Table of Content

10 September 2014, Volume 22 Issue 9

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Basic method to revise "China Developmental Scale for Children"

JIN Chun-hua, ZHANG Yue, LI Na, ZHANG Li-li, LI Rui-li, WANG Jian-hong, WANG Xiao-yan, WANG He-ru, GAO Hai-tao, SONG Wen-hong, CHEN Bo-wen

2014, 22(9):  899-901.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-02

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Objective To revise "China Developmental Scale for Children" developed by Capital Institute of Pediatrics in 1984.Supplement and perfect the test item and tools to formed the initial scale and standardize the sampling population in Beijing area. Methods Based on the children's neurological cognitive development theory and literature analysis to determine the basic revision method of the scale,the scope of the scale was extended from 0~4 years old to 0~6 years old.The primary database based on a longitudinal observation of 7 children behavior development was set up and justified through clinical verification test.The remaining items were filtered by item test.External expert determined whether adopt the changes.The initial scale was standardization in the sampling population among Beijing area. Results Among 177 original testing item,131 (74.0%) was kept,38 (21.5%) was revised and 8 (4.5%) was discarded.241 of 439 new testing items were kept after clinical verification test and only 87 items remained after item test.Among the remained items,52 were for 4 years old or less and 40 items were extend to 6 years old.The final initial scale contained 261 items. Conclusion The initial scale increase measurement information and with content validity,update check tool novel,it is more suitable for children.

A diffusion tensor imaging studying in children with autism

ZHANG Li-li, ZHU Zong-ming, ZHANG Feng, TANG Qun-feng, LIU Yi-mei, JIANG Xin-yu

2014, 22(9):  902-905.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-03

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Objective To analyze the changes of white matter fiber in child with autism. Methods Diffusion tensor imaging(DTI) data were obtained from 37 autistic children and 16 age-,sex- matched normal controls.Developmental quotient(DQ),Childhood Autism Rating Scale(CARS),Autism Behavior Checklist(ABC)were also examined.The correlation coefficients between fractional anisotropy(FA)in cerebral tissues and DQ,CARS,ABC scores in autistic children were calculated. Results The results showed that there were no significant differences in FA between the autism group and control group(P>0.05).In the autistic group,the FA values in the left frontal gyrus were correlated with the scores of DQ and CARS(P<0.05). Conclusions White matter damage of frontal lobe may play an important role in histopathologic changes associated with autism.

Status and influence factors of pre-school children's emotional and behavioral problems in rural areas of Shandong province

YU Yuan-hao, XU Ling-zhong, GAI Ruo-yan, CUI Yi-meng, YANG Ping, LI Jun

2014, 22(9):  906-909.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-04

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Objective To explore the status and influence factors of rural left-behind children aged 3 to 6 years in Shandong province for prevention strategies and suitable measures. Methods A total of 735 children aged 3 to 6 were selected as the subjects with random cluster sampling method from 8 kindergartens of two towns in Changqing and Gaotang,Shandong province.Children were investigated in a self-designed questionnaire of children's condition and Children Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire(edition of parents,SDQ). Results The prevalence of difficulty of left-behind children was 16.5%,higher than the prevalence of difficulty of non-left-behind children which was 14.3%.There were significant differences in the behavioral problem and hyperactivity problem of SDQ between left-behind children and non-left-behind children(P all <0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that the lighter psychological burden feeling of caregivers on educating the left-behind children(OR=0.652,95%CI=0.463~0.919) and caregivers pay attention to cultivating the-left-behind children's living habits(OR=0.676,95%CI=0.478~0.955) were influencing factors. Conclusion Left behind phenomenon could have a certain impact on emotion and behavior of the left-behind children and more attention should be paid to keep their mental health.

Analysis of influencing factors on child health care service aged 0 to 6 years old in Huining county of Gansu province

GU Li-jin, LUO Rong, JIN Xi, WANG Kun, HU Wen-ling, DU Li-yan

2014, 22(9):  910-913.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-05

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Objective To understand the current situation of child health care service aged 0 to 6 years old in poor families in Huining county of Gansu province,to find the influencing factors about the utilization of health care service for these children,and to provide basis for improving their health level. Methods A total of 533 caretakers were randomly selected in six villages and towns from Huining county of Gansu province and surveyed with questionnaire and among them partly with focus group discussion to gain basic situation of families and children as well as the information of child health care service. Results The coverage of child care service aged 0 to 6 years old of poor families in Huining county was only 75.4%,the main influencing factors on the coverage of child care service were education level of caretakers,average annual family income per person,whether to accept the neonatal follow-up,and whether to accept health education. Conclusion The coverage of child care serviceaged 0 to 6 years old of poor families in Huining county has yet to be improved.Economic factors,health knowledge of caretaker and health care consciousness are important influencing factors on whether children in poor families accept health care service.

