Table of Content

Volume 17 Issue 8
26 August 2012

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Effects of curcumin pretreatment on heme oxygenase-1 in lung injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion of hind limbs in rats

SUN Xiao-feng, YANG Jun

2012, 17(8):  841-845. 

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AIM: To investigate the effects of curcumin pretreatment on heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in lung injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) of hind limbs in rats.METHODS: The model of lung injury was established by occlusion of bilateral femoral arteries for 2 h followed by 3 h reperfusion in rat. Sixty SD rats were randomly divided into five equal groups: Sham group, Curcumin group (Cur group), I/R group, Curcumin+I/R group (Cur-I/R group), Zinc protoporphyrin IX+Curcumin+I/R group (ZnPP-Cur-I/R group). ZnPP-Cur-I/R group received ZnPP 20 mg/kg via intraperitoneal injection 24 h before ischemia. Cur, Cur-I/R and ZnPP-Cur-I/R groups received curcumin 200 mg/kg respectively via intraperitoneal injection 2 h before ischemia. I/R of hind limbs was induced in three I/R groups. The lungs were removed for pathologic examination and determination of the lung Wet/dry weight ratio (W/D), lung injury score and polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) count. The expression of HO-1 mRNA and protein in lung tissues was detected using RT-PCR and Western blot analysis respectively.RESULTS: Alveolar edema, localized pulmonary atelectasis and large amount of PMN infiltration were found in I/R group and were ameliorated in Cur-I/R group. Lung injury score, W/D ratio and PMN count were increased in I/R group as compared with Sham group (P＜0.01). Lung injury score, W/D ratio and PMN count were significantly decreased in Cur-I/R group as compared with I/R group (P＜0.01). HO-1 mRNA and protein expression was significantly up-regulated in Cur-I/R group than in Sham and I/R groups (P＜0.01). Compared with Cur-I/R group, the beneficial effects of curcumin were abolished, lung injury score, W/D ratio and PMN count were significantly increased, and expression of HO-1 mRNA and protein was down-regulated in ZnPP-Cur-I/R group (P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Curcumin pretreatment has protective effects against lung injury induced by I/R of hind limbs in rats through up-regulation of HO-1 expression in the lung tissues.

The changes of NF-κB promote rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes apoptosis by Danshen injection

LIU Qing-song, ZHU Xing-chun, JIANG Hong, CAI Yan, YUAN Guo-hua, YANG Ming-hui, ZHANG Jun, LI Jun-an, TANG Zhong

2012, 17(8):  846-850. 

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AIM: To investigate the changes of expressions and the location of P65 and P50 in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) by Danshen injection.METHODS: Fibroblast-like synovial cells obtained from synovial fluid by primary culture, and then treated with final concentrations of 0, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/mL of Danshen injection for 24 h. The expressions and location of P65 and P50 were detected with immunocytochemistry and Western blot.RESULTS: Immunocytochemistry showed that in the absence of drugs under the conditions of stimulation, either P65 or P50 was mainly concentrated in the cytoplasm, when the final concentration of Danshen injection reaches 0.2 mg/mL, both of them had a tendency to nuclear transfer, when the final concentration of Danshen injection to 0.4 mg/mL, both of them significantly accumulated in the nucleus. Western blot results showed that the expressions of P65 and P50 in the nucleus increased with the elevated concentration of Danshen injection, and when the concentration of Danshen injection reach to 0.4 mg/mL, the expressions of both of them increased significantly (P<0.05, n=4).CONCLUSION: Danshen injection can adjust rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes P65 and P50 from the cytoplasm to the cell nuclear transfer, and thus promote apoptosis of fibroblast-like synoviocytes.

Pioglitazone inhibits mouse liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy

CHENG Zhang-jun, YANG Ping-hua, ZHOU Jia-hua, SHEN Feng

2012, 17(8):  851-855. 

