investigate the effects of simvastatin (Sim) on the expression of tumor necrosis factor- α( TNF-α) in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes stimulated by lipopolysaccharide ( LPS) and approach the underlying molecular mechanisms.METHODS: The cadiocyte, as experimental model, was isolated and cultured from neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats.The expressions of TNF-αmRNA and protein level were detected by RT-PCR and ELISA.The reactive oxygen species ( ROS) levels in cadiocyte were detected by peroxide specific probe 2 ', 7 '-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCF-DA).The relative activity of NADPH oxidase was measured by cytochrome C reduction assay.RESULTS: The TNF-αmRNA of cadiocyte in cardiomyocytes stimulated with LPS, the expressions of TNF-α mRNA and protein level [ ( 0.29 ±0.07), ( 83.6 ± 14.5) pg/mL] were higher than those in control group [ ( 0.07 ±0.02), ( 22.1 ±7.1) pg/mL] ( P <0.01). The levels of TNF-αmRNA and protein in 1 μmol/L Sim +LPS and 10 μmol/L Sim +LPS groups were (0.18 ±0.05), ( 0.15 ±0.02) and ( 43.1 ±8.3), ( 40.1 ±7.3) pg/mL, respectively.Compared with LPS group, which significantly were decreased( P <0.01). The TNF-αprotein contents were ( 39.1 ±10.2), ( 37.9 ±8.9) pg/mL pretreatment with antioxidants Nacetylcysteine and diphenyleneiodonium, compared with LPS group, which significantly were decreased ( P < 0.01).Compared with control group, the DCF-fluorescence intensity ( 83 ±15) and the NADPH oxidase activity( 246 ±43) % in LPS group were significantly increased ( P <0.01), which were decreased by pretreatment with Sim[ ( 41 ±8), ( 120 ±17) %, P < 0.01].Compared with control group, the TNF-αprotein content was increased( 65.0 ±17.2) pg/mL, stimulated by exogenous hydrogen peroxide.The TNF-α protein content was ( 58.8 ±15.8) pg/mL pretreatment with Sim, compared with H₂O₂ group, there was no siginificant difference.Compared with Sim group, the expression of TNF-αmRNA and protein level, ROS level, NADPH oxidase activity were increased pretreatment with mevalonate and Sim.CONCLUSION: Sim probably inhibits the LPS-induced expression of TNF-αin cultured cadiocyte via modulating the activity of NADPH oxidase and subsequent production of ROS.

Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of theophylline and its two metabolites in human urine

NIE Song-liu, LIU Hai-yan, XIE Lin

2009, 14(12):  1386-1391. 

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AIM: To develop an HPLC method with ultraviolet detection for simultaneous determination of theophylline and its two metabolites 1, 3-dimethyluric acid(1, 3-DMU)and 3-methylxanthine (3-MX)in human urine.METHODS: Urine samples were extracted with mixture of isopropanol and dichloromethane (2/8).The aliquot of the organic phase was removed and dried under air.The residue was dissolved in 0.2 mL of mobile phase, and 20 μL of aliquots were injected immediately into the column.The analytes were separated on a Diamonsil ODS C18, 5 μm, 150 mm ×4.6 mm I.D.column with the mobile phase consisting of 0.1 %formic acid/L and acetonitrile (95:5)at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min and the eluent was detected at 280 nm.Concentrations of theophylline and its two metabolites 1, 3-DMU and 3-MX in urine of 12 healthy subjects were determined, and accumulative amounts of excretion during 24 h urine were calculated following single dose and multidose of theophenlline.RESULTS: Linear quantitative response curve was generated over a concentration ranges of 0.312 - 40.0 μg/mL, 0.156 -20.0 μg/mL and 0.078 - 10.0 μg/mL in urine for theophylline, 3-MX and 1, 3-DMU respectively.Lowest limits of quantification for theophylline, 3-MX and 1, 3-DMU were measured to be 0.312, 0.156 and 0.078 μg/mL, respectively.Intraand inter-batch precision and accuracy were acceptable for all quality control samples, which RSD and relative standard errors were <15 %.The mean recoveries from urine were >70 %.CONCLUSION: The specific, sensitive and precise method is suitable for monitoring of theophylline and its two metabolites in urine of human.

Therapeutic effects of silybin-phosphatidylcholine compound on patients with chronic hepatitis B

ZHU Yue-ke, DUAN Zhong-ping, WANG Bao-en, SHAN Jing, CHEN Yu, HAN Da-kang, ZHAO Jun

2009, 14(12):  1392-1394. 

