Table of Content

10 February 2014, Volume 22 Issue 2

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Relationship of exclusive breastfeeding with infant weight.

ZHANG Yue, WANG Hui-shan, JIANG Jing-xiong, YAO Li-ming.

2014, 22(2):  122-124. 

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Objective To examine the relationship of exclusive breastfeeding (BF) with infant weight in urban areas of China. Methods The survey was conducted in 17 provincial and municipal MCH of China.The data in this study were collected from 465 parents of normal birth-weight babies aged 9~13 months.The self-administered questionnaire was designed about feeding-practices in the first six months and the growth of the first year.According to the duration of exclusive BF, the indicators of weight for height (WLZ), age for BMI (BMIz), weight for age (WAZ) and weight gain in different groups were compared. Results Duration of BF from 0 to 6 months, the proportion of WLZ>+2s were 11.11%, 8.11%, 15.79%, 7.79%, 5.13%, 4.88% and 2.70%.The proportion of WLZ>+2s in BF <4 months group was higher than that in BF 4~6 months group (12.02% & 5.60%), and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).There was a similar trend in BMIz and WAZ.Logistic regression showed duration of BF significantly influenced the weight of babies in 1 years old. Conclusion The incidence of obesity at 1-year-old decrease with the duration of BF in the first six months, and BF may be a protective factor for preventing obesity of infants.

Analysis of complementary feeding index for 4~12 months infants in Beijing.

LI Chun-yu, HUANG Lei, MA Xiao-chen, ZHAO Yao, SHA Yi-mei.

2014, 22(2):  125-127. 

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Objective To investigate the complementary feeding status of Beijing 4~12 month-old infant, and to provide a scientific basis for the infant nutrition intervention. Method Stratified cluster sampling method was used to extracted 4~12 months infants in Beijing suburb and urban, collected the information of infant food supplement to make statistical analysis through questionnaires, and calculated the complementary feeding index of infants. Results There were 900 infants, urban 431, suburb 469.The index included DDS, FVS, the first time of food and milk.For aged 4~6-month and 7~9-month infants, dietary diversity score (DDS), food variety score (FVS) and complementary feeding index had significant differences between urban and suburban infants.For aged 10~12-month infants, DDS and complementary feeding index had significant differences between urban and suburb.For aged 4~6-month and 10~12-month infants, the factor associated with complementary feeding index was the cost of food.7~9-month infants, the factor associated with complementary feeding index were the costs of food and mother's culture. Conclusion The complementary feeding index can evaluate complementary feeding of infants comprehensively, and the validity of the index should be evaluated.

The follow-up study on nutrition and diet behavior problems intervention of autistic children.

LIN Li-li, YIN Xiao-na, GAO Jing-quan, LIU Li, WANG Han, SUN Cai-hong, WANG Jia, WU Li-jie.

2014, 22(2):  128-130. 

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Objective To explore intervention effects on nutrient intake, eating behavior problems of children with autism and their parent's nutrition dietary knowledge improvement by comprehensive intervention based on IMFeD. Methods 49 children with autism were randomly selected to assessment their dietary intake by 24 hours dietary recalls, meanwhile, completed the investigation on children's diet and related behavioral problems with self-designed questionnaire.Before and after intervention, intervention effects of nutrient intake, dietary behavior problems of children with autism and parent's dietary knowledge level were evaluated. Results Dietary behavioral problems (including diet poor appetite, food preferences, poor eating habits and poor parental feeding behavior) in children with autism were decreased after intervention (P<0.05).The awareness rate of parent nutrition dietary knowledge increased from 61.3% to 77.5%.Intake levels of energy, vitamin C, sodium, protein, vitamin B6, phosphorus, thiamine and folic acid were improved significantly for children with autism (P<0.05). Conclusions IMFeD intervention strategies have obvious effects on improving autism dietary nutrient intake and knowledge awareness of parents dietary and nutrition, decreasing dietary behavior problems of autistic children.

Clinical value of basal serum gonadotropin levels in the diagnosis of precocious puberty in girls.

LI Xue-ning, ZHAO Ya-ru, TAO Xu-wei, HU Lian-ying, PAN Hong-di, WANG Hui.

2014, 22(2):  131-134. 

