Table of Content

10 May 2019, Volume 27 Issue 5

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Research advances on executive functions of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

DU Ya-song, CAO Yang, JIANG Wen-qing

2019, 27(5):  465-468.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-0114

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Deficits in executive functions is the core defect of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD).Studies on executive function assessment and intervention provide the basis for diagnosis,intervention and treatment of children's mental illness.This review combs the evaluation methods of executive function,the basis of neuroanatomy and the characteristics of executive function of ADHD children,and summarizes the significance,limitations and prospects of the evaluation of executive function in the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD.

Executive function deficits in children with tic disorders

YI Ming-ji

2019, 27(5):  469-472.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-0197

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Many components of executive functions are impaired in children suffering from tic disorders(TD),including working memory ability declines,difficulty in sustained attention,response inhibition,cognitive flexibility,thought organization,planning ability,social ability,comprehension of nonliteral language.Comorbid conditions of TD such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD),obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD),autism spectrum disorder(ASD) will worsen executive functions deficits.There are significant correlations between tic severity and some executive functions deficits.Intact executive function development is related to remission processes of tic symptoms.Improvement of executive function may reduce severity of tic symptoms.

Analysis of the correlation between emotional and behavior problems in preschool children with autism and maternal emotional problems

GAO Zi-lin, LIU Jing, HUANG Xin-fang, QIU Li, SU Jing, ZENG Kun-shan

2019, 27(5):  473-476.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-1592

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Objective To analyze the status of emotional and behavior problems and their relationship with maternal emotional problems in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder(ASD),in order to comprehensively intervene autistic children and their families. Methods A total of 71 ASD children aged 5 to 6 years in Quanzhou Children's and Women's Hospital were enrolled in this study from January to August 2018,and 71 normal preschool children matched with sex,age and maternal education were selected as controls.All participants were assessed by the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist(CBCL) for children aged 4 to 16 years old.And all mothers completed the Self Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS) and Self Rating Depression Scale(SDS). Results 1) The total score of CBCL and scores of factors including social problems,hyperactivity,violation of discipline,with drawal and aggression in boys with ASD were significantly higher than those in normal controls(Z=-6.880,-9.417,-5.745,-5.109,-8.869,-3.510,P＜0.001),while the score of physical complaint was lower than that of normal control group (Z=-2.767,P=0.006).The total score of CBCL and scores of factors of hyperactivity,cruelty,social with drawal,splitting compulsion and aggression in girls with ASD were significantly higher than those in normal control group(Z=-3.726,-3.356,-2.292,-4.339,-2.226,-2.476,P＜0.05).2) The total scores of SAS and SDS in mothers of ASD group were significantly higher than those in mothers of normal control group(t=-6.848,-3.126,-6.385,-2.183,P<0.05).3) There were positive correlations among total scores of SAS and SDS in mothers of ASD boys,total score of CBCL of ASD boys,scores of hyperactivity,discipline violation,aggression,physical complaints,depression and obsessive compulsion factors(P＜0.05).There were positive correlations between SAS and SDS scores in mothers of ASD girls and score of aggression factor in ASD girls(P＜0.05). Conclusions Preschool children with ASD have more emotional and behavioral problems,and their mothers suffer from more depression and anxiety.What's more,there is correlation between emotional and behavioral problems of preschool children with ASD and their mother's emotional problems.So it is supposed to give more concern and intervention to preschool ASD children and their mothers.

Logistic regression analysis of non-biological related factors in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

SONG Mao-song, KUANG Gui-fang, SONG Mei, HE Li-na

2019, 27(5):  477-480.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-1426

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Objective To explore the risk factors of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) in the growing environment of children starting from pregnancy,in order to provide relevant theoretical basis for better prevention of ADHD. Methods Totally 248 ADHD children and 276 normal children were enrolled in this study from April to September 2018.And the SNAP-Ⅳ Parent Rating Scale,the Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire,the Self-made Child Growth Environment Questionnaire and the Children's Version of Eysenck Personality Questionnaire(EPQ) were used to investigate and analyze non-biological influencing factors of ADHD. Results Logistic regression analysis showed that history of the adverse pregnancy(OR=2.788,95%CI:1.049-7.412),non-exclusive breast-feeding under six months old(OR=2.365,95%CI:1.327-4.216),improper way of education(OR=3.139,95%CI:1.906-5.167),children's poor dietary behavior(OR=2.499,95%CI=1.449-4.139),and using electronic screens under three years old at first(OR=3.577,95%CI:1.552-8.248),the children's psycho-quality(OR=3.558,95%CI:1.357-9.326) or neurotic personality traits(OR=5.522,95%CI:2.435-12.521) were all the independent risk factors which can induce ADHD. Conclusion Paternal age at childbearing,maternal pregnancy,children's lifestyle and personality characteristics are all risk factors for ADHD in children,which should be given concerns by related department.