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AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of silybin-phosphatidylcholine compound ( SPC) for patients with chronic hepatitis B( CHB).METHODS: Eighty patients with chronic hepatitis B ( abnormal ALT level)were randomly divided into two different groups:the patients of trial group( n =40) were treated with SPC ( 120 mg, tid) for 12 weeks, and the control group ( n =40) were treated with Chinese herbs compound Huganning pills ( 4 #, tid) 12 weeks.Before and after treatment, the clinical symptom and the serum parameters of liver function and fibrosis were evaluated for the patients of both groups, and the adverse effects were recorded.RESULTS: After treatment, the clinical symptoms were improved in different degree in the patients of both groups, the improvement rate of the fatigue and belly inflation in trial group were obvious higher than those in control group( P <0.05).After treatment, both liver function and fibrosis parameters were significantly improved, and there was no significant difference between the two groups.The gross efficacies in trial group and control group were 75 %, 70 %, respectively.No serious adverse events were reported in both groups.CONCLUSION: It has been suggested that SPC has significant therapeutic effects on chronic hepatitis B, and it is safety.

Regimen based on platinum compound plus docetaxel for the treatment of advanced esophageal carcinoma as a first-line drug

JIANG Yi, QIU Xi-hui, LIN Dan-xia, LIN Hui

2009, 14(12):  1395-1399. 

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AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the regimen based on platinum compound plus docetaxel in the treatment of advanced esophageal carcinoma as first-line drug, and to further explore prognostic factors of advanced esophageal carcinoma by survival analysis.METHODS: From August 2006 to October 2008, 36 patients with advanced esophageal carcinoma were enrolled in the study, and non-randomly assigned to docetaxel 75 mg/m² in the first day every 3 weeks, combined with cisplatin 25 mg/m² in the first day to third day or in the first day to forth day ( DT, n =27), or with carboplatin AUC =5 on day 1( CT, n =9).RESULTS: The curative and toxic side effects were evaluated to the 36 patients.There were 1 complete respone, 17 partial respone, 11 no changes and 7 progressive disease in 36 patients with total response rate of 50.00 %.The response rates of DT, CT regimen were 59.26 % and 22.22 % ( P =0.121).The major side effects were nausea-vomiting, all side effects were reversible by symptomatic treatment.After a median follow-up of 8.70 months, the overall median survival was 10.50 months( 95 %CI 7.36 to 13.64 months). The COX univariate regression analysis suggested there was no correlation with sex, age and the hemoglobin of before chemotherapy with existence.But there was statistical significance between the behavior state of chemotherapy and the existence( P =0.036).CONCLUSION: The regimen based on platinum compound plus docetaxel is tolerable and more effective as a first-line treatment for advanced esophageal carcinoma.Patients with good performance status before chemotherapy indicates good prognosis and it is an independent factor affecting survival for advanced esophageal carcinoma.

Clinical observation of sodium selenite combination prednisone treatment on subacute thyroiditis

XIA Li-bin, LU Mei-qin, ZHANG Bin-hua, ZHANG An-su, CHEN Yue-ping, ZHAO Yong-li, HUA Qiang, HE Chun-ling

2009, 14(12):  1400-1402. 

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AIM: To investigate the effects of sodium selenite combination prednisone in patients with subacute thyroiditis( SAT).METHODS: 78 cases of SAT were studied with a randomized controlled prospective study from Sep 2004 to Aug 2008 in our hospital.In control group, 2 cases were lost, 37 patients were completed the observation, the treatment group were 39 cases.Prednisone was treated in both groups, sodium selenite was served in treatment group, with a total course of about 8 weeks.RESULTS: After 8 weeks of treatment, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( ESR) of sodium selenite group was lower than that of control group at 2th and 4th weeks ( P <0.05), ¹³¹ I uptake rate of sodium selenite group was higher than that of control group at 2 h, 6 h and 24 h ( P < 0.01), while the relapse rate was lower than that of the control group ( P <0.05).CONCLUSION: The sodium selenite can shorten the course of subacute thyroiditis and reduce the relapse rate.

Prevention on the side effects of erythromycin lactobionate via intervenous drop infusion for the gastrointestinal tract in children

LIU Ai-lin, LI Li

2009, 14(12):  1403-1405. 