Comparative study of clinical profiles and co-morbidities between children with ADHD and sub-clinical ADHD

CEN Chao-qun, LIANG Ya-yong, DENG Hong-zhu, TANG Chun, ZOU Xiao-bing

2014, 22(9):  914-917.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-06

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Objective To study the clinical profiles and co-morbidities of children with sub-clinical attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to explore the necessity of intervention to these children. Methods 101 children with sub-clinical ADHD and 131 children with ADHD were examined by the China-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children(C-WISC)and Vanderbilt ADHD Assessment Scale,the outcomes were analyzed and compared with those from normal children. Results The average verbal intelligence quotient(VIQ),performance intelligence quotient(PIQ)and full intelligence quotient(FIQ) of ADHD group were 93.40±14.74,92.70±13.93 and 92.46±14.21 respectively;The average VIQ,PIQ and FIQ of sub-clinical ADHD group were 97.03±12.28,95.44±11.97 and 95.97±10.78 respectively.There were no statistically significant differences between these two group in VIQ,PIQ and FIQ(P＞0.01).The average scores of ADHD group,sub-clinical group and normal children group on attention deficit factor were 2.06±1.57,1.57±0.39 and 0.91±0.51 respectively,and those in hyperactivity and impulsion factor were 1.75±0.59,1.23±0.51 and 0.68±0.48 respectively.There were statistically significant difference between these three group in both attention deficit factor and hyperactivity and compulsion factor(P＜0.01).The average score of these three groups on function were 2.90±0.60,2.65±0.54 and 2.06±0.51 respectively.There was also statistically significant difference between these three group in score on function(P＜0.01).There was no statistically significant difference among ADHD group and sub-clinical group in distribution of common co-morbidities(P＞0.01). Conclusion Although sub-clinical ADHD children don't meet full of the ADHD criteria,it is still necessarily for them to have appropriate intervention and screening of common co-morbidities.

Effects of maternal-child communication time on cognitive development in infants and toddlers

ZHANG Li, XU Xiao-juan, ZHU Ting, LV Cheng-qin, YU Jian-juan, SHI Xiao-li, YUE Hong-ni, JIANG Fan, JIANG Yan-rui, SUN Wan-qi, WANG Yan, SONG Yuan-jin, ZHU Qi, ZHANG Yi-wen

2014, 22(9):  918-920.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-07

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Objective To explore the effects of maternal-child communication time on cognitive development in infants and toddlers. Methods One urban hospital as well as one rural hospital in Jiangsu provinces were randomly selected.A total of 140 infants and toddlers aged 2~30 months were recruited.Parents were asked to fill out the Shanghai Children's Medical Center Socio-Demographic Questionnaire (SCMC-SDQ).The Bayley Scales of Infant Development I (BSID-I) was conducted to each participated child. Results The mean age of infants was (12.52±7.94) months,boys accounted for 52.9% (74/140),urban infants accounted for 74.6% (103/140).The mean MDI and PDI score were 104.16±13.036 and 103.34±11.431 respectively.There was no statistic difference of MDI between urban and rural children (103.27±13.81 vs 106.20±9.95,F=3.36,P=0.250).The mean PDI score of urban and rural children were 101.92±12.01 and 106.51±8.09 respectively,urban's were lower than rural's (F=7.31,P=0.013).There was association between father's education level and children's MDI score.Location,parent's education level and family structure were not related to maternal-child communication time.More maternal-child communication time,the MDI score was more high (F=3.28,P=0.023),and even after control the factors of child age,sex and father's education in the model of multiple linear regression,it was also the main factor. Conclusion Maternal-child communication time are significantly related with cognitive development in infants and toddlers.

Exploration the of early screening pattern on autism spectrum disorders in children's health care system

WANG Yan-juan, WANG Wen-rong, YAN Dong-mei, PAN Jing

2014, 22(9):  921-924.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-08

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Objective To know the prevalence of the autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in one city,find effective pattern of early screening,realizing early finding and early treating. Methods Across sectional study was conducted with 2 090 children aged from 1.5 to 3.0 years old by stratified cluster sampling.Frequentative step-by-step screening was carried out,CHAT-23 and Clancy Autism Behavior Rating Scale (CABRS) were used as first screening tool,The suspicious were diagnosed by child psychiatrist with DSM-V.After half a year,screening and evaluing all children again. Results In the first step screening,448 children were doubtful,and positive rate was 21.44%,then during the next screening finding that 4 children were missed,2 children were misdiagnosed.The prevalence rate of ASD was 1.24%. Conclusion The prevalence rate of autism spectrum disorders in one city is close to that reported on abroad with the diagnostic criteria of DSM-V,while is much higher than that in other regions in China.That points out that the CHAT-23 and CABRS carrying screening is feasible,and the times and step-by-step screening mode should be popularized during the children's health care system,because that may find early patient effectively and decrease missed diagnosis.