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AIM: To investigate the effects of pioglitazone on mouse liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy.METHODS: 2/3 partial hepatectomy was performed in C57BL/6J mice. The experimental group mice were treated with pioglitazone (20 mg·kg^-1·d^-1) by oral gavage. The control group mice were treated with vehicle. Mouse serum and liver tissue harvest were performed at serials time point post operation. The liver/body weight ratio were calculated; liver histology was assessed by H&E staining; serum transaminase and glucose were determined by biochemistry assay. Hepatocellular proliferation was eveluated by IHC staining of Ki67 and PH3.RESULTS: There were no hepatic toxic and side effects caused by pioglitazone under the given dosage. Pioglitazone didn't impair the metabolism of serum glucose. The liver growth and hepatocyte proliferation were delayed and inhibited in pioglitazone treated mice in comparison to that in control mice(P＜0.05).CONCLUSION: Pioglitazone inhibits liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy in mice.

Experimental study of Pearl Bright Eyedrop on rabbit eyes ameliorating microcirculation

CHENG Min, YE Xiao-di, MIAO Yun-ping, CHEN Ai-yin, ZHENG Gao-li

2012, 17(8):  856-859. 

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AIM: To observe the effect of Pearl Bright Eyedrop on rabbit eyes microcirculation.METHODS: The rabbit eyeball conjunctiva microcirculation obstacle models by intravenous injection of macromolecule Dextran T 500 were prepared. The Pearl Bright Eyedrop's improvement to rabbit eye microcirculation wes observed and analysed using animal Microcir Culation analyzer.RESULTS: Pearl Bright Eyedrop which administered after 5, 15, and 30 minutes could significantly speed up the blood flow velocity of eyeball conjunctival arterioles and venules, improve blood flow pattern, reduce blood flow pattern points.CONCLUSION: Pearl Bright Eyedrop has good amelioration effect on rabbit eyeball conjunctiva microcirculation obstacle.

Protective effects of total saponin from Panacis majoris rhizoma against H₂O₂-induced apoptosis in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes

CHEN Liang-jin, SHI Meng-qiong, HE Hai-bo, XIONG Xing-jun, LU Xun-cong

2012, 17(8):  860-867. 

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AIM: To observe the inhibition effects of total saponin from Panacis majoris rhizoma on myocardial apoptosis of neonatal rat induced by H₂O₂ and its mechanism.METHODS: Oxidative stress-induced injury model was established with H₂O₂. Effects of total saponin from Panacis majoris rhizome (100, 200 μg/mL) on viability of cells and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of cells were detected by MTT assay; Cell apoptosis rate and reactive oxygen species(ROS)content were detected by flow cytometry, the apoptosis cells morphous were observed by hoechst33258 through fluorescence microscope; The levels of Caspase-3, 9 were measured by detecting kits; Real-time polymerase chain reaction was applied to detect the mRNA expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax apoptosis-related genes.RESULTS: Total saponin from Panacis majoris rhizome (100, 200 μg/mL) might significantly increase cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential, inhibit myocardial apoptosis, improve cell morphous, decrease intra-cellular ROS contents, down-regulate mRNA expression of Bax, up-regulate the mRNA expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-2/Bax ratio, decrease activities of Caspase-3, 9, and with the dose of total saponin increasing, the aforesaid improvement became more and more strong.CONCLUSION: Total saponin from Panacis majoris rhizome could effectively inhibit myocardial apoptosis of neonatal rat induced by H₂O₂. The mechanism may be related to stabilizing mitochondrial membrane potential, scavenging of ROS, regulating the Caspase-3, 9, Bcl-2 and Bax expression levels.

Expression of ENA-78 in rats with severe acute pancreatitis and roles of somatostatin treatment

HU Guang-Long, ZHAO Guo-Hai

2012, 17(8):  868-873. 

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AIM: To explore the potential role of ENA-78 on the pathogenesis during the early severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) in rats, and study the effect of somatostatin on ENA-78 expression.METHODS: Fifty-six SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham-operation group, SAP3 h, 6 h,12 h groups and somatostatin-treated 3 h, 6 h, 12 h groups.SAP was induced by retrograde injection 3.5% sodium taurocholate into the biliopancreatic duct.Somatostatin-treated groups were given somatostatin (20 μg/kg) intravenous injection after SAP model successfully established 0.5 h by microinjection pump.The levels of serum amylase and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the pancreas tissue were tested. Pathological changes of pancreas were observed under the light microscopy.The ENA-78 mRNA expression of the pancreas tissue was analyzed by RT-PCR.The serum levels of ENA-78 were measured by means of enzyme-linked immunosobent assay (ELISA).RESULTS: Compared with SO group, the ENA-78 mRNA expression was up-regulated obviously in SAP group.During the process of SAP development from 3 h to 12 h, ENA-78 mRNA expression increased at 3 h and peaked at 12 h(P<0.05 or P<0.01, respectively).The serum levels of ENA-78 were significantly higher in SAP group than those in SO group (P<0.01).Furthermore, ENA-78 expression was positively correlated with the severity of pancreatic injury (r=0.888, P<0.01). After SST treatment, the mRNA expression and serum levels of ENA-78 declined significantly(P<0.05 or P<0.01,respectively)CONCLUSION: ENA-78 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of early SAP. Somatostatin has protective effect on SAP via down-regulating ENA-78 expression.

