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    10 February 2018, Volume 26 Issue 2
    Common comorbidities in neurological disease and principles of diagnosis and treatment
    YANG Lin
    2018, 26(2):  120-122.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-02
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    Children's neurological diseases are often associated with an elevated risk of one or more behavioral problems (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,tic disorder,sleep disorder).Therefore,medical staff should not only pay attention to the differential diagnosis,but also focus more on comorbid disorders.In this process,the clinical thinking should be changed from biomedical model to bio-psycho-social model,in order to obtain healthy physical and mental development,and to reduce the burden of family and society.
    Prevalence of suspected developmental delay in fine motor and its correlation with preterm among children aged 1~59 months in 8 counties of central and western China
    YANG Chen-lu, ZHOU Hong, LIU Xiao-li, WANG Yan
    2018, 26(2):  127-129.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-04
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    Objective To understand the prevalence of suspected developmental delay in fine motor among children aged 1~59 months in 8 counties of central and western China,and to explore its correlation with preterm. Methods A cross-sectional study with probability proportional to size sampling method was conducted in 8 counties of central and western China.A total of 1 927 children aged 1~59 months and their caregivers were investigated.Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) were used to detect the suspected developmental delay in fine motor.Multivariate Logistic regression model was applied to estimate the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) after adjustment for potential confounding variables. Results The prevalence of suspected developmental delay in fine motor was 9.8%(95%CI:8.4%~11.1%).Preterm,family income below the poverty line and third or late parity were risk factors for suspected developmental delay in fine motor after adjusted by children's gender,months of age,nationality and caregiver's education,and the corresponding odds ratios were 2.69(95%CI:1.37~5.29),1.87(95%CI:1.24~2.83) and 1.74(95%CI:1.05~2.90) respectively. Conclusion Suspected developmental delay in fine motor among children in the surveyed areas deserves further attention,and preterm is a risk factor for suspected developmental delay in fine motor.
    Subjective quality of life of clinically cured children with Tourette syndrome
    GUO Yi-xia, DING Lei, YI Ming-ji
    2018, 26(2):  130-133.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-05
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    Objective To study the subjective quality of life in clinically cured children with Tourette syndrome (TS),and to provide evidence for the long-term intervention of TS. Methods TS group including 129 cases and control group including 129 children completed a general survey and Inventory of Subjective Life Quality (ISLQ),and the case group must finish another ISLQ after cured.Chi square test and T test were used to analyze the data by SPSS 20.0 statistical software. Results 1)Children of the two groups had significant differences on gender,birth weight,family type,feeding status of 4 months after born (P<0.05);The two groups did not have significant differences on age,family income,the father/mother's education level and children's parity (Pˇ0.05).2)The total score of the subjective quality of life in TS group were lower than that in control group (168.08±21.28 vs 155.67±20.51),and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).3)After the clinical rehabilitation,the total subjective quality of life,family life,school life and cognitive components were improved in the TS group with significant difference (P<0.05).4)Compared with control group,all aspects of subjective quality of life in clinically cured TS group were still lower,the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions The subjective quality of life in children with TS has improved,but the subjective quality of life in TS patients is still poor after cured compared with normal children.Therefore,consolidation therapy and more attention should be given for the cured TS children in order to improve subjective quality of life
    Relationship between the five-item cognitive abilities based on the PASS theory and Chinese reading comprehension
    ZHANG Qing, LIU Qiao-yun, DU Xiao-xin, HUANG Zhao-ming, ZHU Ya-ping
    2018, 26(2):  134-136.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-06
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    Objective To probe into the relationship between the five-item cognitive abilities based on the PASS theory and Chinese reading comprehension,in order to provide reference for intervention of five-item cognitive abilities training on improving reading of children with reading disorders. Method A total of 33 primary school students in Grade 4 took tests regrading the five-item cognitive abilities and the reading comprehension from November to December 2016,then the data were analyzed. Results There was significant difference between high and low five-item cognitive abilities level groups in completing the reading comprehension (t=7.621,P<0.01);The reading comprehension was significantly related to the five-item cognitive abilities (all P<0.05);The reading comprehension could be predicted from the score of the five-item cognitive abilities test.Moreover,the graphic reasoning had the strongest predictive effect on the reading comprehension. Conclusion The five-item cognitive abilities of children affect their Chinese reading comprehension.