Study on the relationship between leisure activities and life satisfaction of 5~6 grades pupils in rural area of China

HU Bing-zheng

2014, 22(9):  925-928.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-09

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Objective To explore the relationship between leisure activities and life satisfaction of 5~6 grades pupils in rural area of China. Methods A stratified random sample of 250 pupils from three rural schools of Henan province completed the investigations of multidimensional life satisfaction scale,leisure participant scale and basic circumstance questionnaire. Results More than half of the pupils participated in most of the leisure activities only once a month or less.There were some significant differences in leisure participant of rural pupils in respect to sex and grade (P<0.05),but no any significant difference in respect to left-behind experience (P>0.05).Eight leisure activities including participating in interest group,extracurricular learning and some others,could significantly predict life satisfaction,and that mainly predicted the satisfaction of friendship and achievement. Conclusion Participating in leisure activities properly will play a positive role on pupils' life satisfaction in rural areas.

Analysis of clinical brain imaging data of 368 cases with autism children

LI Yong-mei, LIANG Ya-yong, ZOU Xiao-bing

2014, 22(9):  929-932.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-10

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Objective To explore the characteristics of brain imaging in autism. Methods Structural and functional brain imaging of 368 children with autism were analyzed retrospectively. Results The abnormality rate of MRI(35.5%,55/155) was higher than that of CT(12.7%,26/205),the main abnormal positions were the cerebral cortex,white matter,cerebellum,basal ganglia and the ventricular system in autistic brain.There were SPECT,fMRI,MRS,DTI for functional brain imaging,SPECT was the more commonly used.31 cases of SPECT showed that the cerebral blood flow perfusion was changed locally in all children,the regional cerebral blood flow was reduced in 26 cases,the incidence rate was 83.9%,mainly in the frontal lobe,temporal lobe,parietal lobe and hippocampus.The parts of regional cerebral blood flow perfusion increased were all in the basal ganglia region. Conclusions The occurrence of autism is closely related to the changes of structure or function of multiple part of brain.Functional brain imaging is more sensitive than structural imaging on autism pathogenesis studies,which is considered worthy of application and further study.

Music effects on blood pressure and the risk of adverse cardiovascular events of developmental stages of rats

HAN Bing-juan, ZOU Hui, HAN Bing-chao, JIANG Yue-hua

2014, 22(9):  933-935.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-11

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Objective To observe the early continued exposure to music environment on blood pressure and the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events of rats in adulthood. Methods 20 male SD rats was exposed to music (Mozart 《G minor Symphony No.fortieth》) in 24h after birth,the same age SD rats as control group,keeping the same conditions but without music.In 5~8 weeks,blood pressure was monitored by noninvasive method daily.Afer 8 weeks,rats were sacrificed,aortic endothelial morphology was observed by scanning electron microscope and angiotensin II (Ang II),C reactive protein (CRP),plasminogen activator inhibitor -1 (PAI-1),plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in serum was determined by ELISA. Results The rats of music group and control had no significant differences in weight and heart rate.Systolic and mean arterial pressure decreased in rats of music group,but without statistical significance.The aortic endothelial morphology of rats of music group was better,with no fiber attachment;that of control group was also normal,but some of the cell connection was missing,and with more endometrial attachment.The serum CRP,PAI-1 of rats of music group decreased significantly (P<0.05).Ang Ⅱ,BNP had a decreasing tendency,but no significant differences were found between the two groups. Conclusion The early continuous exposure to music environment demonstrated beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system in developing rats.The decreasement of blood pressure of adult rats is not very significant,but its propensity of occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events had been greatly reduced.

Effect of early balance beam exercise on psychological behavior of neonatal rats

LEI Lei, FANG Feng, DONG Jia-qiang, JIANG Jin-jin

2014, 22(9):  936-937.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-12

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Objective To observe the balance beam exercise on psychological behavior of neonatal rats. Methods A total of 32 newborn rats were randomly divided into control group (n=16) and exercise group (n=16).The neonatal rats of the exercise group were trained by balancing for four weeks.And the rats of 36~37 day-old underwent a psychological behavior measurement by animal behaviour platform (open-field test). Results 1) The time of acting in the central area of exercise group [(1.441±0.946) min] was shorter than that of control group [(2.237±0.724) min,t=2.673,P<0.05].2)The distance of acting in the central area of exercise group [(326.633±106.218) cm] was less than that of control group [(427.116±102.185) cm,t=2.727,P<0.05].3) The time of acting in the surrounding area of exercise group [(8.559±0.946) min] was longer than that of control group [(7.735±0.721) min,t=3.226,P<0.01].4)The distance of acting in the surrounding area of exercise group [(1 208.667±176.794) cm] was longer than that of control group [(1 062.900±118.085) cm,t=2.721,P<0.05]. Conclusions Early balance beam exercise increase rats' cognitive ability and emotional stability in the new environment.