Mediating effect of self-esteem on the relationship between parental attachment and social anxiety in children and adolescents

LIU Zhen, CHENG Wen-hong, XIAO Ze-ping

2019, 27(5):  481-484.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-1360

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Objective To explore the relationship between parental attachment and social anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents,as well as the mediation effect of self-esteem. Methods A total of 120 children and adolescents aged 9 to 16 years diagnosed with social anxiety disorder by DSM-5 were selected as participants from October 2017 to July 2018.Social Anxiety Scale for Children,paternal and maternal attachment subscale of Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment and Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale were used for assessment.Correlation among variables and mediation effects were analyzed. Results 1) Social anxiety was negatively correlated with paternal trust and communication(r=-0.21--0.35,P<0.05),but not related to maternal trust and communication.Social anxiety was positively related to parental alienation(r=0.22-0.46,P<0.05).Social anxiety was also negatively correlated with self-esteem(r=-0.44--0.56,P<0.001). 2) No significant predictive effects were found between maternal attachment and social anxious level.Negative predictive effects were found in paternal attachment and social anxious level(β=-0.64,P<0.001).Self-esteem partially mediated the relationship between paternal attachment and social anxiety level,with 43.1% of the mediating effect in the total effect. Conclusions Paternal attachment is closely related to social anxiety disorder in children and adolescents.Self-esteem plays an important mediating role in the relationship between paternal attachment and social anxiety.

Development and evaluation on reliability and validity of the Preschool Children's Positive Mental Character Questionnaire

HAN A-zhu, ZHANG Guo-bao, XIE Guo-die, CAO Lei-lei, WANG Yu-xiang, YE Shan-shan, WU Yi-wei, HU Jing-wen, YANG Hui, SU Pu-yu

2019, 27(5):  485-488.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-1370

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Objective To develop the Preschool Children's Positive Mental Character Questionnaire(PCPMCQ), and the evaluation of its reliability and validity was carried out, and to provide a comprehensive tool for assessing the positive mental character of preschool children. Methods Based on literature review,interviewing caregivers as well as experts,and questionnaire survey,the original PCPMCQ containing 50 items was developed.A total of 2 686 preschool children were selected from January to March 2018,and the preschool children's guardians completed a series of questionnaires.The data were used to screen the items and evaluate its reliability and validity. Results The PCPMCQ included 37 items,and can be divided into five subscales,including the wisdom and knowledge,courage,humanity,justice and temperance.And the variance cumulative contribution rate was 51.667%.The values of Cronbach's α coefficient,split-half reliability coefficient,test-retest reliability coefficient of PCPMCQ were 0.854,0.772 and 0.894,respectively.Confirmatory factor analysis showed that all indexes were valid,and the values of goodness-of-fit index(GFI),adjusted goodness-of-fit index(AGFI),normal fit index(NFI),comparative fit index(CFI) and root mean square error of approximation(RMSEA) were 0.930,0.918,0.848,0.894 and 0.038,respectively.Discrimination analysis indicated that the total scores of PCPMCQ in preschool children with behavior problems were significantly lower than those without behavior problems(P＜0.001). Conclusion The PCPMCQ has credible reliability and validity,so it can be used as an effective tool for assessing positive mental character of preschool children.

Current status and influencing factors of cycling violation behaviors among secondary students in Beijng

ZHANG Jing-shu, LEI Yuan-ting, LYU Ruo-ran, DUAN Jia-li, HU Pei-jin, SONG Yi

2019, 27(5):  489-494.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-1221

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Objective To explore current situations and influencing factors of cycling violations among secondary school students in Beijing,in order to provide scientific basis for developing interventions of reducing secondary school students' cycling violations. Methods The study was conducted from March to May in 2014.An anonymous questionnaire survey was conducted among 32 810 secondary students selected by stratified cluster sampling method from 16 districts of Beijing.The two-step clustering method was used to classify the research objects with cycling violations into four types of risk level groups.Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the correlation between four cycling risk levels and demographic characteristics and other unintentional injury behaviors. Results The cycling rate of secondary school students in Beijing was 80.0%,of which 37.2% reported having cycling violations.The reported rate of boys' violations was higher than that of girls(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference on the reporting rate of cycling violation between high school students and middle school students(P＝0.626).Also,the reporting rate of cycling violation in rural students was higher than that in urban students(P<0.05).The lower the mother's education level was,the higher the rate of student's violation would be.The reported rate of violations among students living in single-parent or reconstituted or intergenerational family was higher than students living in nuclear or extended family.Students who had other unintentional injury behaviors reported higher rate of cycling violations than those without such behaviors(P<0.05).Male,high school students,reconstituted family were more likely to have higher risk level of violations than girls,middle school students and students from other types of family.Rural students' reporting rates of various risk level behaviors were generally higher than those of urban students.The reporting rate of risk level-4 violation was the highest in students whose maternal education was high school/technical school/secondary school. The reporting rate of risk level-4 violation of students with other unintentional injury behaviors was higher than that of students without such behaviors(P<0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that male(OR=2.75,95% CI:2.51-3.01),rural area(OR=1.41,95% CI:1.30-1.54),high maternal education,and reconstituted family(OR=1.51,95%CI:1.10-2.10),walking violation(OR=2.47,95% CI:2.19-2.78),swimming(OR=1.29,95% CI:1.12-1.49) and skating in non-safe places(OR=1.80,95% CI:1.57-2.07) were risk factors of high risk level of cycling. Conclusions Risk cycling behaviors among adolescents are closely associated with gender,school paragraph,dwelling place,maternal education,family type and other unintentional injury behaviors.When intervening on adolescent cycling violations,multi-level comprehensive intervention should be considered from five perspectives,including intrapersonal,interpersonal,institutional,community and public policy.