    Study on the emotional and behavioral problems and its influencing factors of school-aged children in Shanghai
    LUAN Feng-huan, DU Ya-song, JIANG Wen-qing, ZHAO Li-cong, SUN Jin-lei, GUO Run-pu
    2018, 26(2):  137-140.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-07
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    Objective To analyze the characteristics and influencing factors of emotional and behavioral problems of school-aged children in Shanghai,and to provide reference and basis for the development of school-aged children's mental health education. Methods A total of 2 446 children in 11 primary schools from 4 districts in Shanghai were selected by the stratified sampling method according to the educational level.The emotional and behavioral problems were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and Parent Symptom Questionnaire (PSQ). Results The detection rate of emotional and behavioral problems of children aged 7‵12 years in Shanghai was 4.7%‵25.9%,and the detection rate of total point of difficulty was 9.6%.The detection rate of boys' hyperactivity-inattention was higher than that of girls(P<0.05).The detection rate of peer interaction among girls was higher than that of boys(P<0.05).Meanwhile,there were statistically significant differences in the detection rate of SDQ among children from different grades(P<0.05).The scores of boys in learning problems,impulsive hyperactivity and hyperactivity index of PSQ were higher than those of girls(P<0.001).In addition to anxiety and physical and mental retardation,all dimensions of SDQ and PSQ in children from different grades were significantly different(P<0.05).Factors related to children's emotional and behavioral problems included gender,age,relationship with other family members,relationship with fathers,over spoiled and brutally cursed rearing style. Conclusion Children with different genders and grades have different emotional and behavioral problems.Different emotional and behavioral problems have different influencing factors,and the prevention and intervention should be distinguished and focused from various aspects.
    Impacts of insomnia symptoms on school performance among adolescents
    ZHAO Ke-na, ZHANG Jin-wen, WU Zeng-qiang, LI Sheng-hui
    2018, 26(2):  141-144.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-08
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    Objective To analyze the associations of insomnia symptoms with school performance among adolescents in China. Methods A stratified,cluster random sample of 4 966 adolescents participated in a cross-sectional survey.The Adolescent Sleep Disturbance Questionnaire (ASDQ) and the Teacher School Achievement Form (TSAF) were used to assess insomnia symptoms and adolescents' school performance,respectively. Results The age of the participants was (15.59±2.04) years old,and 49.3% of which were boys.Multivariate regression model demonstrated that insomnia symptoms were associated with school performance among adolescents.Falling asleep problem was associated with poor attention (OR=1.30,95%CI:1.11~1.52,P=0.001),frustrating academic achievement (OR=1.24,95%CI:1.06~1.45,P=0.007),and unsatisfying school relationship (OR=1.26,95%CI:1.08~1.48,P=0.003).Continuous sleep problem was found to be linked to an increased likelihood of poor attention (OR=1.25,95%CI:1.06~1.46,P=0.007) and poor motivation of study (OR=1.22,95%CI:1.04~1.44,P=0.017).Reinitiating sleep problem was associated with poor motivation of study (OR=1.20,95%CI:1.00~1.45,P=0.048). Conclusions Insomnia symptoms are associated with poor school performance.The significance of our findings lies in calling for serious attention and timely screening and intervention,so as to promote adolescent sleep health and school performance.
    Study on sleep problems and associated factors among infants aged 1~3 months in Beijing
    WEI Qian-wei, YOU Chuan, LIU Jun, XING Juan, CHEN Tong-ying, MEN Lei
    2018, 26(2):  145-148.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-09
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    Objective To understand the current situation of sleep of infants aged 1~3 months in Beijing,and to analyze possible associated factors. Methods Two institutions of maternal and child health care were selected from urban,suburban,and exurban areas respectively from December 15th,2015 to January 15th,2016 by using the cluster sampling method.The survey was conducted among 1 152 parents with infants aged 1~3 months,and the general information,parenting and family environment,sleep environment,sleep problems were collected by self-designed questionnaire.Chi-squared test and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were used to explore associated factors. Results Of the 1 152 infants,the percentage of sleeping with adults was 73.8%,the percentages of shaking or patting to sleep and sleeping with a nipple were 72.9 % and 59.8 % respectively,and keeping a nightlight on was 52.0%.The rates of difficulty in falling asleep and circadian rhythm disorder were 50.3% and 60.4% respectively.The rates of mouth breathing,snoring and apnea in sleep breathing disorders were 33.0%,26.5% and 3.5% respectively.Significant predictors of increased odds of difficulty in falling asleep included the children older age (days)(OR=1.013,95%CI:1.002~1.023),caesarean birth(OR=1.509,95%CI:1.101~2.068),mixed feeding(OR=1.401,95%CI:1.036~1.894),improper sleep environment(OR=1.602,2.587,2.278,95%CI:1.177~2.180,1.113~6.011,1.217~4.263),lack of pre-sleep ritual (OR=1.611,95%CI:1.198~2.168) and rocking or patting baby to sleep (OR=3.397,95%CI:2.419~4.768). Conclusion Sleep problems and poor sleep behaviors of young infants are common in Beijing,so it is supposed to improve related knowledge of caregivers.