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Objective To study the clinical value of basal serum gonadotropin levels in the diagnosis of precocious puberty in girls and determine the optimal cut-off points values. Methods A total of 101 girls with central precocious puberty (CPP) and premature thelarche( PT) were enrolled from Developmental Pediatrics of Shengjing Hospital from January 2012 to July 2013.luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured by chemiluminescent immunometric assay.The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for basal serum LH, FSH, LH/FSH ratio, the cut-off points, the sensitivity and specificity. Results The AUC of LH, FSH, LH/FSH ratios among 101 girls were 0.834, 0.742 and 0.808 respectively.The AUC of 83 girls after excluding the girls less than 4 years were 0.898, 0.842 and 0.854.Without the girls below 6 years, the AUC of 60 girls were 0.895, 0.845 and 0.870, respectively.When LH cut-off points were 0.36 U/L, 0.36 U/L, 0.38 U/L in each group, the sensitivity were 77.6% , 78.7%, 75.0%, and the specificity were 81.8%, 97.2%, 100% respectively.When FSH cut-off points were 2.51 U/L, 3.63 U/L, 3.48 U/L, the sensitivity were 85.7%, 68.1%, 69.4%, and the specificity were 57.7%, 91.7%, 91.7% respectively.When LH/FSH ratio cut-off points were 0.09, 0.03, 0.03, the sensitivity were 77.6%, 85.1%, 83.3%, and the specificity were 75.0%, 77.8%, 83.3% respectively. Conclusions Basal serum LH has a higher specificity for diagnosis of CPP.In addition, the specificity can be elevated gradually when excluding the girls below 4 years and 6 years.When the basal serum LH level is higher than 0.36 U/L, the diagnosis of CPP can be confirmed among the girls over the age of 4 years in combination with clinical manifestation.However, when the basal serum LH is lower than 0.36 U/L, we cannot refute the presence of CPP in girls of any age.

The control study of sphingolipid metabolites levels in serum of autistic children.

YIN Xiao-na, LIN Li-li, WANG Han, GAO Jing-quan, SUN Cai-hong, WANG Jia, LIANG Shuang, WU Li-jie.

2014, 22(2):  135-137. 

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Objective To explore the levels of sphingolipid metabolites in serum and their relations with clinical diagnosis scale and evaluate their clinical diagnostic values of autism. Methods 73 cases of children with autism and 63 normal control children were selected and determine sphingolipid metabolites levels in the serum of autistic children.Another 100 autistic children and 100 normal control children were selected to determine the levels of sphingolipid metabolites further and analyzed their correlations with the scores of Autism Behavior Checklist ABC and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), then drew their receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results Two sphingolipid metabolites, phytosphingosine (PSO) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), were found to be potentially associated with autism, both of them had significant increases in the serum levels of autistic children than those of normal group.The serum levels of both metabolites were obvious higher of autism in validation group, too.There was positively correlation between the levels of S1P and the scores of ABC.Both area under curve (AUC) and maximum of Youden index of PSO were 1.000, respectively and the best cut off value was 44.883.Sensitivity and specificity was 100% respectively.Both AUC and maximum of Youden index of S1P were 0.961 and 0.868.The best cut off value was 47.678.Sensitivity was 91.7% and specificity was 95.1%. Conclusions There are significant differences between two groups for the serum levels of PSO and S1P.The metabolic abnormality of sphingolipid metabolism may have a potential correlation with autism.Both the PSO and S1P had potential diagnosis values for autism and the best cut off values are 44.883 and 47.678.

Study on relationship between estrogen receptor gene polymorphism of precocious girls and environmental endocrine disruptors.

KE Jiang-wei, YANG Yu, DUAN Rong, YANG Li, LIU Zhi-qiang, YAN Xing-wei, FENG Chang-hua.

2014, 22(2):  138-141. 

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Objective To study the relationship between estrogen receptor gene polymorphism of precocious girls and environmental endocrine disruptors, as well as, to clarify the molecular mechanisms of body's susceptibility to environmental endocrine disruptors differences. Methods The blood samples were collected from 123 cases of precocious girls and 102 cases of normal girls.The concentrations of 4-nonylphend (4-NP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), DEHP and P, P-DDE in serum samples were measured by using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), the volume of the uterus and ovary, the bone density, the content of estradiol(E₂) were determined at the same time.The contents of 4-NP, DBP, DEHP and P, P-DDE in serum of precocious girls and the indices of the target organs were analyzed by using correlation.Further, estrogen receptor α (ERα ) and estrogen receptor β (ERβ) gene polymorphisms were analyzed by using PCR-RFLP between the precocious girls who can be detected 4-NP, DEHP, DBP and P, P'-DDE in serum and normal controls who can not be detected the above four kinds of EEDs respectively and the effect relationship between them were observed. Results In normal control group, 4-NP, DEHP, DBP and P, P'-DDE, were detected in blood serum for 58%, 37%, 31% and 38.4% respectively, whereas, in precocious girls group, the four kinds of EEDs respectively were detected in blood serum for 89.7%, 63.3%, 64.8% and 100%.The levels of 4-NP, DEHP, DBP and P, P'-DDE in serum in precocious girl group were notably increased than those in control group(P all<0.01).In precocious girls group, there was a positive correlations between the 4-NP in volume of uterus and the volume of ovary and the density of bone;P, P'-DDE and volume of uterus also showed a the positive correlation.Compared girls with precocious puberty who can be detected 4-NP, DEHP, DBP and P, P'-DDE in serum and normal controls who can not be detected the above four kinds of EEDs respectively, there were significant differences in genotype distribution for the XbaⅠand the RsaⅠ polymorphism.Compared Xx with wild-type xx, the susceptibility to 4-NP, DEHP, DBP and P, P'-DDE was respectively 2.52, 7.01, 6.21 and 2.63 fold.Compared RR with wild-type rr, the susceptibility to 4-NP, DEHP, DBP and P, P'-DDE was respectively 7.36, 9.61, 8.67 and 6.77 fold. Conclusion Precocious girls are contaminated more severely than normal girls.Different kinds of EEDs might have different influencing extents to the target organs.Children exposed to EEDs haven't necessarily occurred precocious.One reason may be different genotypes expressed in different individuals.Xx and RR are susceptible genotypes to EEDs.