Study of the impact of the assisted reproductive technology on the offspring infant's results of Peabody Developmental Motor Scale Ⅱ test by applying propensity score matching

JIANG Chun-hua, XIAO Li-ping, HUANG Jun, LI Yun, ZHANG Ying, ZHONG Ping-li, YANG Hong, SU Yi, LUO Dan-dan

2019, 27(5):  495-498.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-0803

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Objective To explore the impact of the assisted reproductive technology(ART) on the offspring infants' assessment results of Peabody Developmental Motor Scale Ⅱ(PDMS-2) test by applying propensity score matching,in order to provide references for judging the effects of ART on offspring's motor development. Methods Infants who had received PDMS-2 test without pneumonia,diarrhea,fever and other diseases within the last two weeks,and with no congenital diseases that affect motor development were selected in Minhang District of Shanghai from December 2014 to April 2018.The objects were divided into natural conceived group and ART conceived group,with 216 and 158 participants,respectively.The two groups were matched by applying one-to-one propensity score matching(PSM),setting the matching tolerance to 0.002 7.And the matching covariates included birth weight,gestational age,fetus number,gender,the history of rescue,jaundice,brain and other disease,parental age,education degree,occupation,maternal fetal history of miscarriage,medication,diabetes,hypertension and other diseases,and the assessment age of PDMS-2.The differences between natural conceived group and ART conceived group were compared before and after match. Results There was no statistical difference on all the matching variables,gross motor quotient,original score of each subtest of gross motor and grasp subtest between natural conceived group and ART conceived group after match(P>0.05).And the score of fine motor quotient and original score of visual motor integration subtest in ART group were significantly lower than those of natural conceived group(P<0.05). Conclusion ART may have lower fine motor quotient because of the negative influence of visual motor integration in infants,and further research is warranted.

Study on the association between screen time and physical as well as psychological sub-health in middle school students

ZHAO Ying, YU Mei, ZHAO Zhi-ya, MA Shuang-shuang, WAN Yu-hui

2019, 27(5):  499-502.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-0706

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Objective To describe the distribution of screen time in adolescents,and to examine the influence of screen time in the study days or weekends on physical and psychological sub-health. Methods A total of 3 477 students in an ordinary high school in Anhui province were surveyed from October to November 2015.General demographic data and screen time were collected,and the Multidimensional Sub-health Assessment Questionnaire of Adolescents(MSQA) was used to assess physical and psychological health.The difference on the rate of physical and psychological sub-health between various screen time groups was analyzed by chi-square test.Logistic regression model was used to analyze the effect of screen time and physical and psychological sub-health. Results Totally 605(17.4%) adolescents had screen time on study days and 2 126(61.1%) on weekends over 2 hours per day.And 958 adolescents(27.6%) suffered from physical sub-health and 794 adolescents(22.8%) with psychological sub-health in this survey.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that screen time over 2 h/d on study days(physical sub-health OR=1.25,95%CI:1.02-1.53; psychological sub-health OR=1.48,95%CI:1.19-1.82),screen time over 2 h/d on weekends(physical sub-health OR=1.44,95%CI:1.22-1.69; psychological sub-health OR=1.72,95%CI:1.44-2.05),and screen time over 2 h/d both on study days and weekends(physical sub-health OR=1.63,95%CI:1.29-2.70; psychological sub-health OR=2.13,95%CI:1.65-2.74) will increase the risk of the physical and psychological sub-health in adolescents. Conclusions Longer screen time will increase the risk of physical and psychological sub-health in adolescents.And it may be helpful to improve physical and psychological health by limiting the screen time.

Study on the effect of lipopolysaccharide intrauterine injection on the learning and memory ability of the preterm rat offspring

ZONG Lu, LYU Ye, ZHANG Xiao-xue, ZHANG Li, TIE Ying-chun

2019, 27(5):  503-506.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-0145

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Objective To discuss the effectiveness of lipopolysaccharide(LPS) intrauterine injection for establishing a premature rat model and the changes of learning and memory ability of the preterm birth pups. Methods A preterm birth model induced by intrauterine immflammation of SD pregnant rats was established.Thirty pregnant rats were randomly divided into experimental group and control group,with 15 rats in each group.All rats of the two groups were intrauterinely injected with 100 μl 25%LPS solution or 100 μl physiological saline on the 17th day of pregnancy,then the pregnancy outcome was observed.Navigation experiment and space exploration experiment of morris water maze were conducted in the first month after birth to test the changes of ability on the spatial learning and memory of the offspring. Results The preterm birth rate and stillbirth rate of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of control group(preterm birth:100% vs.6.7%,χ²=11.46,P<0.05; stillbirth:2.9% vs.0.9%,χ²=8.82,P<0.05).The average number of per litter(t=4.83,P=0.02),the average weight of offspring(t=3.75,P=0.03) and the survival rate of offspring in the first month after birth(χ²=3.68,P=0.03) in experimental group were significantly lower than those in control group.In the Morris water maze task,the experimental group adopted more non-effective strategies,while the control group adopted more effective strategies,and the difference was significant(χ²=4.27,P=0.02).The average incubation period of one-month-old rats in the experimental group was significantly longer than that in the control group(t=6.92,P=0.001).While the station stay time of one-month-old pups of experimental group was significantly shorter than that of the control group in space exploration experiment(t=5.28,P=0.005). Conclusions LPS intrauterine injection is a modeling method with high feasibility and success rate,which will result in impaired learning and memory ability of early litter rats.So it can be used in the related studies on premature labor caused by intrauterine inflammation.