Effects of different prenatal vibration stress on spatial learning and memory in rats

ZHAO Ping, YANG Liu, CHEN Chao, ZENG Xiao-wen, ZHANG Ling, XIAN Dan-xia, JIN Yu

2014, 22(9):  938-942.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-13

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Objective To explore the effects of prenatal vibration stress in different gestational time points on the spatial learning and memory in rats. Methods The Sprague-Dawley (SD) pregnant rats were vibrated strong and weak alternately in 1~7 d,8~14 d,15~21 d of gestation period,and the offspring was tested in Barnes maze to identify their spatial learning and memory,the difference of each group then compared. Results Learning process:1)The journey of exploration:It was higher than control group during early pregnancy group was in 4 d,during middle pregnancy group in 1d and during late pregnancy group in 1d;It was lower than control group during late pregnancy group in 2 and 3 d (P＜0.05);2)The average speed of exploration:It was lower than control group during early pregnancy group in 2 d,during middle pregnancy group in 1 d and 2 d,during late pregnancy group in 1,2,3,7,8 d (P＜0.05);3)The time of exploring errors holes:It was higher than control group during early pregnancy group in 1,2,4,7,8 d,during middle pregnancy group in 3,4,5,8d;It was lower than control group during late pregnancy group in 2,6 d (P＜0.05);4)The latency of exploring target hole:It was higher than control group during middle pregnancy group in 5 d (P＜0.05).Memory process:The time of exploring errors holes was higher during early pregnancy group(Mann-Whitney U=43.00,P=0.000);The journey of exploration (Mann-Whitney U=150.00),the average speed of exploring (Mann-Whitney U=150.00) and the time of exploring errors holes (Mann-Whitney U=164.50) were lower during late pregnancy group(P<0.05 or <0.01). Conclusion The vibration stress in early pregnancy group may damage the spatial learning and memory ability,and it may promote the spatial learning and memory ability in the late pregnancy group; but the vibration stress in mid pregnancy group only damage the spatial learning ability.

Research of social functional status in different ADHD subtypes children

ZHAO Qian-lei, JIN Jing-jing, LI Si-si, LU Hai-yan, LI Wei, LIN Zhong-dong

2014, 22(9):  958-960.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-19

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Objective To study the characteristics of social functional status in different attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subtypes children. Methods Social function of ADHD children was evaluated by Weiss functional impairment rating scale-parent report(WFIRS-P),social function of ADHD group was compared with normal children group,and then the differences of social functional impairment were analyzed in different ADHD subtypes. Results ADHD children had deficits in 6 dimensions of social function including family,school,life skills,child's self-concept,social activities,risky activities.There was significant difference between ADHD group and normal group(P<0.001).The 6 dimensions of social functional impairment in ADHD-C group were more serious than that in ADHD-I group and ADHD-HI group.There was significant difference in dimension of family between ADHD-I group and ADHD-HI group(P=0.001),but no significant difference was found in other 5 dimensions(P>0.05). Conclusions ADHD children have impairment in social function,and there is different social functional impairment in different ADHD subtypes.

Research on the subjective living-quality and the social adaptive behavior in children with Tourette syndrome

YANG Xue, ZHANG Ling, YU Bin

2014, 22(9):  961-963.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-20

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Objective To analysis the subjective living-quality and the social adaptive behavior in children with Tourette syndrome (TS) and to provide guidance for clinical treatment. Methods The subjective living-quality and the social adaptive behavior of 112 TS children (≥8 years old) were measured by means of Inventory of Subjective Life Quality (ISLQ),Children Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Social of Adaptive Behavior (SAB) scales. Results The 7 aspect scores of ISLQ (in fact,7 aspects of them) in TS children were lower than those in control group (P＜0.01).The scores of behavior problems in TS children was higher than that in control group (P＜0.05).The ADQ in TS children was lower than that in control group (P＜0.05).Particularly the cognitive function and social /self direction were lower than those in control group(P＜0.001). Conclusions There are many problems in TS children' subjective living-quality and social adaptive behavior.Appropriate intervention should be given timely to promote the psycho-behavioral rehabilitation of TS children.