Experimental study of PIANTONG capsule fluid extract on analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect

XU Tun-hai, WEN Ping, LIU Bin, ZHANG Xiao-yong, JIA Su-rong, TAO Xiao-hua

2012, 17(8):  874-877. 

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AIM: To investigate the analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects of PIANTONG capsule fluid extract.METHODS: The analgesic action was detected through the hot-plate and acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice, regarding to pain threshold and stretching times. The anti-inflammation effect of PIANTONG capsule fluid extract was tested by xylene-induced mouse ear swelling and albumen-induced rat hind paw swelling.RESULTS: PIANTONY capsule fluid extract obviously decreased the writhing time,significantly prolonged the pain threshold of mice and inhibited ear swelling and hind paw swelling.CONCLUSION: PIANTONG capsule possesses significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.

Study on the hemolysis causes of aminomethyl benzoic acid (PAMBA) injection

PAN Wei-song, ZHOU Yong-biao, ZHANG Ne-min, XIAO Ying

2012, 17(8):  878-883. 

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AIM: To study the hemolysis causes of the aminomethyl benzoic acid injection.METHODS: According to the hemolysis test, pH determination and Moore osmotic pressure test method in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010, to study the possible hemolysis causes.RESULTS: The hemolysisi causes is related to the pH value, and is not related to the Moore osmotic pressure.CONCLUSION: The pH value of the PAMBA injection should be determined to 4.3 to 4.5 to avoid hemolysis reaction.

Effects of garlicin on 5-HT, β-EP of mice at the different age groups

LV Ya-nan, DONG Qun

2012, 17(8):  884-887. 

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AIM: To explore the effects of garlicin on 5-HT, β-EP of mice at the different age groups.METHODS: The mice were randomly divided into young group and senium group, and each group consists of treatment group and control group. Aging models of mice were with D-galactose. The mice in treatment group were administered orally with garlicin for consecutive 14 days and two other groups with equal amount of normal saline. The content of 5-HT and β-EP were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).RESULTS: The β-EP content were lower in the senium groups those that in young groups (P＜0.05). The difference of 5-HT was not signifi cant between senium group and young group(P＞0.05). Garlicin improved the levels of 5-HT and β-EP in the young treatment groups(P＜0.05). Compared with senium control group, the level of β-EP was higher in senium treatment group(P＜0.05), but the difference of 5-HT was not signifi cant between the two groups(P＞0.05).CONCLUSION: Garlicin can improve the level of β-EP of mice, and it can improve the level of 5-HT of young mice.

Establishments of the gastrointestinal surgery model in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats

XIA Ya-bin, ZHENG Cheng-zhu

2012, 17(8):  888-891. 

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AIM: To establish the gastrointestinal surgery model in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats.METHODS: 60 SPF-class male Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were used. The rats were given a high-fat-sugar diet for 8 wk, followed with an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40mg/kg). 1 week after get success model, 24 rats from success model were randomly divided into two groups : duodenal jejunal bypass group(DJB, n=12),Roux-en-Y gastric bypass group(RYGB, n=12).RESULTS: 8 weeks after surgery,surviving rats in each group were ten, the overall survival rate of rats reached 83.3%.CONCLUSION: The animal model of type 2 diabetes to be given gastrointestinal operation as the treatment is feasible,which means can be used in long-term observation of foundation research and evaluation the effectiveness of clinical work.

Bias of treatment effects and its correction in targeted clinical trials

CHEN Lin, LIU Yu-xiu, LIU Li-xia, CHENG Qi

2012, 17(8):  892-895. 