    Longitudinal study on neuropsychological development for low weight birth infants
    SUN Yu, DUAN Yu-wen, LI Ling, WANG Hong-xin, XU Xiu-qin, SHAO Zi-yu
    2018, 26(2):  149-152.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-10
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    Objective To monitor neuropsychological development of low birth weight infants (LBWI) during 0‵12 months in Hefei,and to provide a reference basis of growth monitoring and early intervention for LBWI. Methods The birth cohort of LBWI was established from September 2012 to September 2013,and a total of 228 LBWIs were selected into the cohort.Totally 161 normal birth weight infants(NBWI) born at the same time in the same area were selected as control group.Intelligence development of all infants were assessed at the age of 6,9 and 12 months. Results The average scores of mental development index (79.4±16.2 vs 93.5±13.3,85.6±11.7 vs 93.5±8.6,79.7±13.3 vs 86.9±13.0) and psychomotor development index (78.1±12.1 vs 88.9±9.1,79.8±16.5 vs 92.3±13.6,79.3±14.6 vs 90.8±13.8) of LBWI were significantly lower than NBWI at the age of 6,9 and 12 months in both male and female (P<0.05).The ratios of developmental delay (10.7%‵37.5%)and development deviate(12.7%‵29.8%) in LBWI group (under 10% and 15% respectively)were significantly higher than those of NBWI group,and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01).The neuropsychologic development for LBWI in infancy had not grown up obviously,especially the psychomotor development was relatively slower. Conclusion Low birth weight is one of the risk factors for neuropsychologic development of infants.The neuropsychologic development level of LBWI can not reach that of NBWI in the first year of life.It is supposed to focus on early intervention for LBWI during infancy,and to continue the monitoring of the neuropsychologic development after birth.
    Research on group intervention in mothers of negative mood with autistic children among four cases in both mainland and Taiwan of China using linguistic inquiry and word count method
    ZU Yan-fei, DU Ya-son
    2018, 26(2):  153-157.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-11
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    Objective To analyze the psychological change of mothers with autism spectrum disorders(ASD) children in semi-structural psychological process,in order to provide references for improving the negative mood of mothers with autistic children employing group intervention. Methods The research analyed words and phrases from recorded transcript of group consulting record data of four mothers with autistic children from Shanghai and Taizhong.Mothers participated in semi-structural supportive group for twelve times with ninety minutes each time,consultion recording data during four time periods,including first section(the 1st~4th week),middle section(the 5th~8th week),last section(the 9th~12th week) and twelve months after therapy were analyzed by using the simplified Chinese version of the quantifying trend words and phrases analytic software "linguistic inquiry and word count,LIWC 2007 (Pennebaker,2007)". Results From the first section to the last section,the four mothers with autistic children who participated in the group consultation showed a gradual decrease of negatively emotional words.In the middle section,more words of concerning positively about themselves were used in those mothers including work,personal achievement and family.In the last section,more words regarding recreation or improving life quality from those mothers were heard.The differences were statistically significant on mental lexicon and care and love lexicon of mothers (t=3.758,3.794,P<0.05).The score of Autistic Children's Behavior Rating Scale(ABC)before and after intervention was significantly different (t=-3.100,P<0.05). Conclusion Supportive groups intervention can help effectively increase the coadaptation of ASD children and their mothers,and reduce children's behavior problems.Also,mothers with ASD children will construct a new self-identity,reduce the sense of uncertainty,and improve mental health through this intervention.
    Effect of ω-3 PUFAs on regulation of Toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor-ΚB signaling pathway in neonatal rats with brain injury induced by LPS
    SHI Ji-peng, LI Yan-wei, SONG Ya-hui, ZHANG Li-li, SANG Gui-mei,
    GUO Hong-xun, WANG Wei-wei, TANG Cheng-he, Huang Li-mi
    2018, 26(2):  158-162.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-12
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    Objective To investigate the effects of ω-3 PUFAs on regulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway in neonatal rats with brain injury induced by LPS. Methods Totally 96 neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control group,ω-3 group,ω-6 group,and LPS group.Intraperitoneal injection with saline or LPS was administered and immediately saline or fat emulsions was injected to establish a model of rat with brain injury induced by infection and the duration time was 1 day or 5 days respectively.Those groups were sacrificed at 1d or 5 d after intraperitoneal injection with saline or fat emulsions.Expression levels of TLR4 mRNA and NF-κB mRNA were examined by real-time PCR,meanwhile the levels of TLR4,and NF-κB in the hippocampus were measured by Western Blot. Results The expressions of TLR mRNA and NF-κB mRNA and the protein level of TLR4 and NF-κB in the hippocampus were significantly different in four groups(all Pˉ0.05).TLR mRNA and NF-κB mRNA and the protein expression levels in ω-3 group were lower than those in ω-6 group and LPS group on 1 d after injection (all Pˉ0.05).And the protein expression levels of TLR mRNA and NF-κB mRNA in ω-3 group were lower than those in ω-6 group and LPS group on five days after injection (all Pˉ0.05).No matter the first day or the fifth day,the expression of TLR mRNA and NF-κB mRNA and the level of TLR4 and NF-κB in ω-3 group were significantly lower than those in ω-6 group(all Pˉ0.05). Conclusion ω-3 PUFAs can down regulate the activity of signaling pathway of TLR4 and NF-κB,so it may has an anti-inflammatory effect on brain injuryinduced by LPS.