Research advances on the relationship between executive function and functional magnetic resonance imaging in children with autism spectrum disorder

ZHU Shu-yi, DU Ya-song

2019, 27(5):  507-510.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-0116

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Autism spectrum disorder(ASD) is a complex neuro-developmental disease with executive function defect as its core.Functional magnetic resonance imaging is a non-invasive and visual imaging method while its data acquisition is simple and easy,thus becoming the main imaging method for exploring brain function changes in ASD patients.This article summarizes the characteristics of executive function in ASD patients,and combs the relationship between executive function and functional magnetic resonance from task state and resting state.

Research advance on non-motor symptoms of tic disorders in children

LIU Xin, YI Ming-ji

2019, 27(5):  511-514.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-0098

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The cardinal characteristics of tic disorders are sudden,rapid,repeated and irregular motor movements and vocalizations,accompanied by non-motor symptoms.Non-motor symptoms are associated with specific sensations,including premonitory urge,sensory modulation disorder and tic-related cognition.Recent studies have shown that non-motor symptoms,as a driving force,promotes the occurrence of motor symptoms and play an important role in the tic disorders.A thorough understanding of non-motor symptoms will not only help to elucidate the mechanism of tic disorders,but also help to formulate new prevention and treatment programs for tic disorders.

Study progress on social skills deficits of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorders

FAN Ning, DU Ya-song

2019, 27(5):  515-518.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-1162

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Social skills are learned behaviors for effective social interactions with others in a social situation,and play an important role in children's socialization development.This paper summarizes the characteristics of social skills in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD),and combs the factors influencing the performance of social skills of ADHD children from three aspects,including behavior,cognition and emotion.

Review on the association between allergic diseases and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in childhood and related mechanisms

ZHOU Ting, XIA Guang-ming

2019, 27(5):  519-522.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-0979

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder which onsets from childhood.It has been found that there is high co-morbidity between ADHD and atopic diseases.Children with allergic diseases are more likely to develop ADHD compared with controls.And complicated neuroimmuologic mechanisms might be involved in this association.The dysfunctional immunologic responses caused by allergic diseases in the infancy might have impact on the development of neural system.It is also proposed that ADHD is a hypersensitive disorder that shares similar etiology with allergic diseases.This review summarizes current studies on the association between ADHD and allergic diseases,as well as the related mechanisms,in order to provide new ideas for exploring the etiology and intervention of ADHD.

Research progress on psychological and behavioral problems in children with bronchial asthma

ZHANG Yang, HOU Wei

2019, 27(5):  523-526.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-0980

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Bronchial asthma(asthma) is a common,chronic,non-infectious disease of respiratory system in children.As the disease affects and long-term treatment of asthma,asthma children are more likely to develop more psychological and behavioral problems than healthy children at the same age.Meanwhile,these psychological and behavioral factors can induce and aggravate asthma attacks,and affect the treatment and rehabilitation of asthmatic children.This review summarizes the relationship between the two and discusses the mechanism.

Analysis on mental health problems and related risk factors of preschool children in Nanshan district of Shenzhen

WANG Lu, HUANG Yan-ke, JIANG Wen-qing, FANG Le, JIANG Xue-ming, CHEN Yu-huang, GAO Wu-hong, DU Ya-song

2019, 27(5):  527-530.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-1322

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Objective To explore the prevalence and the risk factors for mental health problems in preschool children,in order to provide reference for taking intervention. Methods A total of 15 008 children from 86 kindergartens were selected in the Nanshan by cluster sampling from March to June 2018.All parents were asked to fill out the basic information questionnaire and Strength and Difficulty Questionnaire(SDQ).And Logistic analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of mental health problems. Results 1) A total of 6.5% preschool children were detected with abnormal results.Peer interaction problem was the most prevalent mental health problem,followed by conduct problem,prosocial behavior,emotional symptoms and hyperactivity-inattention according to the prevalence rate.The emotional problems of girls was higher than that of boys(χ²=18.000),while the hyperactivity(χ²=63.499)and prosocial behaviors(χ²=131.533)of boys were significantly higher than those of girls(P＜0.05).2) Mental health problems were significantly higher in children who were at lower age(χ²=45.990),with high risk factors at birth(χ²=19.165),unregistered residents in Shenzhen(χ²=182.178),born outside Shenzhen(χ²=28.470),with younger mother and father(χ²=56.082,74.737),with less-educated mother and father(χ²=243.298,247.481),complex family structure(χ²=43.567),and second-hand smoking(χ²=103.434).3) Multivariate analysis indicated that the risk factors for mental health problems included high risk factors at birth(OR=1.535),short dwelling time in Shenzhen(OR=1.729),less-educated mother and father(OR=2.318,1.492)and second-hand smoking(OR=1.293),while the core family type was a protective factor(OR=0.564). Conclusions The peer interaction problem is the most common mental health problem for preschool children.And the mental health problems are affected by biological factors and environmental factors.