Distribution features of SNAP-Ⅳ scores in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

ZHANG Jun, ZHANG Wei, GAO Ping, WEN Fei-qiu

2014, 22(9):  963-966.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-21

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Objective To promote application of SNAP-Ⅳ scale in diagnosing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and evaluating the effectiveness of treatment ADHD. Methods Sex compositions,age groups and SNAP-Ⅳ scores were evaluated in 205 children with ADHD (93 ADHD-I,33 ADHD-HI and 79 ADHD-C) who met the 4th edition of Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental disorder criteria(DSM-Ⅳ). Results The inattention scores and hyperactivity scores of SNAP-Ⅳ with the ADHD children were normal distribution.Mean value of inattention scores was 2.09±0.33,mean value of hyperactivity scores was 1.99±0.34.when the inattention score of SNAP-Ⅳ was more than 1.54,or the hyperactivity score was more than 1.43,it will perhaps meet with ADHD. Conculsion SNAP-Ⅳ Scale is an important tool of diagnosing ADHD and evaluating the effectiveness of treatment ADHD.

Blood zinc level and activity of T lymphocyte in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

DONG Jian-hong, XU Li-li, LI Sheng-jun, ZHANG Li-qin

2014, 22(9):  967-968.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-22

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Objective To study the blood zinc level and activity of T lymphocyte in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),and to promote the therapy of ADHD. Methods Blood zinc levels of 60 ADHD patients and 50 healthy controls were detected by atomic absorption spectrometry,at the same time,the T lymphocyte subsets of CD3⁺,CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ in peripheral blood of the two groups were measured by flow cytometer. Results The blood zinc level was lower in ADHD children [(73.24±9.89) μmol/L] than that in health controls [(82.51±7.81) μmol/L,t=5.373,P<0.01].Levels of CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T lymphocyte subsets in ADHD group[(57.9±5.0)%,(26.8±3.9)%,1.059±0.234],had significantly depressed,as compared with those of healthy controls[(68.2±4.9)%,(36.5±4.7)%,1.432±0.279,t=10.84,11.85,7.63,P<0.01].Level of CD8⁺ had no difference between the two groups.Correlation analysis showed that the blood zinc level was positively correlated with level of CD4⁺ and CD3⁺ T lymphocyte (r=0.577,0.411,P<0.01). Conclusion The blood zinc level decreased significantly,the balance of T lymphocyte subsets was disorder,and the decrease of CD4⁺ T lymphocyte was the most evident in ADHD children.Addition of zinc can make for the therapy of ADHD.

Influences of imaginary companions on the 5~6 years old children's sharing behavior

ZHONG Yun-hui, TANG Hong

2014, 22(9):  969-971.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-23

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Objective To explore the influences of imaginary companions on the 5~6 years old children's sharing behavior. Methods A total of 56 children aged 5~6 years old were selected randomly.The "double-interview process" method was used to determine the children who had the psychological phenomenon called imaginary companions.Then all the children were given two tasks,to test their developing level of sharing behavior. Results There were 23 of the total with imaginary companions.There was no significant difference on the age and gender between the children with and without imaginary companions.The children of 6 years old performed much better in the task of "occasionally gained things" sharing than 5 years old children(χ²=18.3,P＜0.01),no obvious difference was found in the task of "own possessive thing".The children who had imaginary companions performed much better in the both tasks. Conclusion Imaginary companions may be one of the important factors which can improve the children's sharing behavior.

A systematic literature review of child maltreatment in China

XU Tao, JIAO Fu-yong, PAN Jian-ping, CHEN Jing-qi, HUANG Xiao-yan, LIU Wen-Li, GONG Li-min, WANG Hui-shan

2014, 22(9):  972-975.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-24

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Objective To recognize the epidemiology situation of child maltreatment among 0~17 year-old children in China,and provide advices and potential solutions for child maltreatment prevention policies. Methods Domestic and internatiaonl literatures about child maltreatment from 1992 to 2012 were searched to collect comprehensive valuable and representative data in China.Evaluation tools were developed according to GRADE method to assess the quality and content of the literatures. Results 84 related literatures were screened out.11 focusd on physical abuse,3 focused on emotional abuse,15 focused on sex abuse and 12 focusd on neglect.The others reported different kinds of abuse at the same time.1)Physical abuse:Incidences of physical abuse were 41.2% to 67.3% in urban areas and 32.4% to 39.4% in rural areas.Measuring instruments of physical abuse used in different studies were inconsistent.2)Emotional abuse:Since there was no unified measurement of emotional abuse,results showed variety of emotional abuse incidences (10.6%-67.1%).3)Sexual abuse:Most researches focusd on sexual abuse before 16 years old used a retrospective survey method.The incidences of sexual abuse were around 10.2% to 23.0% among boys,and around 14.2% to 25.5% among girls.4)Neglect:Chinese researchers had already developed a set of urban and rural applicably Chinese Neglect Scales for different age groups since 1999.The neglect incidences were 22.4% to 32.8% among 3~17 year-old urban children,and 53.7% to 54.9% among 0~6 year-old rural children; incidence of neglect among rural children age 6 and older was not available so far. Conclusion The issue of child maltreatment in China can not be neglected.Research on definition of child maltreatment,survey instruments,and the national level epidemiology are needed.