    Research advances on neurological assessment tools for preterm infants
    WANG Cheng-ju, HU Bin, ZHANG Yu-ping
    2018, 26(2):  163-166.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-13
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    As the number of preterm infants in China has been increasing year by year due to the improvement of medical treatment,the number of preterm infants with brain injury is rising.Hence early recogniton and intervention has become an important way to improve prognosis.Neurological assessment tool,one of the early identification methods,has been widely used in clinical practice because of its characteristics of noninvasive,economical,practical and easy to operate.Although there are many types of tools currently used in children's development assessment,most of the tools are not suitable for preterms because of their small gestational age and fragility.Consequently,it is necessary to choose a specific neurology assessment tool for preterm infants.This paper reviews the current neurological assessment tools for preterm infants in order to provide reference for clinical assessment.
    Sleep disorders in children:common symptoms and pathogenesis
    LEI Li-jun, WU Zhi-feng, LI Xiao, WU Chang-li, WANG Wen-juan
    2018, 26(2):  167-170.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-14
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    Sleep disorders contain the circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder,sleep-onset disorder,sleep-maintain disorder,hypersomnolence,and sleep disorders associated with certain stages of sleep.Currently,sleep disorders researches in adults are more prevalent than those in children,but sleep plays a more important role in children's brain development than adults.Severe sleep disorders can do great harm to children's brain function.Since the third edition of International Classification of Sleep Disorder (ICSD-3) issued,sleep disorders researches in children have made new progress.Pathogenesis of some types of sleep disorders has been elucidated.Classification standard of sleep disorders has been updated.This review summarizes the known pathogenesis of children sleep disorders,and aims to provide reference for clinical diagnosis of sleep disorders in children,in order to make more clinical professionals pay attention to children's sleep disorders.
    Risk factors and prognosis of obesity in breast-fed infants
    TENG Xiao-yu, YANG Zhao-chuan, YI Ming-ji
    2018, 26(2):  171-173.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-15
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    Breast feeding is considered to offer optimal nutrition for healthy growth and development of infants.In recent years,the observational studies have shown breast feeding may prevent the occurrence of childhood obesity.However,some breast-fed infants especially exclusively breast-fed have excessive weight gain.The influences contributing to high weight gain and effects on the long-term health development are followed.This article summarizes the risk factors and prognosis of excessive weight gain in breast-fed infants.It shows the high level of protein content,the high levels of insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1),ghrelin,leptin,and oligosaccharide diversity in breast milk may be the risk factors for obesity in breast-fed children.Feeding behaviors,such as feeding breast milk by bottle,more feeding times at night,long duration and short interval in feeding,might be related to obesity in breast-fed children.Researches have shown overweight or obesity in infancy would increase the risk of childhood obesity whether they are breastfed or formula fed.
    Review of virtual reality in autism spectrum disorder
    LI Gai-zhi, DU Ya-song
    2018, 26(2):  174-176.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-16
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    Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is complex genetic related developmental disorder,behavior training is the main treatment.Virtual reality (VR) is a new way for the training of ASD,the current review summarizes the use of VR in ASD.
    Research advances on neonatal cow's milk protein allergy
    YANG Yun-fan, LI Zhan-kui
    2018, 26(2):  177-180.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-17
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    Cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is one of the diseases that seriously affect the growth and development of infants.In recent years,the incidence of neonatal CMPA has increased and has attracted the attention of clinicians.However,there is no guideline about diagnosis and treatment of neonatal CMPA.This review summarizes the research advances on diagnosis and treatment of neonatal CMPA so as to provide reference for related studies and clinical treatment.