Survey on childhood emotional neglect in rural area of Shandong province

LYU Lin-jing, CHEN Jing-qi, ZHAO Xiao-xia

2019, 27(5):  531-534.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-1350

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Objective To explore the prevalence and associated risk factors of childhood emotional neglect,in order to provide references for the prevention of childhood emotional neglect. Methods An anonymous survey was conducted in 989 primary school students' parents from five primary schools in a rural area of Shandong province in 2014.Self-administered questionnaires were used to investigate childhood emotional neglect.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was undertaken to analyze the influencing factors of emotional neglect. Results A total of 989 primary school students were involved in this survey,and the emotional neglect was highly prevalent among this population.The total prevalence rate of childhood emotional neglect was 56.9%,including 54.8% for boys and 59.3% for girls,but the difference was not significant(χ²=2.020,P=0.155).Logistic regression analysis showed that risk factors for childhood emotional neglect included children with higher grades(OR=1.912),with poorer academic achievement(OR=1.852),non-only child(OR=1.445),parents with lower education(OR=1.527),poorer family economic condition(OR=1.576) and less social support(OR=2.161). Conclusions Childhood emotional neglect is prevalent in rural area,so more attention should be paid to the emotional neglect of parents from rural areas.Besides,it is suggested to carry out parental education activities in order to enhance parents' parenting skills.

Anxiety symptoms and the relevant factors between urban and migrant preschoolers

YAN Qiong , TANG Jing-fang, TONG Lian

2019, 27(5):  535-538.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-1096

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Objective To examine difference on the prevalence and related factors of anxiety symptoms between migrant preschoolers and local preschoolers. Methods A total of 1 513 preschoolers aged 3—6 years and their parents were recruited from 3 kindergartens for local children in Shanghai and Jiangsu province and 3 kindergartens for migrant children in Shanghai by convenient cluster sampling.Parents were requested to fill out the questionnaire.The anxiety symptoms were assessed by Spence Preschooler Anxiety Scale,and rearing environment was assessed by Index of Child Care Environment scale.Multiple linear regression was applied to analyse the data. Results The migrant children showed higher mean scores for each subscale of generalized anxiety,social anxiety and separation anxiety than local children.There were 2.77%(42/1 513) preschoolers displayed significant anxiety symptoms,and migrant children were found with more anxiety symptoms than local children(χ²=7.95,P<0.01).The rates for general anxiety,social anxiety,and separation anxiety were 3.16%,3.82% and 3.89%,respectively.Migrant children were found with more separation anxiety symptoms than local children(χ²=6.82,P<0.01).Multiple regression analysis showed that parents' daily engagements(β=-0.14) and child rearing support(β=-0.08) were positively associated with preschoolers' anxiety symptoms,while punishment was negatively related to children's anxiety symptoms(β=0.49).The interactive effect of children's type and parenting practices was also significantly associated with anxiety symptoms(β=0.11,-0.12,P<0.05). Conclusion Increasing high quality daily engagement with children and child rearing support,reducing punishment may contribute to less anxiety symptoms in preschoolers.

Research on the level and related factors for social competence of disabled children in Guangzhou

QIU Xing, LIU Ke, WANG Yun, LONG Ying, TAO Shu-hua

2019, 27(5):  538-542.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-1540

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Objective To investigate the level and related factors of social competence of disabled children in Guangzhou,in order to provide basis for improving the quality of life of disabled children and their family. Methods The self-designed questionnaire and Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist(CBCL) were used to investigate 354 parents of disabled children from November 2017 to January 2018.SPSS 20.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results The social competence of disabled children in Guangzhou was low,and the average score of total social competence was(8.10±4.30).Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that caregiver's education level(β=-0.213,P<0.001),children's gender(β=0.118,P=0.018) and study experience in ordinary schools(β=-0.214,P<0.001) were related factors for social competence.Study experience in ordinary schools(β=-0.183,P<0.001) and family structure(β=-0.135,P=0.010) had impacts on activities functioning.Caregiver's education level(β=-0.224,P<0.001),children's gender(β=0.130,P=0.011),study experience in ordinary schools(β=-0.169,P=0.001) were related factors for social relations functioning.Children's age(β=0.268,P<0.001),residence(β=0.264,P<0.001),study experience in ordinary schools(β=-0.143,P=0.003) had impacts on school functioning. Conclusion In view of the main related factors of the social competence of disabled children in each dimension,effective social competence training program can be formulated from the aspects of activities,social interaction and school,so as to help disabled children to integrate into the society and to improve the quality of life of disabled children and their family.

Study on the correlation between family nurture environment and obsessive-compulsive symptoms of preschool children

ZHANG Jin-Jin, XIE Bing-Jie, WU Guo-lian, SHI Qiu-xia, WEI Xiao-juan, WANG Hui-mei