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AIM: To observe the preventive effects of aluminum phosphate gel and smectite powder on the side effects of erythromycin lactobionate via intervenous drop infusion for the gastrointestinal tract in children. METHODS: 249 cases children with mycoplasmal pneumonia were randomly divided into three groups, aluminum phosphate gel group, smectite powder group and control group, 83 cases in each group.The side effects of erythromycin lactobionate(abdominal pain, diarrhea, sicchasia, disgorging)for the gastrointestinal tract among three groups were observed.RESULTS: Compared with control group, the incidence rate of side effects was much lower in aluminum phosphate gel group and smectite powder group (P <0.01), which was lower in aluminum phosphate gel group than that in smectite powder group (P <0.05).There were no significant differences among the three groups (P > 0.05).CONCLUSION: Aluminum phosphate gel and smectite powder significantly decrease the side effects of erythromycin lactobionate for the gastrointestinal tract in children, and especially the former, can be widely applied in pediatric clinic.

Effects of intercostals neural blockade combining with intravenous dexamethasone on postoperative pain, nausea and vomiting and rehabilitation after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

CHEN Ling-yang, PENG Cong-bing, WANG Hui-qin

2009, 14(12):  1406-1409. 

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AIM: To investigate the effect of intercostals neural blockade(INB)combining with intravenous dexamethasone on postoperative pain, nausea and vomiting and rehabilitation after laparoscopic cholecystectomy( LC).METHODS: Seventy-two patients with ASA I-Ⅱ undergoing LC were randomly divided into three groups with twenty-four patients in each group. Group DI received intravenous dexamethasone infusion before induction combining with INB.Group I only received INB.Group C was control group.Propofol and remifentanil consumption were recorded, postoperative pain and fatigue were assessed according to a pain and fatigue severity score using a subjective analog visual scale (VAS)1, 4, 12, and 24 h after the surgery.The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, times to first enterocinesia, flatus and hospital discharge were recorded.RESULTS: Propofol and remifentanil consumption, postoperative pain and fatigue scores 4, 12, 24 h after surgery, the postoperative nausea and vomiting incidences, times to first enterocinesia and flatus, times to hospital discharge were significantly lower in Group DI and I than those in Group C(P <0.05, P < 0.01).Remifentanil consumption, and the pain score when coughing at 1, 4, 12 h after surgery, times to first enterocinesia and flatus were significantly higher in Group I as compared with Group DI(P <0.05, P < 0.01).CONCLUSION: INB is used safely to reduce the postoperative pain and dexamethasone is effective to reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting.Furthermore, INB combining with intravenous dexamethasone reduce postoperative painmore effectively.Meanwhile, it accelerates the postoperative acute rehabilitation.

Effect of ziprasidone hydrochloride and haloperidol on cognitive flexibility in schizophrenia

JI Wei-dong, YANG Dao-liang, GUO Tian-you, YANG Chuang, ZHOU Jia-xiu, YAO Jing, HUANG Xiao-qi

2009, 14(12):  1410-1413. 

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AIM: To explore the long-time efficacy of ziprasidone hydrochloride in the treatment of cognitive flexibility in schizophrenia.METHODS: 50 cases of patients continuously treated with ziprasidone hydrochloride and 50 cases of patients treated with haloperidol were included in the 12 months follow-up study. Cognitive flexibility was tested with Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) and Trail Making Test.RESULTS: At the time of 12 months, all the scores of total trial, sorts, perseverative errors and random errors on WCST and all target of Trail Making Test were significantly decreased in the two groups of patients (P < 0.05 or P <0.01);but the decreased rate of perseverative errors on WCST of ziprasidone hydrochloride group were significantly higher than that of Haloperidol group(P <0.01).CONCLUSION: Compare with Haloperidol, ziprasidone hydrochloride has a better efficacy in the long-time treatment of cognitive flexibility in schizophrenia.

Clinical study of the minimum volume of local anesthetic in performing axillary brachial plexus block guided by high-frequency ultrasound and neurostimulator

LI Kuai-chun, ZHANG Xu-tong, YU Wei-ping, XU Xu-zhong

2009, 14(12):  1414-1418. 

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AIM: To study the minimum volume of local anesthetic ( mixture with 1 % lidocaine and 0.375 % ropivocaine) in the effective axillary brachial plexus block guided by high-frequency ultrasound and neurostimulator.METHODS: Patients scheduled for elective surgery of the forearm and hand were allocated to several groups ( the groups were determined by clinical progression, n =30 each).An axillary brachial plexus block was performed under real-time monitoring by ultrasound and neurostimulator.A setted dosage were respectively infused near the radial nerve ( RN), median nerve, ulnar nerve ( UN) and musculocutaneous nerve.The starting dose of local anesthetic was setted at 10 mL per point.The volume in the subsequent group was decreased by 50 %, or the median volume of the previous two volumes according to the success rate. A minimum volume was achieved until the volume difference between the two consecutive groups was less than 0.5 mL.The operation time, onset time of the four nerves, duration time and complications were observed.RESULTS: A 100 % success rate was achieved in groups using 10 mL, 7.5 mL, 6.2 mL and 5.6 mL of local anesthetic.Each 2 of the 10 patients of the two groups ( 5.3 mL, 5.0 mL) did not get the demanding effects, and were all retrieved by another ultrasound- guided infraclavicula brachial plexus block. The operating times were similar in all groups.The mean operation time was 8.4 min.The onset time of each nerve and duration of anesthesia were comparable in all groups.Therewere no occurrence of wrongly vascular puncture, haematoma in the puncture site, local anesthetics poisoning and paresthesia of affected extremities. CONCLUSION: The minimum volume of local anesthetic in the effective axillary brachial plexus block guided by ultrasound and neurostimulator is 5.6 mL per point.