    Visualization analysis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in domestic preterm infants in recent five years
    HUANG Xi, PENG Wen-tao
    2018, 26(2):  181-184.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-18
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    Objective To introduce co-word analysis into the analysis of the current research status of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD),to summarize the hot spots and trend of research in this field in China,and to discover the advantages and weak links,in order to formulate foundation for the further study. Methods The CNKI,VIP,Wanfang data and CBM were searched with "preterm infant" or "low birth weight infant" and "bronchopulmonary dysplasia" as the key words to identify the papers published from December 2011 to December 2016 in accordance with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria.The relationship among different high-frequency key words were analyzed,Microsoft Office Excel 2007 was used for statistical analysis of key words,and Ucinet 6.0 and Netdraw were used for cooccurrence analysis. Results A total of 324 papers were included,and 39 high-frequency key words were extracted.The current hot spots of research on BPD of preterm infant in China were displayed,and the relationship between different high-frequency key words was presented.The main research directions included the relevant risk factors,auxiliary diagnosis,prevention and control strategies and so on. Conclusions There has been in-depth research on clinical features,risk factors,complications,prevention and treatment,diagnosis of BPD in China,but further research is needed to investigate the exact pathogenesis and prognosis,and the future research direction may be based on gene polymorphism characteristics,and the use of mesenchymal stem cells for transplantation.
    Road safety related behaviors of children under 7 years old in Kunshan city
    LI Xiao-hong, LV Jun, JIANG Ruo, QIAN Guo-hua, ZHANG Dian, XIE Da-wei
    2018, 26(2):  185-188.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-19
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    Objective To understand the status of the road safety related behaviors of children under 7 years old in Kunshan city. Methods Three districts in Kunshan city were selected by purposive sampling method,and a total of 637 children under 7 years old were investigated in July 2016. Results Mothers were the main caregivers in children's daily life.Among the children who have once been in private cars,19.3% always used child restraint system,2.4% used frequently,4.9% used sometimes,and 73.4% never used child restraint system before.Among children who have once been in a car,0.3% always sat in front seat,2.0% often sat,14.9% sat sometimes and 82.8% never sat in fornt seat. Conclusions Only a few children use child restraint system while majority of the children do not use front seat.Intervention is needed to improve road safety related behaviors on all the families,and special attention should be paid to children's mothers.
    Analysis of rehabilitation of 0 to 6-year-old children with autism,cerebral palsy and mental retardation in Hainan province
    LI Ling, SUN Ying, LV Yang, JIA Qing-zheng, CAI Xiao-fan, LI Xiao-ling, XU Li-chao
    2018, 26(2):  189-191.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-20
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    Objective To investigate the prevalence and current situation of rehabilitation of autism (ASD),cerebral palsy (CP),and mental retardation(MR) in children aged 0~6 in Hainan province. Method A house-hold questionnaire survey was carried out from September,2015 to September,2016.Children from 18 towns in Hainan Province were selected by stratified cluster sampling.Doctors from Children's Hospital of Hainan province made diagnose,those diagnosed with autism,CP and MR would be asked the medical history and whether they received rehabilitation training.Data were compiled by Epidata 3.2 and analyzed by SPSS l7.0 statistical analysis software. Results A total of 38 267 children aged 0‵6 years were surveyed.235,229,and 80 of these children were diagnosed with ASD,MR,and CP respectively.236 children received rehabilitation with the rating of 43.4%.The proportion of ASD,MR,CP receiving rehabilitation training were 58.30%,20.08% and 66.25% respectively.Among the training children,48.06% were boys,and 28.79% were girls. Conclusions Children diagnosed with CP or autism have more opportunity to receive rehabilitation training than those diagnosed with MR.Boys have more opportunity to receive rehabilitation training than girls,and children living in cities have more opportunity to receive rehabilitation training than rural areas.The situation of rehabilitation intervention needs to be further improved,and these basic data can be used for further research on prevention and treatmen of autism,cerebral palsy and rehabilitation.
    A survey on sleep patterns of urban children aged 3~6 years in Guizhou province
    LIU Zhi-jun, WANG Guang-hai, DU Fang, AO Ying-lan, CHENG Yi-jia
    2018, 26(2):  192-195.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-21
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    Objective To investigate the sleep pattern of 3 to 6-year-old children in urban area of Guizhou province,and to analyze associated factors. Methods A total of 521 children were investigated with sleep log questionnaire from October to November,2016.Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics,t-test and ANOVA,as well as multivariate linear hierarchical regression. Results On the whole,elder children slept later in the night,woke up later in the morning,and showed a shorter 24 h sleep duration.Compared with weekdays,children tended to sleep later,woke up later and showed a longer 24 h sleep duration on weekends.Regression model showed that age,one-child,sleep patterns,sleep regularity,parental style and the attitude consistence(β=-0.17,-0.09,-0.11,0.13,0.13,-0.10,all P<0.01) exerted statistical effect on the 24 h sleep duration. Conclusion Children's sleep pattern is associated with demographic variables,sleep habit and family factors.Of which,factors including parenting and sleep habit should be highly noticed.