2019, 27(5):  543-546.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-0000

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Objective To know about the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in preschool children and its relationship with family rearing environment,in order to provide scientific basis for early intervention of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Methods Totally 969 children aged 3 to 6 years were selected in 3 representative kindergartens in Taiyuan city by stratification and cluster sampling from October to November 2017.Children's general data questionnaire,the Family Rearing Environment Scale,Spence Preschool Anxiety Scale and Self-rating Anxiety Scale were used as investigation tools.The data were analyzed by means of t-test,χ² test and Logistic multiple regression analysis. Results Among 969 children,60 cases(6.2%) were positive for obsessive-compulsive symptoms,including 32 cases(6.3%) of males and 28(6.0%)of females,19 cases(5.8%) in the small classes,29(7.2%) in the middle classes and 12(5.0%) in the large classes.And 60 positive cases were defined as the obsessive-compulsive symptoms group,and 180 cases without anxiety were as control group.There was no significant differences on genders(χ²=0.200,P =0.655) and grades(χ²=2.065,P=0.356) between obsessive-compulsive symptoms group and control group.In the Family Nurture Environment Scale,there were significant differences on the subscales of language/cognitive,emotional warmth/self-expression,social adaptation/self-management,ignore/interference/punishment,participating in activity diversity/game and environment/atmosphere between obsessive-compulsive symptoms group and control group(P＜0.05).Also,mother's educational background and mother's anxiety score were significantly different between the two groups(χ²=14.356,t=3.426,P＜0.01).Logistic regression analysis indicated that the neglect/intervention/punishment(medium enviroment OR=0.241,95%CI:0.088-0.659),mother's anxiety score(OR=1.059,95%CI:1.009-1.111) and mother's education level(high school OR=3.886,95%CI:1.554-9.716; college or above OR=2.695,95%CI:1.301-5.581) were associated with obsessive-compulsive symptoms of preschool children. Conclusions Obsessive-compulsive symptoms are common in preschool children,and are related to family rearing style,maternal mood and maternal education level.Psychological counseling of parents is essential to early interfere with obsessive-compulsive symptoms of preschool children.

Analysis on the influencing factors of temperament in preschoolers

HE Hong-ling, ZHANG Wei, LIU Xiu-li, HUANG Jun-ting, YAO Wan-xia

2019, 27(5):  547-550.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-0050

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Objective To understand the influencing factors of preschool children's temperament,so as to take appropriate interventions to promote the health development of children's temperament. Methods Cluster sampling method was used to randomly select sample kindergartens from 4 rural and urban areas of the four corners in Xi'an City in October 2014.Three to eight classes were selected to conduct the investigation according to large medium and small classes in one kindergarten.The questionnaires filled out by parents or main caregivers included the general information,the Adjustment Scale of Infant and Junior Middle School Students revised by ZUO Qihua,the Temperament Scale of 3 to 7-year-old Children and Eysenck(adult) Personality Questionnaire(EPQ).Totally 1 100 questionnaires were sent out and 936(85.09%) valid questionnaires were collected.Multi-linearity regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of social adaptation ability with SPSS 15.0 software. Results Factors entering regression equation of the temperament in children included the good ability of social adaptation(95%CI:0.045-1.530,P=0.038),parents' marriage good(95%CI:0.450-1.650,P=0.001),the not only child(95%CI:-2.788--0.148,P=0.031),non-abnormal phenomena during pregnancy(95%CI:-2.082--0.517,P=0.002),good nutrition condition during pregnancy(95%CI:-1.452--0.224,P=0.009),good maternal psychology during pregnancy(expectation for pregnancy)(95%CI:-0.918-0.045,P=0.074),introversion and extroversion of maternal personality(E points)(95%CI:-0.003-0.058,P=0.076),emotional personality for father(N points)(95%CI:-0.037--0.010,P=0.001) and gender(95%CI:-0.669--0.122,P=0.005). Conclusions Temperament is affected by the common influence of congenital heredity and acquired environment.When raising children,in addition to paying attention to the antenatal care,parents also need to build a harmonious family atmosphere in order to promote the healthy development of children's personality.

Analysis of the factors influencing quality of life among school-age children with type 1 diabetes mellitus

MIAO Yan-xia, WANG Fang, QIAO Liang-mei, LIU Yi-xin, CHANG Li-hua

2019, 27(5):  551-554.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-1450

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Objective To explore the factors influencing the quality of life (QOL) of school-age children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM),in order to provide reference for improving the QOL of T1DM children. Methods A total of 106 school-age children with T1DM undergoing treatment in Xi'an Central Hospital from were enrolled in this study from June 2016 to June 2018 and were investigated by QOL questionnaires developed by ZHENG Ling-ling.The scores of influence field,satisfaction field and the overall score in children were observed.Differences on questionnaire scores between children with different values of fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were compared.And the factors influencing QOL of TIDM children were analyzed. Results The QOL scale was divided into two parts,influence domain and satisfaction domain.The average score of 106 school-age children in the influence domain was (82.37±11.44),the satisfaction domain was (25.41±5.77),and the total score was (110.54±18.89).The QOL of children with fasting blood glucose≤6.1 mmol/L was significantly lower than that of children with fasting blood glucose＞6.1 mmol/L (105.16±14.88 vs.142.26±20.61,t=10.064,P=0.001).Meantime,the QOL of children with HbA1c≤7.6% was significantly lower than that of children with HbA1c＞7.6% (103.67±19.26 vs.144.58±22.27,t=9.572,P=0.001).There was no significant differences on QOL among children in different sex,dwelling place and family income groups(P>0.05),but significant differences on QOL were found among children in different dietary compliance,insulin injections,injection times,blood glucose monitoring times and duration of disease groups (P<0.001). Conclusions The QOL of school-age children with T1DM is affected by multiple factors.So strict dietary plan is supposed to be made,and insulin pump is suggested to be used in the injection of T1DM children,so as to keep the fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels stable.