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With the completion of the Human Genome Project, we are able to identify the disease-related targets and apply them to disease treatment by developing targeted drugs. Hence, targeted clinical trials are becoming increasingly popular in recent years. However, due to the imperfect diagnostic techniques the patients enrolled in targeted clinical trials with positive result might not all truly have the targets. To include patients with false positive results would result in the bias of treatment effects. This paper analyses the influence of the accuracy of diagnostic method in targeted clinical trials and figures out the bias of treatment effects. Then a new statistical method which incorporated EM algorithm and parametric bootstrap would be introduced to give an unbiased estimation of the effect size. The method provides an adequate methodological support for the targeted clinical trials.

Pharmacokinetics of rE-4 (Lyophilized Recombinant Exendin-4) in healthy volunteers after multiple subcutaneous injections

YANG Wei, ZHU Li-xia, ZHANG Chun-yan, YAN Ji-ling, WANG Qian, LIU Yi, CHENG Yuan-guo, ZHANG Ming-xia, XU Jia, FENG Wan-yu, JI Li-nong, SHAO Hong, FANG Yi

2012, 17(8):  896-900. 

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AIM: To study the pharmacokinetics of rE-4 (Lyophilized Recombinant Exendin-4) injection after single and multiple s.c. administration in Chinese healthy volunteers.METHODS: rE-4 injection was administrated s.c. to 6 male and 6 female Chinese adult healthy volunteers at the single dose of 5 μg once a day for 8 days.RESULTS: After the administration of the 1st and the 8th day, the pharmacokinetic parameters AUC_0-t was 690.2, 718.0 ng·h·L^-1; AUC_0-∞ was 779.8, 797.9 ng·h·L^-1; t_max was 0.89, 0.79 h, C_max was 201.4, 212.7 ng/L; t_1/2Z was 2.38, 2.31 h; CLz/F was 6.7, 6.5 L/h,respectively. The AUC_0-t,C_max and t_1/2z of the single and multiple administration were not statistically different and the accumulation index was 1.0017. There were no serious adverse events observed but only one case of mild adverse reaction.CONCLUSION: The rE-4 was well tolerated in Chinese healthy volunteers. The concentration-time profiles of rE-4 were shown to fit the one-compartment model. No systemic accumulation appeared after the multiple-dose administration. Further phase II clinical trials towards rE-4 could be recommended.

Calpain10 gene polymorphisms are associated with posttransplantation diabetes mellitus in Chinese renal allograft recipients

YU Ai-rong, FAN Xing, LIU Hui-ming, XIN Hua-wen

2012, 17(8):  901-905. 

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AIM: To investigate the association between the Calpain10 gene polymorphism and the risk of PTDM in Chinese renal allograft recipients.METHODS: Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (CAPN10 gene SNP-19,SNP-43,SNP-63) were genotyped in the cohort, which consisted of 97 renal allograft recipients with PTDM (PTDM group) and 301 renal allograft recipients without PTDM (control group).The genotypes of polymorphisms were performed by allele specific polymerase chain reaction (ASPCR), PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Logistic regression test was used to identify risk factors for PTDM development and calculate the odds ratio.RESULTS: The 11 and 12 genotypes of SNP-19 and the GG genotypes of SNP-43 were more common in patients with PTDM than those without PTDM (P<0.05). After adjustments for age, sex, body weight and BMI, the effect of genotype remained significant (11 vs 22, OR=1.502, 95%CI: 1.016-2.347, P=0.048; 12 vs 22, OR=1.764, 95%CI: 1.055-2.947, P=0.030) in SNP-19 and the patients carrying genotype GG had higher risk comparison with carriers with genotype AA or GA(OR＝2.190, 95%CI: 1.047-3.473, P=0.044)in SNP-43. But SNP-63 was not association with PTDM.CONCLUSION: The 1-allele in SNP-19 and GG genotype in SNP-43 of CAPN10 gene are the independent risk factors of PTDM in Chinese renal allograft recipients.

Pharmacists' practice in carrying out typical cases of adverse drug reaction identification

ZHU Su-yan, HU Yi-jian

2012, 17(8):  906-909. 