    Clinical significance of serum neuron specific enolase and catecholamine levels in children with hand,foot and mouth disease
    HAI Yuan-ping, CUI Lan, LI Hong-ai, LI Bang-tao, HUANG Ting, XIANG Wei
    2018, 26(2):  196-198.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-22
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    Objective To research the diagnostic value of serum neuron specific enolase (NSE) and catecholamine (CA) levels to severe hand foot mouth disease (HFMD) in children,and to provide reference for clinical evaluation of HFMD severity. Methods Totally 110 HFMD childen hospitalized in the Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Hainan Province from January 2014 to December 2015 were enrolled in this study.According to the Guide for the Diagnosis and Treatment of HFMD established in 2010 by the ministry of health,110 HFMD children were divided into mild group (44 cases),severe severe group (44 cases) and critical severe group (22 cases).The levels of NSE and CA were tested and compared among three groups.And the relationship between the levels of NSE,CA and the severity of HFMD was analyzed. Results 1)The levels of NSE and epinephrine(E),dopaminel (NE) in severe group were significantly higher than those in the mild group (Pˉ0.05).2) The levels of NSE and E,NE,DA in critical severe group were significantly higher than those in the severe severe group (Pˉ0.05).3)The levels of NSE,E,NE,DA levels were positively related to the severity of HFMD (r=0.366,0.590,0.425,0.345,all P<0.05). Conclusion The levels of NSE and NE would increase with the disease progressing.And the levels of NSE and NE can be used as a reference indicator to assess the severity of HFMD.
    Clinical significance of sputum creola body in infants with bronchiolitis
    ZHANG Yu-he, ZHOU Chun-ju, LIU Jin-rong, ZHAO Shun-ying
    2018, 26(2):  199-201.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-23
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    Objective To investigate the relationship of creola body in sputum with the disease severity,hospital stay and allergy history in chidren with bronchiolitis,and to discuss the early predictive value of creola bodies for asthma. Methods A total of 114 infants with first wheezing were enrolled in this study from September 2012 to March 2015.The relationship between creola bodies score and the following conditions was evaluated,such as the severity of patient's condition,length of hospital stay and the number of children who developed asthma or unremitting wheezing. Results Creola body score was correlated with the severity of disease,hospital stays and allergy history (all P<0.05).Also,creola body score had a strong predictive value for unremitting asthma.With the increase of creola body score,the sensitivity,specficity and positive predictive value also increased.The sensitivity,specificity and positive predictive value of creola boby score 5 were 38.88%,96.77%,and 77.77% respectively. Conclusions The creola body has strong correlation with disease severity,hospital stays and allergy history.Creola body also has a strong predictive value for unremitting wheezing and asthma.
    Difference in levels of parenting stress between mothers of tic disorder and regular children
    HUANG Sai-jun, YU Hong, LIU Ke, CAI Rong-ping
    2018, 26(2):  202-205.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-24
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    Objective To compare the differences of parenting stress between tic disorder children and normal children,and to explore the different levels of parenting stress in different types of children with tic disorders. Methods Totally 103 parents of children with tic disorder and 110 parents of the healthy children were assessed by Parenting Stress Index-Short From (PSI-SF),and the differences of PSI-SF scores in children with tic disorder were analyzed. Results The total score of PSI-SF of tic disorder children was 91.54±21.82,and 84 (81.55%) reached the positive Results of PSI-SF (higher than 90 points).There were some differences on levels of parenting stress among mothers of transient tic disorder (TTD),chronic tic disorder (CTD) and Tourette's syndrome(TS).The scores of three groups of children with difficult child (DC) were higher than those of the normal control group (P<0.05).There was no significant difference between TTD and control group in the scores of parental total stress,parental distress(PD) score and paren-child dysfunctional interaction(PCDI) (P>0.05).The scores of parents of CTD and TS in the total stress,PD,PCDI and DC were higher than those of normal children (P<0.05). Conclusions Parents of TTD children are generally plagued by parenting stress.But the level of parenting stress is lower in parents with TTD children than other groups.The parents of children with CTD and Tourette's syndrome had a higher level of parenting stress than parents of TTD children.Different types of TD children should be given individualized psychological healthy education and psychological treatment.