Analysis on factors that may influence working mother's breastfeeding practice.

HUANG Ying, HE Ping, HUANG Bi-kun, WANG Fang.

2014, 22(2):  142-145. 

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Objective To realize working mother's breastfeeding practice, and analyse the related factors. Method 368 working mothers who had a child aged 6~24 months were investigated. Results The breastfeeding rate in 6 months was 72.8%, and the pure breastfeeding rate was 25.8%.The breastfeeding duration lasted (8.45±0.33) months, and the pure breastfeeding duration lasted (3.89±0.11) months.The main reasons for weaning were little milk and work stress.Cox regression analysis was used to analyze the breastfeeding duration influencing factors.Results showed longer breastfeeding duration mothers had characters as below:whose spouses having higher education, recurrent population, knowing "increasing suck times may increasing milk", knowing "breastfeeding should last 2 years", deciding to breastfeeding, having confidence on breastfeeding, maternity leave more than 6 months, having no or little work stress, and having the milking place in the working place. Conclusions The situation of working mother's breastfeeding practice is severe.Adjusting maternity leave and lactation leave, setting the nursey room in the working place, and helping for reduce work stress may prolong working mothers' breastfeeding duration.

The influence of different feeding way on growth of preterm/ small for gestational age infants.

LI Ling, LI Ning, ZHANG Yan-qing, ZHAO Dong-mei.

2014, 22(2):  146-148. 

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Objective To study the effect on small for gestational age child's weight, length, head circumference with different feeding way. Methods The 215 small for gestational age children were divided into five groups:preterm children after discharge formula-fed group, breast-fed group, full-term child formula-fed group, breast+preterm children after discharge formula-fed group, breast+full-term child formula-fed group.Weight, length and head circumference of each group were recorded at birth, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months and 24 months. Results The effects on small for gestational age child weight, length, head circumference with different feeding were statistically significant (P<0.05).Preterm children after discharge formula-fed group and mixed feeding with breast milk child development indicators were better than breast feeding and full-term children formula-fed group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Using preterm children after discharge formula or breast-feeding or mixed feeding can contribute to growth of weight, length, head circumference, achieve catch-up growth and reduce or avoid extrauterine growth retardation.

Effect of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor on survival of implanted human neural stem cells and the differentiation into oligodendrocytes.

CUI Ying, LUAN Zuo, YANG Yin-xiang, WANG Cai-ying, GU Gui-xiong.

2014, 22(2):  149-152. 

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Objective To examine the effect of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) on survival of implanted human neural stem cells (hNSCs) and the differentiation into oligodendrocytes in neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD). Methods HIBD rats, born within a week, were divided into two groups randomly:the single transplantation group (Group A, n=16) and the G-CSF + transplantation group (Group B, n=16), in which G-CSF[(50 μg/kg·d)]was administered 1 hour after performing operation subcutaneously once a day for five days in a row.In both group animals received implantation of hNSCs into the left cerebral ventricles at the second day after the operation.TUNEL staining was used to observe the apoptosis of the implanted cells in the rat brains 3 days post transplantation.While immunofluorescence was used to detect the survival and oligodendroglial differentiation 1 week and 2 weeks after the transplantation. Results Significantly decreased number of apoptosis cells was observed in group B compared to group A in 3 days after hNSCs transplantation (t=68.36, P<0.01).The grafted cells detected by DAPI survived, and generally distributed among cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and other areas.The statistical analysis revealed that DAPI positive cells were more in rats of group B than those of group A (t=14.07 and 2.5 respectively, P<0.05).Differentiated oligodendrocytes of implanted cells could scarcely be seen in either group. Conclusion The survival of implanted cells is increased and apoptosis is reduced with G-CSF treatment, which has no effect on the differentiation of implanted hNSCs into oligodendrocytes.