Analysis of speech treatment effect in children with functional articulation disorder combined with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

LV Zi-yuan, LI Feng, GAO Nan

2014, 22(9):  976-978.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-25

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Objective To compare the efficacy of speech therapy in children with functional articulation disorder (FAD) with or without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods A total of 110 children diagnosed with FAD were selected as research objects from department of Speech Therapy,the first affiliated hospital,Zhengzhou university.According to whether fulfilled ADHD criteria of DSM-Ⅳ,the children were further divided into 3 subtypes:predominantly inattentive(I,18 cases),predominantly hyperactive-impulsive (HI,12 cases) and combined type (C,22 cases).Then the FAD-I group,the FAD-HI group,the FAD-C group and the non-ADHD group were given the same speech therapy.At last the phonetic intelligibility (PI) of the four groups was compared before and after speech therapy to explore the impact of ADHD on the effect of speech therapy. Results Before speech treatment,there was no statistical significance in differences of PI between groups (F=1.046,P=0.375).After speech treatment,there was a statistical significance in differences of PI between groups (F=73.726,P<0.001).The results of Q test indicated that the PI of the FAD-I group and the FAD-C group were lower than the non-ADHD group,the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05); There was no statistical significance between the differences of the FAD-HI group and the FAD group (P>0.05).The PI of the FAD-HI group was lower than the FAD-I group and the FAD-C group,the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The I and C subtype of ADHD may lower the speech therapy effect of the FAD patients obviously,but the HI subtype is not so obvious.Maybe when implementing the speech therapy,it also needs to take relevant treatment for ADHD at the same time.

Effects of short term structural play therapy on the academic self-efficacy for 12 years old children with test-anxiety

LAI Xue-fang, ZHANG Xiao-lei, ZHANG Li-bin, HUANG Gang

2014, 22(9):  979-981.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-26

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Objective To check and evaluate the effect of short term play therapy on the academic self-efficacy of children with test-anxiety. Methods A total of 16 children aged 12 years old with test-anxiety was separated into experiment group (n=8) and control group (n=8) randomly.The structural play therapy,as the intervention,was applied to the experiment group once a week to each case for 50 minutes each time and 12 times in total.The intervention effects were evaluated by questionnaire of Test Anxiety Questionnaire (TAQ) and Academic Self-efficacy Questionnaire (ASQ) at pretreatment and post-treatment.Effects of the structural play therapy were studied by the data of the results. Results Before the intervention,there were no significant differences between the two groups' scores of TAQ and ASQ.The experiment group,after 12 structural play therapy,the scores of the test-anxiety were lower than pretreatment (P=0.002),and lower than the control group (P=0.025).The total scores of ASQ and the scores of the satisfaction of academic capability part had significantly differences between both before and after interventions' experiment group (P all <0.01),also between the experiment group and the control group(P all <0.05). Conclusion The structural play therapy can obviously relieve the test-anxiety emotion of the children with test-anxiety and improve their academic self-efficacy.So the structural play therapy can be used as one of the effective method for the treatment of children with test-anxiety.

Investigation on language development among 16~24 months old children of Chengdu

NIE Jing, MENG Xian, RAN Yu-chen, WANG Hong

2014, 22(9):  982-984.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-27

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Objective To identify the language development among 16~24 months old children in Chengdu. Methods The survey was conducted in the cluster sample of 1 063 children aged 16~24 months which were randomly selected from 12 community health service centres of 6 subdistricts of Chengdu.Early Language Milestone Scale(Shanghai version) were used in the investigation.Excel 3.1 and the SPSS 18.0 were used for data recording and analysis. Result 1)137 children were found with significant language development delay,the rate was 12.89%.2)Girls had significantly better performance than boys on both the expressive language and the receptive language.3)Children's language developed with age increased,visual related language stopped developing on 18 months,auditory related language had a steady growth,while expressive language developed faster on 18 months. Conclusion More attention should be paid to the children's language development in Chengdu,comprehensive ability is an important point of children's language development.

Investigation of early childhood education and care for infants and toddlers in Xuhui district,Shanghai

ZHANG Qi, WU Jun-qing, ZHOU Ying, ZHAO Rui, JI Hong-lei, LI Yu-yan

2014, 22(9):  985-987.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-28

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Objective To provide reference for the early childhood education and development related work in the future by investigating the status of parent cognitive level of early childhood education and care (ECEC). Methods Totally 586 parents of infants born from March 1st 2010 to March 1st 2013 were cluster sampled as subjects from Changqiao,Kangjian and Tianping Street in Xuhui district,Shanghai.The data were collected by designed questionnaire on parents' knowledge,attitudes and behaviors by trained investigators and the related factors were explored by univariate and multivariate analysis. Results The mean ECEC score was 63.7±12.9.After multivariate logistic regression analysis,the parenting score could reach a higher level with the improved maternal education level (OR=1.66,95%CI:1.35`2.04)and with higher family income(OR=1.28,95%CI:1.02~1.61).Compared to less than 1 year old infants,the older infants' parenting scores were higher.The passing proportion was higher in the families spending more time with babies contrasting to the parents whose spare time busy with work (OR=1.96,95%CI:1.20~3.21). Conclusions As eligible parents they should improve their parenting knowledge and behavior awareness for the healthy growth and development of their children.