Clinical research on intravenous ibutilide for immediate cardioversion of recent-onset in elderly atrial fibrillation

HU Li-qun, ZHANG Qi, CHEN Li, XU Feng-juan, TANG Jie

2009, 14(12):  1419-1422. 

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AIM: To observe the efficacy and safety of intravenous ibutilide for immediate cardioversion of recent-onset in elderly atrial fibrillation.METHODS: Ninety-eight patients with atrial fibrillation were randomly assigned into two groups:ibutilide group (n =47)and amiodarone group (n =51).Patients in ibutilide group received ibutilide 1 mg in 30 minutes, patients in amiodarone group received amiodarone 150 mg in 10minutes.RESULTS: The rates of cardioversion in ibutilide group were significantly higher than those in amiodarone group.The conversion rates in patients whose atrial fibrillation had persisted within 24 hours were higher than those over 24 hours.The most serious adverse reaction of ibutilide was non sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. CONCLUSION: Ibutilide is a safe and effective agent for elderly cardioversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation.

Research progress of Nampt Visfatin PBEF

SHENG Fei-feng, LIU Zhao-qian

2009, 14(12):  1423-1427. 

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Nicotinamide phosphoribosy ltransferase (Nampt)is the crucial rate-limiting enzyme of NAD biosynthesis, also known as pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor (PBEF) and visfatin.Recently, it has been found that Nampt/Visfatin/PBEF plays a role in many fields like NAD biosynthesis, metabolism and inflammatory response, as well as cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis.Nampt/Visfatin/PBEF might affect the development and prognosis of diseases such as type 2 diabetes, pulmonary diseases, malignant tumors and so on.This paper focuses on the physiological function and clinical significance of Nampt/Visfatin/PBEF.

Diabetes and ATP-binding cassette transporters

LIU Xiang, LIU Xiao-dong

2009, 14(12):  1428-1435. 

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Diabetes is a common systematic disease.It was reported that complications of diabetes such as hyperlipemia, atherosclerosis and cardiomyopathies might result from disorders of blood glucose, blood lipid and hormone homeostasis.It was reported that four subfamilies of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter such as ABCA, ABCB, ABCC and ABCG, play important roles in this modulation.ABCA1 and ABCG1 export excess cellular cholesterol into the HDL pathway, reduce cholesterol accumulation in macrophages and prevent from translation of macrophages into “foam cells” in the artery wall.ABCG5 and ABCG8 limit absorption of dietary sterols in the intestine and promote cholesterol elimination from the body through hepatobiliary secretion.ABCC8, as a untypical transporter, regulates ATP-sensitive K + channels in insulin- secreting pancreatic β cells to maintain the glucose homeostasis.ABCB1, ABCC1-ABCC5 and ABCG2 are common efflux transporters of drugs, that influence their substrates'physiological disposition.Mutations of these subfamilies of ABC transporters may induce diabetes and its complications.The function and expression of ABC transporters may be impaired under diabetes condition, in turn which intensify the diabetes and its complications.Here, the relationship between the diabetes and four subfamilies of ABC transporters is reviewed in order to provide some new ideas and new targets for the study of diabetes.

Patho-physiological function of activiated renal renin-angiotensin system in hypertension and kidney disease

CAO Jin-xiu, ZHANG Li-ping, GAO Chun-lin, JIA Jun-ya

2009, 14(12):  1436-1440. 

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There is an independent-regulated renin- angiotensin system (RAS)in kidney.Most of patients with hypertension or kidney diseases present increased renal RAS activity, which maintains body water and sodium balance, but contributes to the occurrence of hypertension and renal damage progression.The article reviewes some recent basic and clinical researches, focusing on the renal RAS activation mechanisms, consequences and clinical significance of the intervention of RAS blockers, which may help us recognize local RAS function of kidney, explore the treatment strategies to control hypertension and slow chronic kidney disease progression.