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AIM: To discuss clinical practice of clinical pharmacists participating in adverse drug events (ADEs) identification.METHODS: Based on typical case analysis, clinical pharmacists identified ADEs from different points of view and help physicians work out more reasonable and effective pharmaco-therapeutic programs.RESULTS: Clinical pharmacists should be able to indentify ADEs by ways of medication history collecting, drug-drug interaction appreciation, therapeutic drug monitoring and literature retrieval.CONCLUSTION: Clinical pharmacists can gradually integrate into the medical care team and play the important roles in it by participating in clinical medication therapy. Clinical pharmacists should also make effect to evaluate clinical drug therapeutics to ensure drug safety of patients and establish harmonious relations between doctors and patients.

Effect of alprostadil injection on lung injury in patients with paraquat poisoning

LV Wang, CHEN Xin-Guo, JIN Huan-Zhi, ZHANG Xue-Liang

2012, 17(8):  910-913. 

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AIM: To investigate the clinical therapeutic effect of alprostadil injection on inflammatory response and lung injury in patients with paraquat poisoning and thus to improve clinical practice.METHODS: Thirty patients with paraquat poisoning were randomized into control and observation group (15 cases in each group), where the patients in control group received routine therapy and additional 10 μg alprostadil injection dissolved in 100 mL saline was administrated intravenously for 7 days in experimental group. Plasma levels of interleukine-6, 8 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were detected; arterial blood gas analysis and chest X-ray examination were performed at the first and seventh day of admission, and mortality compared between the two groups.RESULTS: Compare to control group, the levels of plasma IL-6, IL-8 and MMP-9 were decreased, the incidences of acute lung injury and systemic inflammatory response syndrome were lower in experimental group at seventh day of admission (P<0.05). There was no significant differences of mortality between the two groups (P>0.05).CONCLUSION: Alprostadil injection could protect the patients with paraquat poisoning agaist acute lung injury by attenuating inflammatory response.

Pathogens and drug resistant rate analysis of aged of bronchiectasis patients in an acute exacerbation

SONG Xiu-jie, LU Cong-zhe, FANG Ting-zheng, HAN Wen-jie, RUI Meng, OU Min

2012, 17(8):  914-918. 

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AIM: To learn the situation of pathogens distribution and drug sensitivity in aged bronchiectasis in an acute exacerbation.METHODS: 150 samples of sputum bacteria culture and drug sensitivity tests from 104 aged patients were performed in our hospital from 2000 to 2012.RESULTS: 107 isolates isolated from 150 sputum samples, among them there were 87 isolates of gram-negative bacillus (81%). The most common Gram-negative bacillus isolated were Pseudomonas aeruginosa(35%), Klebsiella pneumoniae(14% ), Acinetobacter baumannii(11%). There were 8 strains of gram-positive bacteria(7%),12 strains of fungi(11%). Piperacillin/tabazotani, three generation cephalosporin,four generation cephalosporin carbapenem,and quinolone has better antimicrobial activity against. gram-negative bacillus.CONCLUSION: The main pathogen of aged bronchiectasis in an acute exacerbation was gram negative bacteria, pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most commen pathogens among them. Piperacillin/tabazotani, three generation cephalosporin, four generation cephalosporin, carbapenem should be recommended to treat these aged bronchiectasis patients.

Progress of the molecular mechanisms research of gallbladder cancer lymphatic metastasis

ZHANG Lin, LI Mao-lan, LI Song-gang, WU Wen-guang, LIU Ying-bin

2012, 17(8):  919-923. 

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Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most frequent biliary tract malignancy. Prognostic factors that influence the success of aggressive surgical therapy include depth of invasion, histologic grade, lymphatic or perineural invasion, and lymphatic metastasis. Lymphatic metastasis is a common way of metastasis. The molecular mechanism of lymphatic metastasis remains unclear. VEGF-C/VEGF-D and its receptor VEGFR-3 promote Lymphangiogenesis and play a key role in lymph node metastasis. p16 may increase the degree of malignancy, through mutation and methylation, which is related to lymphatic metastasis. Hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) induces the expression of VEGF-C/-D, promote Lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis. In the gene family of matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs), MMP-2 and MMP-9 may be associated with the lymphatic metastasis, which can degradate extracellular matrix (ECM).