Effect of family environment and family function on asthma control in children

XU Wen-lin, WANG Ai-min, ZHANG Nan, YANG Fu-guo, FU Wei, LOU Lin

2014, 22(9):  988-990.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-29

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Objective To investigate the effect of family factors on asthma control in children. Methods Questionnaire surveys were conducted among 120 asthmatic children between 4~11 years old and their parents by using Family Assessment Device (FAD),Family Environment Scale (FES-CV) and Childhood Asthma Control Questionnaire Test (C-ACT).All the children were divided into three groups according to C-ACT scores:completely controlled group (≥23 points) in 29 cases,partly controlled group (20 to 22 points) 31 cases and uncontrolled group (≤19 points) in 60 cases. Results Besides the achievement orientation,the rest of aspects were significantly different among the three groups.The expressiveness,active recreation orientation in the uncontrolled group were significant lower than those in the partly controlled group and the completely controlled group (separately 4.72±1.32 vs 6.1±1.11 vs 6.97±1.12,5.29±2.10 vs 6.52±1.86 vs 6.52±1.86),but the conflict and control in the uncontrolled group were at high level(P<0.05).The family function of the controlled groups was better than the uncontrolled group.Multiple liner regression analyses showed that the factors of expressiveness,recreational orientation and control of FES-CV scale and the affective involvement and the behavior contro1 of the FAD scale were important factors for asthma control. Conclusion The factors of family environment and family function have significant effects on the asthma control.

Comparison of fluoride foam and fluor protector on primary incisor enamel protective effect in vitro

ZHAO Zeng-bo, DONG Fu-sheng, MA Zhe

2014, 22(9):  991-993.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-30

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Objective To investigate the protective effect from fluoride foam and fluor protector on primary teeth enamel demineralization. Methods Sixty intact mandible primary insicors were divided into A/B/C group according to treatment on fixed enamel surface by different reagents.Group A :fluoride foam,Group B:fluoride protector and Group C:deionized water.The specimens were put in saturated acid buffer demineralizationfor 72 hours,experiment enamel surface was observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) to assess microscopic change,then the quantity of calcium in part saturated acid buffer demineralization was detected by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and analyzed statistically. Results In light of Ca²⁺ in saturated acid buffer demineralization,there were significant differences between A/C group and B/C group,and between A/B group (P<0.05).SEM observation of enamel surface showed that demineralization of C group was more obviously than A and B group,in which mineral compound could be detected. Conclusions Fluoride foam and fluor protector can both improve the resistance to acid of the primary teeth enamel and promote mineralization process.Fluoride protectorplays a stronger role than fluoride foam in protecting primary teeth.

Study of influential factors of children's learning difficulties in Kunshan

HAN Xia, FENG Pei, CHEN Yi-jun, CHEN Cui, YU Qian

2014, 22(9):  994-996.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-31

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Objective To analyze the influential factors of children's learning difficulties in Kunshan,and to provide some effective basis for improving children's learning ability. Methods A total of 5 132 children during 6~12 years old in Kunshan city were selected through cluster sampling method.They or their teachers or parents were surveyed about learning difficulties and the influencing factors. Results The incidence of children's learning difficulties was 16.29% in Kunshan.Multiariable Logistic regression analysis found that:the risk of children's learning difficulties decreased along with the increasing of age,and the odds ratio (OR)(95%CI) was 0.82(0.75~0.89);when compared with boys,the adjusted OR(95%CI) was 0.56(0.42~0.76) for girls;when compared with the primary caregivers for mother,primary caregivers for grandparents could increase the risk of children's learning difficulties,and the OR(95%CI) was 1.73(1.23~2.43);when compared with the way of democracy,protection of parenting could increase the risk of children's learning difficulties,and the OR(95%CI) was 1.65(1.12~2.41);when compared with the family harmony,constantly bickering family could increase the risk of children's learning difficulty,and the OR(95%CI) was 2.59(1.07~6.25). Conclusion The incidence of children's learning difficulties in Kunshan is high,and family,school should all focus on the improving of children's learning difficulties.