Effect of vitamin D supplementation on small fontanels infant's growth of head circumference and Bayley intelligence test results.

LIANG You, SHEN Jian, LV Yong-xue.

2014, 22(2):  167-168. 

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Objective To observe the influence of vitamin D supplementation on small fontanel pediatric growth of head circumference and Bayley intelligence test results. Methods 118 healthy infants aged 3months hospitalized in our Hospital from January 2010 to November 2011 were selected as the objects of the study.They were divided into two groups according to the fontanel inclined length.one was small fontanels group, the other was normal group.All infants were treated with vitamin D to prevent rickets.the head circumference of them were measured three points at 3 months, 12 months, 18 months and at 6 months, 18months the two points respectively Bayley intelligence test to evaluation analysis of their correlation. Results There were no statistically significant differences in the values of head circumference between the two groups at the age of 3 months, 12 months, 18 months and the values of head circumference between the two groups and the corresponding age of pediatric were not statistically significant different.Bayley intelligence test Results in two groups of the children at 6 months, 18 months were normal. Conclusions Vitamin D has no adverse effect on the skull growth of children with small anterior fontanel.It is necessary to take vitamin D for rickets prevention whatever the size of anterior fontanel.

Different seasonal effect of vitamin D nutritional status in 112 mother-babies.

YU Quan-ping, HUANG Rui, ZHANG Ya-nan, HAN Xiao, ZHANG Hui-feng.

2014, 22(2):  169-171. 

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Objective To investigate vitamin D nutritional status of pregnant women and their neonates and its influencing factors with serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D [25-(OH)D] for detection index. Methods Pregnant women and their neonates delivered in winter(December 2010 to February 2011) and in summer(June 2011 to August 2011) in Obstetrics and Gynecology of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University were selected as the object of study.72 pairs of pregnant women and their neonates were enrolled in the winter group, 40 pairs were enrolled in the summer group.Venous blood of the pregnant women before delivery and umbilical blood after delivery were collected and centrifuged to obtain serum for storing, quantitatively 25-(OH)D levels of serum were determined by ELISA.Classification of vitamin D nutritional status:1)Deficiency:25-(OH)D＜50 nmol/L;2)Insufficiency:50 nmol/L≤25-(OH)D＜75 nmol/L;3)Sufficiency:25-(OH)D≥75 nmol/L. Results 1)25-(OH)D levels of pregnant women were (19.48±7.04)nmol/L in winter and (53.15±17.50)nmol/L in summer, which were significantly lower in winter than in summer.Corresponding 25-(OH)D levels of neonates were respectively (19.95±6.79) nmol/L and (47.39±15.31) nmol/L, which were significantly lower in winter than in summer.2)25-(OH)D levels of pregnant women varied from 9.19 nmol/L to 36.99 nmol/L in winter, which of neonates varied from 7.78 nmol/L to 37.36 nmol/L, vitamin D deficiency rates of pregnant women and neonates were both 100% in winter.25-(OH)D levels of pregnant women varied from 26.72 nmol/L to 103.90 nmol/L in summer, which of neonates varied from 20.76 nmol/L to 79.91 nmol/L, vitamin D deficiency rate was 47.5% of pregnant women in summer, which was 62.5% for the neonates.3)Maternal and neonatal 25-(OH)D levels were positively correlated (r=0.902).4)In winter, there were no difference in serum 25-(OH)D levels between the pregnant women and their neonates living in the urban and rural areas.In summer, the serum 25-(OH)D levels of them living in rural areas were higher than those in urban areas. Conclusions Vitamin D levels of pregnant women and their neonates have a significantly seasonal fluctuation.The pregnant women and their neonates in winter are all vitamin D deficiency, the vitamin D deficiency proportions of pregnant women and their neonates are considerably high even in summer.

Serum vitamin A levels and its influence factors of children aged 3~6 years old in urban area in Shiyan.

ZENG Jing, GU Wei-wei, LI Zhao-lin, QI Yun-ping, YAO Ping, YANG Xue-feng, SUN Xiu-fa.

2014, 22(2):  172-174. 