    Relationship between the levels of IL-6,TNF-α in umbilical cord blood and chorioamnionitis in neonates with preterm prematurely rupture of membranes
    DONG Ren-jing, JIN Zhen-ai, LIU Meng-nan, ZHANG Xiao-jia, JIN Ying-zi
    2018, 26(2):  206-207.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-25
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    Objective To investigate relationship between IL-6 and TNF-α in umbilical cord blood of neonates with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) and chioroamnionitis. Methods Totally 45 cases of pregnant women with premature rupture of membranes in obstetric department of Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University were enrolled as observation group from September 2016 to January 2017,who were with singleton,head position,gestational age of 28~37 w and production process launched within 12 hours after rupture of membranes.While 45 cases of pregnant women with full pregnancy were enrolled as control group in the same period,and the production times of pregnant women were 0~1.And 5 ml umbilical cord blood were taken after cutting the neonatal umbilical cord.The levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in cord blood of newborn infants were measured by flow cytometry.At the same time,placenta and fetal membrane tissues of the pregnant women with PPROM were send to pathological examination,in order to diagnose chorionic inflammation. Results There were no significantly statistical differences on the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in umbilical cord blood of newborn infants between observation group and control group(P>0.05);There were significantly statistical differences in the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in umbilical cord blood between pregnant women with or without chioroamnionitis(P<0.05). Conclusion Increasing levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in umbilical cord blood of neonates with PPROM are associated with choriocarcinoma.
    Risk factors and pathogen distribution in 87 preterm infants with nosocomial sepsis
    FANG Guang-dong, ZHOU Qin, JIANG Shan-yu, ZHOU Zhou, LIU Xue-ting, YU Ren-qiang
    2018, 26(2):  208-211.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-26
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    Objective To investigate the main risk factors and pathogen distribution of preterm infants with nosocomial bacterial sepsis. Methods Totally 87 preterm infants with nosocomial bacterial septicemia from the Neonatology Department of the Maternal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University were recruited from May,2008 to April,2017.High risk factors and pathogens of sepsis were analyzed. Results The prevalence of preterm infants with nosocomial bacterial sepsis was 1.20%(87/7 221).The major pathogens of the infections among these premature infants included gram-positive bacteria(70.8%),especially staphylococcus epidermidis(33.3%),and gram-negative bacteria (29.2%),especially Klebsiella pneumoniae (42.3%).Logistic regression analysis showed that the very low birth weight(OR=1.9,95%CI:0.9~5.3,P=0.013),indwelling peripherlly inserted central catheter (PICC)(OR=3.3,95%CI:2.5~8.3,P=0.006),tracheal intubation (OR=2.3,95%CI:1.7~5.7,P=0.001) and twins (OR=1.5,95%CI:0.7~4.2,P=0.009) were high risk factors of preterm infants with nosocomial bacterial sepsis. Conclusion The very low birth weight,indwelling PICC,tracheal intubation and twins are high risk factors of neonates with nosocomial bacterial sepsis,whereas the leading pathogen is staphylococcus epidermidis.
    Influencing factors of underweight in children from some kindergartens in Shanghai
    LIU Hui-ran, WANG Xiao-fei, LU Da-jiang
    2018, 26(2):  212-214.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-27
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    Objective To identify major factors of underweight in preschool children aged 5~6,and to provide target strategies for intervention. Methods A total of 328 preschool children aged 5~6 from ten kindergartens in Shanghai were enrolled by cluster sampling.Physical examination were performed and questionnaires were written by parents.Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of physical fitness. Results Multivariate Logistic regression analysis found that risk factors included unaccompanied breakfast behavior (OR=2.543,95%CI:1.251~5.169),fastidious about food behavior (OR=1.096,95%CI:1.096~2.800)and playing while eating (OR=1.257,95%CI:1.257~3.199); While the protective factors included chewing food well (OR=0.183,95%CI:0.049~0.680) and static activities combined with dynamic one (OR=0.800,95%CI:0.649~0.986). Conclusions Underweight in preschool children aged 5~6 Results from the combination of various factors.Bad eating behaviors play a predominant role in children's underweight.Therefore,developing health eating habits will promote physical health,reduce underweight and malnutrition in preschool children.