Analysis of behavioral problems and related factors of sensory integration dysfunction

FANG Lin, LIANG Hui-yi, ZOU Xiao-yan, ZOU Xiang-lian

2014, 22(9):  997-998.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-32

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Objective To explore the behavioral problems and related factors of sensory integration dysfunction,and to provide scientific basis for improving children's health level. Methods Sensory integration dysfunction and behavioral problems of 210 children aged 6~10 years old were evaluated,and the sensory integration related factors were investigated with self-made questionnaire. Results Behavior problems of sensory integration dysfunction children such as learning problems,psychosomatic disorder,impulse and restlessness,anxiety,hyperactivity index significantly were significantly higher than those of normal children(P<0.05 or <0.01),sensory integration ability scores with most behaivor problem scores were negatively correlated (P<0.05 or <0.01).Cesarean section,the elderly or nanny to take care of children raised the risk of sensory integration dysfunction,and term birth could reduce the risk of sensory integration dysfunction. Conclusions There are close relationship between sensory integration dysfunction and behavioral problems,breeding and parenting patterns are the influence factors of sensory integration dysfunction.Comprehensive measures should be taken to sensory integration dysfunction in children and promote the development of children's physical and mental health.

Effect of electroencephalogram biofeedback on children with different subtype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

DU Wen-ran, CUI Li-hua, PANG Shu-lan, WANG Ping, ZHANG Jie, QI Hao, YAN Guo-juan

2014, 22(9):  999-1001.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-33

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Objective To study the effect of electroencephalogram (EEG) biofeedback treatment on children with different subtype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD). Methods A total of 54 children with different subtype of ADHD participated in a self-controlled clinical trial.Every group was followed up for 6 months after treatment.SNAP-Ⅳ Rating Scale was used to assess the efficacy. Results SNAP-Ⅳscore of children with different subtype of ADHD had significantly reduced after treatment until 6 months(P<0.01).The score differences of DHD-IT and ADHD-CT were significantly higher than that of ADHD-HT,the effective rate of three groups respectively was 84.21%,60.87%,41.67% at the end of the treatment.There were statistically significant difference in effective rate in the three groups (χ²=6.111,P=0.047).The score difference of ADHD-CT was significantly higher than that of ADHD-HT at the end of 3 months(P<0.01).But there were not statistically significant differences in effective rate and remission rate in the three groups at the end of 3 months and 6 months(P>0.05). Conclusion EEG biofeedback training has different effects on different subtype of ADHD.The different treatment methods should be chosen by different subtype of ADHD in clinical treatment.

Effect of auditory integration training on autistic children

XIE Jin-na, XING Yu-han, JI Yong-juan, XIA Ying, KUANG Gui-fang

2014, 22(9):  1002-1004.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-34

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Objective To explore the effect of auditory integration training(AIT) on autistic children. Methods 47 autistic children with AIT (intervention group) and 39 autistic children without any treat (control group) were investigated respectively with Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) and Self-prepared Questionnaire(SPQ) before and after 6 month treatment. Results 1)Compared with the scores before AIT,the AIT group significantly improved or decreased in total score,perception,communication,somatic movement,verbal and self-care in ABC respectively while the control group only increased or decreased in perception of ABC (P<0.05).When compared with the control group,it also showed a better changing trend in perception,self-care and total of ABC in AIT group(P<0.05).2) In the scores of SPQ,AIT group had increased in verbal,communication,perception,behavior and emotion (P<0.05),compared with those of before intervention.There was no significant deference in control group.Compared with control group,the AIT group increased in silence,communication difficulties and inattention in SPQ. Conclusion The treatment of AIT is effective for the autistic children.

Effect of infants' attachment intervention in home visits for migrant family

SHANG Rui-xian, WANG Zheng-yan, CHI Zhao-yan, CHEN Wen-feng

2014, 22(9):  1005-1008.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-09-35

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Objective To conducte the intervention to enhance the attachment security of the migrant infants by improving maternal caring behaviors. Methods 20 migrant mother-infant dyads participated in the study.Within a random assignment design,experimental group was compared to no-treatment control group.Before the intervention,both groups participated in the strange situation procedure and home observations.The experimental group experienced a 6-week intervention,one time per week but the control group did not.After the intervention,both groups participated in home observations which were used to assess mother caring behaviors and children's attachment security. Results 1) No difference existed in mother caring behaviors between the two groups in the pre-test.However,compared with the control group,the experimental group improved mother caring behaviors in the post-test.There was no difference in mother caring behaviors of the control group between the pre-and post-test.The post-test score of the experimental group in mother caring behaviors was higher than the score in the pre-test.2)There was no difference in migrant infant security classification between the two groups in the pre-test; however,compared with the control group,the experimental group enhanced attachment security in the post-test.The differences of the scores were significant in the following scales:smooth interactions with mother,proximity to mother,physical contact with mother between the control group and the experimental group in the post-test.There was no significant difference in the score of the scale of interactions with other adults between the two groups in the post-test. Conclusion The current intervention has effects on improving migrant mother's caring behaviors and enhancing migrant children's attachment security.