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Objective To study the current status of serum vitamin A level and its influence factors of children in urban area in Shiyan city. Methods 225 children aged 3~6 years old from kindergarten in the urban area were selected.The data of children's family situation, eating habits, growth and development, and children's health status were collected through the questionnaire survey, physical examination and laboratory examination.A method of reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the level of serum retinol. Results The serum retinol concentration was (1.48±0.52)μmol/L, The prevalence of subclinical vitamin A deficiency (SVAD) was 5.37%, and the prevalence of suspicious SVAD was 21.5%.Univariate analysis showed that age, mother's education level, household income, household expenditure on food, appetite, hemoglobin, fat absorption test, whether taking nutritional supplements were statistically significant.Only fat absorption test was found to be statistically significant after the multivariate analysis, the positive group had higher SVAD prevalence than that of negative group. Conclusion SVAD is still a nutrition problem in kindergartens in urban area in Shiyan city, the work of prevention and control SVAD and suspicious SVAD should be strengthened in kindergarten.

Correlation between serum vitamin D level and children suffered from asthma.

ZENG Jing, YAN Feng, XIE Guan-en.

2014, 22(2):  175-177. 

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Objective To observe the changes of 25 hydroxy vitamin D₃[25-(OH)D₃] concentration in the serum of children with asthma, and to analyse its relationship with the content of serum total immunoglobulin E(TIgE )and lung function index associated with asthma. Methods Serum 25-(OH )D₃, TIgE content and lung function index were tested in experimental group consisting of 42 patients suffered from asthma, and in control group consisting of 48 children with no asthma.Then comparisons were analyzed between the two groups. Results Compared with the normal control group, serum 25-(OH)D₃ level content in experimental group consisting of children with asthma was significantly decreased (P<0.01), but the serum TIgE content increased significantly (P<0.01);serum 25-(OH)D₃ level in experimental group composed of children with asthma was negatively correlated with TIgE (P<0.01), and positively correlated with forced expiratory small airway 25% flow (MEF25)and forced expiratory volume 50%(MEF50)(P<0.05). Conclusion Vitamin D deficiency is an important cause of asthma exacerbations in children, which may be related to inhibitory effect of 25-(OH)D₃ on the TIgE.

Study on the iron deficient anemia status and influencing factors among infants aged 6~24 months.

CHEN Xiu, XU Li-lun.

2014, 22(2):  178-179. 

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Objective To investigate the status and influencing factors of iron deficient anemia (IDA) among infants aged 6~24 months. Methods 416 infants aged 6~24 months and their parents were recruited.The hemoglobin levels of infants were measured and the questionnaires to their parents were used for data collection.Multifactor logistic regression analysis was conducted to screening the mainly factors of the IDA. Results The total prevalence of anemia was 23.32%.Seven factors, including complementary feeding time, late gestation anemia of mother, add iron-rich foods, the nutritional status of lactating mother, economic status, education level of mothers, and the frequency of health education were the main influencing factors of iron deficient anemia. Conclusion We should take some measures, such as health education to scientific feeding, reasonable to add complementary, and advocates of iron fortified soy sauce, to reduce infant IDA prevalence rate in the areas with poor local economic conditions and to the parents with poor education level.

Research on the short term physical development of the post-discharge-formula-fed premature infants.

LIAO Zhen-yu, HUANG Rui-wen, XIAO Ai-qing.

2014, 22(2):  184-187. 

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Objective To evaluate the short term growth of premature infants receiving post-discharge-formula (PDF). Methods Prospective-controlled trial was employed, and 197 infants in the third-grade class-A hospital from the urban of Hunan were chosen.These infants were classified as post-discharge-formula group (PDF group) and term infant formula group (TF group).Importantly, monthly weight/length and monthly head circumference were collected from different time.All the data was processed by the statistic software (SPSS 16.0).χ²-test and t-test analysis were employed in the processing. Results There were no significant differences (P＞0.05)about basic data between PDF group and TF group.[n=103, gestation (32.31±2.0) weeks, birth weight (1 797.94±426.77)g, birth length (39.17±3.30)cm, birth head circumference (28.40±2.25)cm]VS[n=97, gestation (32.31±2.02) weeks, birth weight(1 807.32±432.15)g, birth length (39.20±3.36)cm], birth head circumference (28.39±2.25)cm].But the PDF group had much faster term growth than the TF group at the 1, 2 and 3 months after gestational age was corrected.The difference between of them were significant (P＜0.05). Conclusion Post-discharge-formula is much better than term infant formula about the growth of infants.

Investigation and analysis for 0~12 months babies with congenital heart disease in Haining city.

ZHU Shen-hua, WU Zhu-zhong, ZHUANG Hong-tao.

2014, 22(2):  188-189. 

