Research progress on the prevention and treatment of high-altitude diseases by traditional Chinese medicine based on the

doi:10.12092/j.issn.1009-2501.2026.05.012

Abstract

Abstract:

The hypoxic environment at high altitudes is inextricably linked to the onset and progression of both acute and chronic high-altitude diseases (such as pulmonary edema and cerebral edema) through the "lung-brain axis." Leveraging the holistic perspective of "harmony between humanity and nature" in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which intervenes in pathophysiological processes through multi-target and multi-pathway approaches, represents an effective strategy for the clinical prevention and treatment of high-altitude diseases. Based on this, our review aims to systematically elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which TCM regulates the "lung-brain axis" in clinical practice, starting from the biological foundations of this axis. We hope to provide the theoretical basis for high-altitude residents, workers, and military garrisons, strengthen military-civilian integration, and promote the translational application of TCM in scenarios such as high-altitude garrisoning and disaster relief.

Key words: lung-brain axis, traditional Chinese medicine, high-altitude hypoxia, inflammation, oxidative stress

CLC Number:

R281
R594.3

Mina GAO, Liya YANG, Shangying DUAN, Xinlu CHEN, Xiaoya LI, Bo QIAO, Yueying WU. Research progress on the prevention and treatment of high-altitude diseases by traditional Chinese medicine based on the "lung-brain axis"[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2026, 31(5): 675-682.

Figures/Tables 4

References 48

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疾病	与“肺-脑轴”联系的机制	引文
HAPE	低氧会导致肺泡上皮细胞的Na⁺通道受损，导致肺泡液体清除率下降，内皮通透性增加，炎症因子通过血液循环到大脑。	[13]
HAPE	血脑屏障的通透性明显增加，伴随脑水肿的加重。	[14]
COPD	在COPD患者中，长期低氧会导致多个脑区的APT显著增高，提示脑的代谢异常。	[20]
COPD	肺部感染或过敏反应时，可以影响小胶质细胞的状态，从而使得迷走神经会引发相应的神经信号到达大脑。	[7]
HACE	低氧会通过小凹蛋白-1破坏血脑屏障的完整性，微生物、炎症因子等更容易进入。	[21]
HACE	HACE患者的大脑中炎症因子水平提高，并影响肺部的炎症水平，并且HAPE患者的脑部氧化应激标志物水平升高，抗氧化酶活性下降。	[23]

疾病	与“肺-脑轴”联系的机制	引文
HAPE	低氧会导致肺泡上皮细胞的Na⁺通道受损，导致肺泡液体清除率下降，内皮通透性增加，炎症因子通过血液循环到大脑。	[13]
HAPE	血脑屏障的通透性明显增加，伴随脑水肿的加重。	[14]
COPD	在COPD患者中，长期低氧会导致多个脑区的APT显著增高，提示脑的代谢异常。	[20]
COPD	肺部感染或过敏反应时，可以影响小胶质细胞的状态，从而使得迷走神经会引发相应的神经信号到达大脑。	[7]
HACE	低氧会通过小凹蛋白-1破坏血脑屏障的完整性，微生物、炎症因子等更容易进入。	[21]
HACE	HACE患者的大脑中炎症因子水平提高，并影响肺部的炎症水平，并且HAPE患者的脑部氧化应激标志物水平升高，抗氧化酶活性下降。	[23]

