Abstract: Objective To estimate exposure levels of urinary para nitrophenol (PNP) concentrations using biomonitoring data on 3-year-old children from an agricultural county,Jiangsu Province. Methods Questionnaires and spot urine samples were collected from 441 3-year-old children whose mothers participated our birth cohort study,which was named as "Effects of prenatal environmental chemicals exposure on the development of infants".The questionnaire survey included children's general demographic and socio-economic information and their lifestyles with potential exposure to PNP.Urinary PNP concentrations were measured using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS).Non-parametric test and multiple linear regression analysis were used to evaluate exposure of PNP. Results The PNP concentrations were detectable in all urinary samples.The geometric mean values of creatinine-adjusted and unadjusted were 12.14 μg/g cre.and 5.08 μg/L,respectively.Urinary concentrations of PNP in summer showed statistically higher than thoses of other seasons (P<0.05).No sex-specific difference was obtained in this study.PNP concentrations in children's urine were higher than other studies. Conclusions The findings suggested that the children are widely exposed to the PNP or precursor compounds at high levels in this county.The exactly biological mechanisms concerning the potential adverse effects on children deserve further investigations.   

Key words: para-nitrophenol, exposure assessment, biomonitoring, urine, children

摘要： 目的 基于尿中对硝基酚 (para-nitrophenol,PNP)的生物监测评估儿童体内暴露负荷,为保护儿童健康提供科学依据。方法 选取江苏省某县参加“宫内环境化学物暴露对婴幼儿生长发育影响”队列的母亲于2009 年6 月-2010 年1月期间所产441名3岁幼儿作为研究对象,在其父母协助下完成问卷调查和尿样采集,采用气相色谱-串联质谱法(GC-MS/MS)检测儿童尿中PNP的含量,通过非参数检验和多元线性回归分析可能的影响因素,基于尿样监测数据评估并比较了儿童体内PNP负荷水平。结果 所有研究对象尿中均可检出对PNP,肌酐校正与未校正的PNP几何均值分别为12.14 μg/g cre.和5.08 μg/L。男童与女童PNP暴露水平未见统计学差异;多元线性回归结果显示,采样季节是影响PNP暴露水平的重要因素,夏季暴露水平高于其他季节,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),儿童尿中PNP浓度高于国外同类研究。结论 研究地区儿童普遍高暴露于PNP或其前体物质,其对儿童的潜在健康风险不容忽视。

关键词: 对硝基酚, 暴露评估, 生物监测, 尿, 儿童