Application of metabonomics in liver and kidney injury research

HE Mu, YAO Wei-feng, CAI Xiu-jiang, DING An-wei, JIANG Ye-juan

2012, 17(8):  924-930. 

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Metabonomics is a new developing “omics” in recent years, which has become one of the most active research areas in biomedical field. Due to its promising applications in many fields, metabonomics has been becoming an important component of system biology. Liver injury and kidney injury are common clinical diseases that endanger human health. However, current indicators are lacking of specificity and sensitivity, so that it is difficult to make accurate, timely warning and monitoring. Metabonomics will contribute to comprehensive analysis of diseases from the perspective of metabolic, distinguishing severity of the disease fast and safely, with the result that there can be seen an increasing advantages for the research on the early diagnosis of liver and kidney injury. This paper mainly reviewed the recent application process of metabonomics in liver and kidney injury research.

The transcriptional regulation of drug enzymes and transporters mediated by Pregnane X receptor and its significant role in multidrug resistance

ZHAO Qi-jin, ZHA Wei-bin, ZHOU Fang, WU Xiao-lan, CAO Bei, ZHANG Jing-wei, WANG Guang-ji

2012, 17(8):  931-939. 

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The pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) is a key member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that has been shown to mediate the transcriptional regulation of drug metabolism enzymes and transporters. Recent studies have shown that overexpression of drug metabolism enzymes and transporters induced by active PXR correlated to the multidrug resistance of chemotherapeutic agents. It is urgent to reveal the underling mechanism of multidrug resistance mediated by PXR in light of the fact that PXR is extensively involved in the transcriptional regulation of drug metabolism enzymes and transporters. This review summarizes the latest studies about the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of drug metabolism enzymes and transporters by PXR, and their roles in multidrug resistance of chemotherapeutic agents, for providing an effective therapeutic strategy for enhancing sensitivity of chemotherapeutic agents and attenuating multidrug resistance.

Advances in search for anti-inflammatory and anti-infective of anesthetics and their targets

PAN Qing-jun, LIU Yuan

2012, 17(8):  940-943. 

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Despite pain relief and muscle relaxation in surgery, effects of anesthetics on anti-inflammatory and anti-infective efficacy gains a growing concern, especially the protection in endotoxemia and endotoxin shock of animals. Studies have shown that different sedation agents have different precision targets, it suggests that the mechanism of specific anesthetics will not be the same. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of existing research studies and their approaches concerning the effects of anesthetics on anti-inflammatory and anti-infective efficacy and their targets.

Research advances in models of hepatic and intestinal first-pass drug metabolism

ZHU Jing, GUO Jian-jun, LIN Jun-hui, BU Hai-zhi, CHEN Xi-jing

2012, 17(8):  944-949. 

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Low oral bioavailability of a drug could be attributed to poor absorption and/or extensive first-pass metabolism.The liver and small intestine are the two most important organs for first-pass metabolism. In this review, the important drug-metabolizing enzymes located in the human liver and small intestine are introduced and the effects of different physiological structures of the two organs on overall first-pass metabolism are presented. Moreover, the research advances of the methods used to estimate hepatic and intestinal first-pass metabolism, such as in vitro, in situ, in vivo, in vitro-in vivo combined, knockout and transgenic models, are also summarized.

Study on the relationship between genetic variation and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

JING Xian, LI Hui, DENG Xiao-lan, OUYANG Dong-sheng

2012, 17(8):  950-956. 

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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a group of heredity-environment-metabolism stress disease. It is the most common chronic liver disease in the western country and the second common liver disease after viral hepatitis in our country. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is considered as a component of metabolism syndrome, which consists of obesity, type II diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and hypertension. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease have been becoming a common cause of chronic liver diseases and transaminase abnormality. Recently, the genetic basis of Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is attracting more and more attention. The studies between nonalcoholic fatty liver and genetic variations affecting fatty acid metabolism, insulin resistance, oxidative stress and so on were sumnarized.

Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrilation patients with coronary heart disease

WU Mei-hua

2012, 17(8):  957-960. 

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Antithrombotic therapy is a real challenge in atrial fibrilation patients with coronary heart disease, especially in patients undergoing coronary stenting on triple therapy, need to balance the risk of bleeding complications and the benefits of reducing atherothrombotic events.This article will focus on antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrilation patients with coronary heart disease.