Body composition analysis of preschool children aged 4 to 6 years in Jinan city

ZHANG Hui-yun, LI Yan, LIU Chang-yun, XU Yue-qin

2019, 27(5):  554-557.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-1145

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Objective To analyze the characteristics of body composition development of preschool children aged 4-6 years in Jinan,and to study the relationship between body fat percentage (PBF) and body mass index (BMI) in preschool children,in order to compare the difference on obesity diagnosis between PBF and BMI. Method Totally 1 788 healthy children aged 4-6 years in Jinan City were selected for body composition test by bioelectrical impedance method from May 2017 to June 2018. Results The partial body composition of boys and girls before 4-6 years old increased with age. The difference was statistically significant in muscle mass,trunk muscle mass,fat-free body weight,protein,body fat,inorganic salt,basal metabolic rate moisture and PBF(P＜0.05). In Pearson test, BMI was correlated to PBF (r=0.841) if gender was not distinguished,and the correlation coefficient was 0.872 for boys while 0.830 for girls. There was a strong consistency between PBF and BMI in evaluating the obesity rate of children(Kappa=0.64). Conclusions 1)Bioelectrical impedance method can objectively reflect body fat content and accurately evaluate obesity in preschool children. 2) When BMI and PBF were used to assess obesity,the consistency in boys was higher than that in girls. PBF was more sensitive than BMI in assessing obese boys.

Analysis of influencing factorsfor mental health of primary school students in Zhongshan city

HE Shu-hua, GAO Jian-hui, ZENG Jie, XIE Jie-yan, CHEN Ang, SU Mei-zhen, YE Chun-hong

2019, 27(5):  558-561.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-1207

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Objective To investigate the influencing factors of mental health in primary school students from Grade 3 to Grade 6 in Zhongshan city,in order to provide basis for children's mental health care service in the future. Methods A random cluster sampling method was used.And a total of 2 236 students of Grade 3 to Grade 6 from eight primary schools in Zhongshan city were enrolled in this study from March to June in 2016.The Mental Health Test (MHT) was used to investigate the mental health status,and the influencing factors were investigated with the self-compiled general information table. Results The positive rate of mental health problems was 10.38% (232/2 236).Multivariate Logistic regression model showed that the risk factors included maternal bad mood during pregnancy(OR=3.18),birth asphyxia(OR=2.39),primary family discipline (doting,mixed)(OR=2.11,1.66),academic performance (good,average,poor)(OR=1.57,1.97,3.53).And protective factors were fathers' occupation (civil service or technical personnel)(OR=0.34) and lower grades (OR=0.54)with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Conclusions The mental health status of senior primary school students in Zhongshan city is not optimistic,and individual,family and school factors influence the mental health.So the relevant department should pay more attention to these factors

Effect of different ventilation methods during pulmonary surfactant administration on the treatment of severe neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

LIN Mei, ZHU Xiao-bo, XUE Jiang

2019, 27(5):  561-564.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2017-0719

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Objective To analyze the effects of different ventilation methods during pulmonary surfactant(PS) administration on the treatment of severe neonatal respiratory distress syndrome(RDS),in order to provide reference for the treatment of RDS. Methods A total of 65 preterm infants who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in this study,and were divided into manual ventilation group(n=32) and high frequency ventilation group(n=33).The changes of percutaneous partial pressure of O₂(tcPO₂) and CO₂(tcPCO₂₎,oxygenation index(OI)and respiratory index(RI) during PS administration were retrospectively analyzed,and the chest X-ray situation,mechanical ventilation time and related complications were also compared. Results During administration,tcPO₂ transiently decreased and tcPCO₂ increased.After administration,tcPO₂ rapidly increased,tcPCO₂ decreased in both groups.The changes of manual ventilation group were more obvious and had longer duration time(P＜0.05).Also,tcPO₂ and tcPCO₂ reached steady till 5 minutes to 15 minutes after PS administration,the high frequency ventilation group was earlier than the manual ventilation group(P＜0.05).At 1 hour,the high frequency ventilation group had lower OI and RI than the manual ventilation group(P＜0.05).The high frequency ventilation group had more conspicuous improvement of X-ray,shorter duration of mechanical ventilation than the manual ventilation group(P＜0.05).There were no significant differences on the complication incidence (intraventricular hemorrhage,bronchopulmonary dysplasia,air leak syndrome) (P＞0.05) between the two groups. Conclusion High frequency oscillatory ventilation during endotracheal PS injection can significantly reduce tcPO₂,tcPCO₂ fluctuation,and improve the neonatal pulmonary compliance and oxygenation in severe RDS neonates more effectively,thereby shortening the duration time for mechanical ventilation.