中药	作用	机制	引文
补气药
红景天 Rhodiola rosea L.	改善肺功能，抗氧化并抑制炎症，调节免疫功能。	调节内皮细胞膜钙离子通道上Ca²⁺运输数量或通过调控相关基因表达和蛋白质合成，使肺血管舒张，改善肺功能，提高机体抗氧化酶的活性，如SOD、GSH-Px等。	[32]
		降低脂质过氧化产物丙二醛的水平，起到抗氧化的作用。	[33]
		调节组织CD4⁺T细胞，CD4⁺T/CD8⁺T细胞比值和分泌性免疫球蛋白A水平从而改善免疫功能。	[34]
黄芪 Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.)Bunge	保护血管细胞，促进血管再生，抗氧化、抑制炎症。	通过TLR4/NF-κB通路降低IL-6、TNF-α和NF-κB的表达，起到抗炎的作用从而保护血管。	[35-36]
		改善血管内皮功能障碍。	[37]
		通过调节ROS介导调节NO和ROS等方式发挥抗氧化的作用。	[38]
人参 Panax ginseng C.A. Mey	调节免疫功能，抑制炎症，保护神经，改善血流灌注。	其成分多糖可以刺激树突状细胞，促进CD4⁺T淋巴细胞增殖和CD86表达，起到抑制炎症的作用。	[39]
		其成分皂苷可以调节氧化蛋白水平，保护神经。	[40]
		研究发现成分人参皂苷可以舒张血管，起到改善微循环的作用。	[41]
补血药
当归 Radix Angelicae Sinensis	增强免疫功能，抗氧化并抑制炎症，改善血流灌注。	增强自然杀伤细胞的杀伤活性，提高免疫功能；研究发现当归多糖也可以增加微血管数量，从而可以改善血流灌注。	[42]
		当归中的有效成分能提高免疫细胞的增殖能力，提高机体免疫能力。	[43]
		当归多糖可以抑制葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的溃疡性结肠炎炎症细胞因子的表达，并且可以使得抗氧化酶，如SOD和GSH-Px的活性显著升高，起到抗氧化和抑制炎症的作用。	[44]
活血药
丹参 Savia miltiaorrhiza Bunge	抗氧化并抑制炎症，保护神经元，保护血管内皮。	减少促炎性因子TNF-α、IL-1β的释放，起到抑制炎症的作用。	[35]
		提高高原低氧组织中SOD和GSH-Px活性，降低丙二醛水平，减轻神经元损伤。	[36]
		丹参酮ⅡA通过环氧化酶-2/TNF-a/NF-κB信号通路减少血管内皮炎症，一定程度上保护血管内皮。	[45]
红花 Carthamus tinctorius L.	抗氧化并抑制炎症，保护血管内皮并促进血管再生，保护神经元。	藏红花素可降低炎症因子如TNF-α、IL-6等的表达并且明显提高SOD活性，降低丙二醛含量，发挥抗氧化，抑制炎症的作用。	[46]
		HIF-1α、半胱天冬酶-3的表达降低，可以减少神经细胞的凋亡。	[47]
		调节细胞氧化还原系统增加HIF-1α的泛素化，降低HIF-1α蛋白含量，起抑制炎症的作用。	[48]

中药	作用	机制	引文
补气药
红景天 Rhodiola rosea L.	改善肺功能，抗氧化并抑制炎症，调节免疫功能。	调节内皮细胞膜钙离子通道上Ca²⁺运输数量或通过调控相关基因表达和蛋白质合成，使肺血管舒张，改善肺功能，提高机体抗氧化酶的活性，如SOD、GSH-Px等。	[32]
		降低脂质过氧化产物丙二醛的水平，起到抗氧化的作用。	[33]
		调节组织CD4⁺T细胞，CD4⁺T/CD8⁺T细胞比值和分泌性免疫球蛋白A水平从而改善免疫功能。	[34]
黄芪 Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.)Bunge	保护血管细胞，促进血管再生，抗氧化、抑制炎症。	通过TLR4/NF-κB通路降低IL-6、TNF-α和NF-κB的表达，起到抗炎的作用从而保护血管。	[35-36]
		改善血管内皮功能障碍。	[37]
		通过调节ROS介导调节NO和ROS等方式发挥抗氧化的作用。	[38]
人参 Panax ginseng C.A. Mey	调节免疫功能，抑制炎症，保护神经，改善血流灌注。	其成分多糖可以刺激树突状细胞，促进CD4⁺T淋巴细胞增殖和CD86表达，起到抑制炎症的作用。	[39]
		其成分皂苷可以调节氧化蛋白水平，保护神经。	[40]
		研究发现成分人参皂苷可以舒张血管，起到改善微循环的作用。	[41]
补血药
当归 Radix Angelicae Sinensis	增强免疫功能，抗氧化并抑制炎症，改善血流灌注。	增强自然杀伤细胞的杀伤活性，提高免疫功能；研究发现当归多糖也可以增加微血管数量，从而可以改善血流灌注。	[42]
		当归中的有效成分能提高免疫细胞的增殖能力，提高机体免疫能力。	[43]
		当归多糖可以抑制葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的溃疡性结肠炎炎症细胞因子的表达，并且可以使得抗氧化酶，如SOD和GSH-Px的活性显著升高，起到抗氧化和抑制炎症的作用。	[44]
活血药
丹参 Savia miltiaorrhiza Bunge	抗氧化并抑制炎症，保护神经元，保护血管内皮。	减少促炎性因子TNF-α、IL-1β的释放，起到抑制炎症的作用。	[35]
		提高高原低氧组织中SOD和GSH-Px活性，降低丙二醛水平，减轻神经元损伤。	[36]
		丹参酮ⅡA通过环氧化酶-2/TNF-a/NF-κB信号通路减少血管内皮炎症，一定程度上保护血管内皮。	[45]
红花 Carthamus tinctorius L.	抗氧化并抑制炎症，保护血管内皮并促进血管再生，保护神经元。	藏红花素可降低炎症因子如TNF-α、IL-6等的表达并且明显提高SOD活性，降低丙二醛含量，发挥抗氧化，抑制炎症的作用。	[46]
		HIF-1α、半胱天冬酶-3的表达降低，可以减少神经细胞的凋亡。	[47]
		调节细胞氧化还原系统增加HIF-1α的泛素化，降低HIF-1α蛋白含量，起抑制炎症的作用。	[48]

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