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Objective To investigate one year old babies with congenital heart disease (CHD) during 2009 to 2011 in Haining, and to provide a reference for preventing and reducing the incidence of CHD. Method After medical examination for live birth babies with full 28 weeks of pregnancy, the suspected ones were suggested to take echocardiography (FECHO) to diagnose the CHD. Results A total of 13 593 live birth babies were monitored during 2009 to 2011, and 108 of them were diagnosed as CHD, which made the incidence rate 0.79%.The top three simple CHD types were turned out to be ventricular septal defect (27.78%), atrial septal defect (25.00%), and patent ductus arteriosus (12.04%).The incidence rate for babies diagnosed as CHD was 3.96% (19/480) with gestational age shorter than 37 weeks; meanwhile, the incidence rate was 0.68%(89/13 113)for babies whose gestational ages were within the range of 37 to 42 weeks, which showed demonstrates significant gap (χ²=63.19, P＜0.01).CHD incidence rate for low birth weight children was significantly higher than normal and huge weight children (χ²=123.48, P＜0.01).CHD incidence rate for cases that mothers' maternal age no less than 35 years old was significantly higher than the other two groups (χ²=28.89, P<0.01). Conclusions Premature birth, low birth weight, old maternal age have a certain relationships with the occurence of CHD, which might be the reason leading to CHD for one year old babies in Haining city.Publicity for progestation awareness and prenatal care as well as eliminating negative factors are all demanding to prevent and reduce the CHD incidence rate, thereby improving the quality of births in Haining city.

Risk factors of 207 cases of 0 to 2-year-old girl early breast development.

YANG Yu, WANG Di-lan.

2014, 22(2):  190-193. 

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Objective To investigate the risk factors associated with breast development in infants and young children, and to raise awareness of the disease. Methods 207 cases of infant girls with premature thelarche, 87 cases of healthy infant girls without secondary sexual characteristics were measured in serum estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone levels, then filled out the survey questionnaire. Results Family near polluting factories, the mother early age at menarche, high frequency use of plastic products ( bottles, tableware, toys, food packaging materials, et al.), the mother during pregnancy often online, often eat animal food or high-protein diet, often eat fried food, drinks, puffed food sucker pigmented foods containing preservatives, feeding patterns (formula feeding, mixed feeding), estradiol value were closely related to 0 to 2-year-old girl's breast early development. Conclusion Environmental pollution around the family, the mother early menarche, bad eating habits, regular internet users during the mother's pregnancy, feeding with formula feeding or mixed feeding mainly elevated serum estradiol are closely related to 0 to 2 year-old girl's premature thelarche.

Analysis on status of injury among children from 0 to 6 years old in Pudong district of Shanghai, 2011-2012.

LI Xiao-pan, SUN Qiao, YANG Li-ming, HAO Li-peng, YANG Chen, FU Yi-fei.

2014, 22(2):  194-195. 

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Objective To analyze the status of injury and to provide references for developing measures of reducing the incidence of injury in children from 0 to 6 years old in Pudong district of Shanghai. Methods The injured patients from the community health center in 2011-2012 were surveyed with the descriptive analysis.The characteristics of age, gender, injury types and causes of the injured patients were analyzed. Results The reported numbers of injured children was 1 336.Their average age was (3.83±1.61) years and the ratio of boy to girl was 1.73∶1.The top three types of injuries were superficial wound, open wound, and sprain.The top three causes of injuries were fall, cut/stab and blunt injury.The main occurred places of injuries were homes (64.82%).The high-risk sites were upper limb and 74.93% of the injuries occurred in leisure activities. Conclusions The most frequent types of children injuries, especially superficial wound, are happened at home in leisure activities.The intervention for fall-related injuries at home should be a top priority.

Survey on weight and hemoglobin under 5 years children in Anqing area.

CHEN Shi-qing.

2014, 22(2):  196-198. 

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Objective To survey on weight and hemoglobin under 5 years children in Anqing area, and provide reference date for prevention nutritional anemia. Method A total of 1 502 children were measured by weight for age and hemoglobin from 0 to 5 years old. Results The incidence of anemia were 8.20%, 9.29%, 11.16%, 39.53% in Yicheng, Xinhe, Renmin and Changfeng respectively.The incidence of anemia were in low weight for age 72.73%, normalweight for age 13.09%, overweight for age 33.09% and obesity for age 47.83% respectively. Conclusions The anemia in rural area is higher than city.The children of overweight and obese are high-risk groups of nutritional anemia.To control and prevent the prevalence of obesity and overwight is important work in Anqing distract.

Analysis the Nutitional and Health Status of 1 Month infants from Xiamen in 2010-2012.

CHEN Gui-xia, FENG Hui-ling, ZENG Guo-zhang, WU Xing-dong.

2014, 22(2):  199-200. 