    Impacts of birth-related factors and early feeding types on overweight and obesity in infants and young children aged 6~23 months
    LIU Wei, HE Shou-jie, YANG Yin-mei, LI Shi-yue, YAN Hong
    2018, 26(2):  215-217.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-28
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    Objective To analyze the prevalence of overweight and obesity in infants and young children aged 6~23 months in poor areas of Hubei Province,and to explore the impacts of birth-related factors and early feeding types on overweight and obesity,in order to provide basis for prevention and control of overweight and obesity. Methods Multi-staged PPS sampling was adopted in 6 counties in Hubei Province,and caregivers of infants and young children were surveyed.Overweight and obesity were defined by the WHO sex-age based body mass index.Chi-square and multivariate Logistic regression were used to analyze the data. Results A total of 2 667 infants and young children were investigated,including 1 438 boys (53.92%) and 1 229 girls (46.08%).And 209(7.84%) were overweight and 151(5.66%) were obese.Infants and young children with birth weight over 4 000 g had higher prevalence of overweight,and boys had higher prevalence of obesity than girls (P<0.05).Cesarean delivery and early feeding types were associated with obesity (all P<0.05). Conclusion Overweight and obesity in infants and young children in poor areas of Hubei Province should not be overlooked.Boys and children who were cesarean deliveried or without breastfeeding in the first 6 months have higher prevalence of obesity and need positive attention and effective measures to prevent and control obesity.
    Effects of continuous low dose of iron supplementation on the development of 530 premature infants
    WANG LI-fang, ZHANG Jie, YAO Xiao-rong, HE Li, CHANG Chen
    2018, 26(2):  218-220.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-29
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    Objective To study the effect of continuous low-dose iron supplementation for preterm infants,and to provide evidence for recommendation way of iron supplementation. Methods A prospective longitudinal cohort method was used to collect 530 cases of high-risk premature infants from 2010 to 2016,234 cases of full-term infants were divided into three groups by different doses and iron treatment times.The intelligence development and physical development were evaluated by Gesell Developmental Schedules (GDS).The development of each group was observed to 12 months old. Results In 12 months old,there were significant differences on the development quotient (DQ) of gross motor (GM),persona-social behavior(PS),cognitive development (CG),communication (CM) and sleep regularity between group A and group B (P<0.05);And the above items between the observation group (group A) and normal control group (group C) showed no significant difference (P>0.05).And the differences on physical development among three groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Continuous low-dose iron supplementation has greater effect on the sleep and neuromotor speech cognitive development,but has little effect on physical development.
    Study on blood lead level and influenncing factors among urban children in Hohhot
    FAN Guo-ye, YANG Ying, LI Xin-yan, WANG Wen-li, JING Shuai, ZHANG Rui-fang
    2018, 26(2):  221-224.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-30
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    Objective To explore and current stituation related risk factors of blood lead levels in urban children from Hohhot,in order to provide measures for intervention. Methods The stratified random sampling method was used to select 2 009 children aged 0~3 taking regular physical examination,and 1 822 children aged 3~6 from 4 kindergartens in 4 urban areas of Hohhot.The blood lead level was measured by atomic absorption spectrometer,and children's parents were asked to answer a standardized questionnaire. Results The blood lead level of 0 to 6-year-old children in Hohhot was (35.74±21.85) µg/L.The prevalence rate of high lead blood syndrome was 0.23%.No statistical difference was found between the incidence of boys and that of girls (P>0.05),and there was statistically significant difference in blood lead level among the children in different age groups (Pˉ0.001).Multi-factor regression analysis indicated that high frequency of cleaning toys,washing hands before eating and taking Chinese herbal medicine were protective factors of children's blood lead level,but sucking finger and chewing fingernail frequently were risk factors. Conclusion The blood lead level of children aged 0~6 in Hohhot is low.Strengthening health education and changing living habits are important Methods for prevention and treatment of lead poisoning in children at this stage.Regular examination and timely intervention are necessary to decrease damage of lead to children.
    Analysis of current status and influencing factors for sensory integration disorder of Uygur primary school pupils in Kashgar
    YANG Chao-feng
    2018, 26(2):  225-228.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-02-31
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    Objective To understand the status and influencing factors for sensory integration disorder of Uygur primary school pupils. Methods A total of 912 Uygur pupils and their parents from 6 primary school in suburban and rural areas of Kashgar city participated in this survey. Results The proportion of sensory integration disorder in Uygur pupils of Kashgar was 23.02% (204/886) with 15.91% of mild and 7.11% of severe sensory integration disorder.And the proportion of sensory integration disorder in boys and girls were 28.07%(121/431) and 18.24%(83/455) respectively.Unconditioned Logistic regression analysis showed that mother's high education level,the foetus education courses during pregnancy,regular parent-child activities were the protective factors of sensory integration disorder.Boys,one-child family,resident in city,unharmonious family atmosphere,high expectations from parents were risk factors for sensory integration disorder of Uygur primary school pupils. Conclusion Sensory integration disorder in Uygur students of Kashgar is prevalent.And it should be found and given intervention as early as possible in the future in order to ensure the development of students' physical and mental health.