Research on the efficacy duration of auditory integration training in the treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder

WU Jiang-li, LI Zhan-xing, ZHOU Guo-ling, NI Zhe

2019, 27(5):  565-567.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-0927

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Objective To study the duration time of therapeutic effect of auditory training(AIT)on children with autism spectrum disorder(ASD),in order to provide basis for determining the optimal frequency of AIT. Methods Totally 65 ASD children diagnosed according to the ICD-10 were enrolled in this study from July 2016 to December 2017,and were divided into study group(n=33) and control group(n=32) by coded order.The control group received general rehabilitation training,and the study group was given AIT intervention in addition to general rehabilitation training.The autistic behaviors and intelligence level of children were assessed by Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) scale and China-Wechsler Young Children Scale of Intelligence (C-WYCSI) before intervention,1 month after training,3 months after training and 6 months after training,respectively. Results After one-month AIT intervention,the total score of ABC,communication and language scores significantly decreased (P<0.05).The total score of ABC and the score of all factors significantly decreased,and the IQ score significantly increased after 3 months of training (P<0.01).After 6 months of training,the total score of ABC and the score of each factor improved somewhat compared with that of 3 months after training(P<0.05). But compared with that before treatment,there was still significant decrease (P<0.05). Conclusions The auditory integration training is effective in treating ASD children.The efficacy starts in 1 month,works best in 3 months and still works in 6 months after training,but decreased slightly in 6 months.

Study on serum 25-hydroxyl vitamin D levels of children aged 1 to 6 years in Liuzhou area

CHEN Ling, LIAO Zhi-xing, ZHANG Yu, ZENG Ting

2019, 27(5):  568-570.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-1628

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Objective To investigate the level of 25-hydroxyl vitamin D [25-(OH)D] in children aged 1 to 6 years in Liuzhou area,in order to provide the scientific basis for rational supplement of vitamin D (VD).Method Totally 4 560 preschool children undergoing the physical examination in the Pediatric Health Care Department of Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Liuzhou were enrolled in this study from 15th July,2016 to 14th July,2017.Serum level of 25-(OH)D was tested by the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Results The average level of 25-(OH)D in 4 560 children was (101.57±31.56) nmol/L,and 908 children (19.91%) were found with 25-(OH)D insufficiency and deficiency.The 25-(OH)D level in one-year-old children was much higher than that in other age groups and the serum 25-(OH) D level decreased with age in children over 2 years old (F=208.962,P＜0.001).The rates of VitD insufficiency and deficiency among children aged 4 to 6 years were much higher than those in children aged 1 to 3 years (χ²=360.878,P＜0.001).The rates of VD insufficiency and deficiency in winter and spring were significantly higher than those in summer and autumn (χ²=82.739,P＜0.001).VD supplements decreased obviously in children over 2 years old,and over 50% of 3-year-old children did not take VD supplements. Conclusions VD insufficiency and deficiency is common in children aged 4 to 6 years in Liuzhou,especially in winter and spring.So it is recommended that VD supplements should be taken in a long-term and reasonable manner.

Analysis of nutrition and health condition monitoring of children under 5 years old in urban and rural areas of Yunnan province from 2012 to 2018

ZHU Xi-xiang, ZHENG Jia-rui, ZHENG Min, DUAN Gan-shi, LI Peng-bin

2019, 27(5):  571-573.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-0399

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Objective To analyze the nutritional status and change trend of children under 5 years old in urban and rural areas of Yunnan Province,based on the data of Yunnan Province in nationwide children's Nutrition and Health Condition Monitoring System from 2012 to 2018. Methods A stratified cluster sampling method was used to select children under 5 years old in 4 towns (streets) respectively in Wuhua district,Kunming and Huize district,Qujing. The diagnostic criteria of children's growth development and anemia by WHO in 2006 was adopted. And the data was analyzed by software SPSS 17.0. Results The prevalence of anemia in rural children under 5 years old was over 30% (after high adjustment of altitude),which has become a moderate issue of public health. However,the prevalence of anemia has decreased significantly over the past seven years,with significant difference between urban and rural areas(P＜0.05). Meantime,the prevalence rates of stunting,underweight and wasting in children under 5 years old in rural area were significantly higher than those in urban area(P＜0.05),which significantly changed over the past seven years,especially in rural area(P＜0.05). Conclusions The nutritional disease of children in urban and rural areas of Yunnan province has been alleviated dramatically. The launch of related projects on improving nutritional status of children in poverty areas has enhanced the nutritional status of children in western area,which needs to be implemented thoroughly.

Prevalence of addiction to smart mobile devices and its related factors among high school students in Changning district

LI Yu-hua, ZHUANG Yin-zhu, JIANG Yu, XIA Qing-hua

2019, 27(5):  574-576.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-0856

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Objective To know about the rate of addiction to smart mobile devices and its related factors among high school students,in order to provide reference for the scientific and appropriate use of smart mobile devices. Methods Totally 949 students from high schools in Changning district were selected by using stratified cluster random sampling method.A questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate the prevalence of addiction to smart mobile devices.Young scale was used to assess the addiction,and the mental health and loneliness were collected by the scale of K10 and USL-8,respectively. Results The rate of addiction to smart mobile device among high school students was 14.33%(136/949).Students with different grades,study conditions,arrangements,or intentions had different rate of addiction(χ²=43.046,8.711,21.652,13.970,P＜0.05).The addicted students had higher scores of both K10 and USL-8 than the others(Z=-7.998,-7.297,P＜0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that senior high school students(OR=1.822,95%CI:1.167-2.585),intention of entertainment(OR=1.572,95%CI:1.060-2.330),score of K10 higher than 14(OR=2.788,95%CI:1.786-4.352) and score of USL-8 higher than 14(OR=2.013,95%CI:1.320-3.071) were risk factors of addiction to smart mobile devices. Conclusion The addiction to smart mobile device is prevalent,and more attention should be paid to those in senior high school,with intention of entertainment,poor mental health and loneliness.