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Objective To analyse the status of 1 month infants' nutrition and health during 2010-2012 in Xiamen. Method The physical examination data of 3 241 one month old infants in Xiamen during 2010-2012 were used horizontal analysis. Results The rates of overweight, underweight, obesity, marasmus, growth retardation and developmental retardation of 1 month boy infants were 20.3%, 1.49%, 0.74%, 1.65%, 2.72% and 0.17%, while the girls' were 16.14%, 2.32%, 0.74%, 2.78%, 2.32%, and 0.46% in Xiamen during 2010-2012.Boys' and girls' length, weight and BMI and feeding status were the same among three years. Conclusions There are no significant differences between boys and girls 1 month infants from Xiamen in the nutritional and health status.And some problems, such as mal-nutrition and overweight for 1 month infants, especially marasmus for girls, should be paid more attention in Xiamen.

Correlative study on food IgG specificity and henoch-schonlein purpura in children.

YU Yan-juan, ZHANG Ying-hui.

2014, 22(2):  201-203. 

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Objective To explore the correlation between food IgG specificity and henoch-schonlein purpura (HSP) in children and the correlation between renal injury in henoch-schonlein purpura nephritist (HSPN). Method The levels of IgG against 14 common food were measured by ELISA and the serum total IgG by automatic biochemical analyzer immunoturbidimetry were obtained from 140 children with HSP. Results Total positive rate of serum food-intolerant IgG antibodies in HSP children was 91.43%.Among these 14 intolerant foods, the positive percentage of egg was the highest(30.4%), followed by milk(26.52%), morrhua (12.17%), crab (7.54%) and shrimp(6.08%).The sort of intolerant food differed between different age groups.But significant differences of the food intolerance positive rate did not exist among different age groups.There was no linear correlation between total food intolerance and serum IgG level.The difference of food intolerance between HSP and HSPN were not statistically significant.Food intolerance had no relation to immune complex deposition in kidneys of HSP nephritis. Conclusions HSP is closely related to food intolerance, but it seems that food intolerance has no relation to renal damage.

Study on the risk factors of 336 cases of low birth weight infants in Qingdao.

ZHAN Jun, WEN Zhao-xia, SONG Jin-xia, ZHAN Yan.

2014, 22(2):  204-206. 

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Objective To identify the risk factors of low birth weight infants for the timely prevention of the occurrence of low birth weight infants, improve their quality of life and provide scientific basis. Method The clinical characteristics basic situation of materials, the risk factors of 336 low birth weight infants were analysed by a retrospective case-control method. Results Survey Results showed that preterm birth, pregnancy colds, oligohydramnios, preeclampsia, living in rural and urban and premature rupture of membranes were the risk factors of low birth weight infants, OR values were 368.136, 30.760, 12.074, 10.481, 6.824, 4.681 respectively. Conclusion The incidence of low birth weight infants is combined with a variety of factors.The systematic management of high-risk pregnancy, timely detection and intervention in high-risk factors should be strengthen in order to reduce the incidence of low birth weight infants

Blood lead level and related risk factors of Children in Qingdao.

HU Xiao-yan, WANG Wen-yuan, LI Yu-fen.

2014, 22(2):  207-209. 

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Objective To explore blood lead level and related risk factors of children in Qingdao and provide measure for intervention. Method 1 285 children aged 0~7 years were selected to detect lead level in peripheral blood with tungsten boat atomic absorption spectrometry, and related factors such as family environment and lifestyle habitats were investigated by questionnaire survey. Results The mean lead level of children was 48.79 μg/L with 1.03% of those ≥100 μg/L.The blood lead level in preschool children was higher than scattered children aged 0~3 years and there was significant difference between them(P＜0.01).The investigation indicated that mother's job related to lead, family living in environment near to arterial road and children anorexia were risk factors for higher blood lead level. Conclusions Blood lead level among children aged 0~7 years in Qingdao district is lower than before.Mothers' job, living environment and children's diets are related to higher blood lead level.Health education, regular tests and timely intervention are needed to decrease damage of lead to children.

Eye disease screening analysis of 0~6 years old children.

CHENG Yang-yang, SHENG Xiang-yun, LUO Zhong-wen.

2014, 22(2):  210-212. 

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Objective To investigate eye disease screening of 0 to 6 years old children, explore the screening method to the stages of children and the incidence of eye disease. Methods 17 255 children aged 0~6 years who were born in Hunan Provincal Maternal and Child Health Care Hosptial were examined in the hosptial outpatient service from June 2012 to June 2013.The Methods were external examination, light stimulates reaction, red light reflex, fundus examination, visual assessment, ocular inspection, eye movement assessment and refractive inspection, etc.According to the age the children were divided into four groups and analysed the screening Results respectively. Results Group 1 (1~28) included 7 395 cases of neonatal, subconjunctival hemorrhage in 430 cases, conjunctivitis in 380 cases and obstruction of lacrimal duct in 21 cases;Group 2 (29~6 months) included 5 704 cases of infant, conjunctivitis in 229 cases, obstruction of lacrimal duct in 134 cases, dacryocystitis in 70 cases and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in 34 cases;Group 3 (above 6 months ~3 years old) included 3 811 cases of infant, astigmatism in 1 245 cases, conjunctivitis in 86 cases and trichiasis in 81 cases;Group 4 (above 3~6 years old) included 345 cases of preschooler, astigmatism in 24 cases, concave-sphere abnormal in 21 cases and exotropia in 19 cases. Conclusion Appropriate screening Methods accroding to different age of children for eye diseases screening, early detection of various eye diseases would affect children's visual develpoment and early treatment.

Impacts of biomedical and environmental factors on visual impairment among high-risk infants in Shanghai.

HUANG Jun, LI Yun, ZHANG Ying, CHENG Wen, YAO Wei, ZHANG Yue.

2014, 22(2):  213-215. 

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Objective To identify the risk factors in relating to visual impairment. Methods As to the quantitative research, a total of 812 high-risk 18-month-old infants of Shanghai Minhang district were assessed vision screenings for grasping the current situation of visual impairment, meanwhile 149 without high-risk infants were also taken screenings as the control group.Data of vision screening of the respondents' from Nov.2011 till Dec.2012 had been used. Results The respondents designated as high risk due to biomedical and environmental factors were identified with more visual problems and were detected a trend towards increased risk of emmetropia significantly. Conclusion High-risk infants is one of the cause accounting for visual impairment.

Analysis of monitoring mortality results on children under 5 years old in Shenyang from 2008 to 2012.

ZHANG Xue-jiao, LI Li-li, WANG Si-yu, NI Jia, YANG Liu.

2014, 22(2):  216-217. 

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Objective To obtain the mortality situation and the major death causes among children under 5 years old in Shenyang from 2008 to 2012.and explore the intervention measures. Method The monitoring mortality data of children under 5 years old were analyzed statistically. Results Mortality of children under 5 years old, infant mortality and neonatal mortality had trended down during 2008 to 2012 in Shenyang.The gap between town and countryside in mortality of children under 5 years old was decreased.Preterm and low birth weight, congenital heart disease, other congenital anomalies, birth asphyxia and pneumonia were the major causes of death in children under 5 years old. Conclusion Strengthening health education, preventing preterm, low birth weight and birth defects, improving health care level in countryside, reducing the mortality of infants especially neonates are the key points to reduce the mortality of children under 5 years.

Four mineral element level changes trend and comparison of difference in 918 cases of children of different ages in Baotou.

HE Chun-lei.

2014, 22(2):  218-221. 

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Objective To understand nutrition levels and change trends of zinc(Za), iron(Fe), magnesium(Mg), copper(Cu) in the whole blood of children aged 0~12 in Baotou. Method A total of 918 children aged from 0 to 12 years old for the healthy examination were randomly selected, and statistical analysed using SPSS 16.0 software packages. Results Lack rate of Zn and Fe in 4 age stages were higher.Along with the growth of the age, the content of zinc increased gradually.Iron level as a whole was on the rise, and rised more sharply after 6 years old.Cu and Mg lack of rate were low.Mg level was on the rise along with the age growth.Between 0~6 years old children's copper level change was not obvious and decreased obviously after 6 years old. Conclusions Lack sequence of children in Baotou is as follows:zinc, iron, copper, magnesium.Diagnostic criteria of 4 mineral elements of children should be divided according to age stage.

Discussion on the collaborative screening mode of ophthalmology and neonatal intensive care unit for retinopathy of prematurity.

REN Li, ZHANG Lei, LIU Xiu-xiang.

2014, 22(2):  222-224. 

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Objective To discuss the collaborative screening mode of ophthalmology and neonatal intensive care unit for retinopathy of prematurity. Methods 293 premature infants were examined in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit(NICU) of the Affiliated Hospitai of Binzhou Medical College by doctors of Ophthalmology from March 2011 to September 2012. Result 66.55% of premature infants were completed the screening, the incidence of ROP was 29.23%(57/195), 15.90% of infants were diagnosed with pre-threshold type II, 4.10% of infants were diagnosed with pre-threshold type I or the threshold of ROP. Conclusion The collaborative screening mode of ophthalmology and neonatal intensive care unit for retinopathy of prematurity could favor early detection, regularly followed up and timely treatment of ROP under the premise of effective guardianship of the physical condition of premature children.