Chinese Journal of Child Health Care

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Clinical intervention of language delays and language disorders

LIU Xue-man

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2022, 30 (8): 813-817. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0871

Abstract （843）

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Language delays and language disorders are the most common type of childhood developmental disorders. The exploratory design and initial attempts to implement a Chinese model of an evidence-based clinical intervention pathway for language delays and language disorders were guided by the Clinical Framework of children's language development and the concept of response to intervention (RTI).The early exploratory design also incorporated China's well developed nationwide maternal and children's health care system into the internationally recognized evidence-based tertiary clinical intervention pathway to achieve some initial Results in China.

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Communication disorders in children with autism spectrum disorder from speech language pathology perspective

YANG Feng

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2024, 32 (3): 233-236. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2024-0114

Abstract （657）

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Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) face varying degrees of difficulties in communication, language, and social interactions.This article analyzes the basic communication abilities, language development characteristics, and social pragmatic features of ASD children from the perspective of speech pathology, introduces corresponding assessment tools and proposes intervention strategies based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF).Meanwhile, this article emphasizes the adoption of a comprehensive intervention model that involves medical, family, and school components to enhance the communication, language, and social skills of this group comprehensively, with the aim of effectively improving their overall quality of life.

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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2023, 31 (6): 581-585. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0347

Abstract （575）

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Research progress in responsive caregiving for infants and toddlers

XU Yu-ying, WANG Xue-na, LI Jia, AN Zi-fen, YU Li-ping

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2023, 31 (1): 71-75. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0343

Abstract （570）

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Responsive caregiving plays an important role in the early development of infants and toddlers. It can not only promote brain development, emotional and language development of infants and toddlers, but also enhance parent-child attachment and promote their social development. This paper focuses on the researches on responsive caregiving for infants and toddlers at home and abroad from three aspects:measurement tools, influencing factors and intervention measures, in order to provide theoretical reference for further study of responsive caregiving for infants and toddlers.

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Guidelines of health nurturing care for children under 3 years old (trial implementation)

National Health Commission of the People′s Republic of China

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2023, 31 (1): 1-9. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1446

Abstract （517）

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Physical activity and early childhood development of preschool children

WANG Jian

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2022, 30 (6): 585-590. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0597

Abstract （304）

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Physical activity is the main form of play, games and daily life for preschool children and the important means of early nurturance, education and medical rehabilitation. It plays a positive and beneficial role in promoting the early brain, body, cognition, emotion and social development of children, shaping the overall life development trajectory and physical-mental health of children. This article highlights the latest research advances and future research perspectives in the areas of physical activity and early physical development, brain, cognitive development and social development.

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Efficacy of methylphenidate hydrochloride prolonged-release tablets and atomoxetine on symptoms and executive function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

LI Yan, WEN Zhu, DENG Si-yu, JIANG Wen-qing, FAN Juan, DU Ya-song

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2022, 30 (12): 1291-1296. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0284

Abstract （304）

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Objective To compare the improvement of symptoms and executive function of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treated with methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH) prolonged-release tablets and atomoxetine (ATX), in order to provide more reference for clinical intervention. Methods From 2017 to 2019,children with ADHD who had not been medicated in the Pediatric and Juvenile Outpatient Clinic of the Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine were selected into the study, then 64 ADHD Children were divided into MPH group and ATX group according to medication treatment strategy. Changes in symptom scores and executive function indicators were assessed at baseline, at the end of 4, 8, and 24 weeks of medication. Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale-Ⅳ (SNAP-Ⅳ) and Conners Parents Symptom Questionnaire (PSQ) were used to evaluate symptoms. Executive function was evaluated by Stroop color-word test, Wisconsin card classification test and Digital Span test. Results Symptom scores and several core indicators of executive function improved significantly in both groups of ADHD children at the end of the 24th weekend ( P<0.05). There were no significant differences in SNAP-Ⅳ scale scores, PSQ scores, Stroop test, as well as the scores of WCST and Digital Span between the two groups at baseline, at the end of 4th week, 8th week and 24th week ( P>0.05). Conclusion Both MPH and ATX can continuously improve behavioral symptoms and executive function performance of ADHD children.

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Establishment of early learning opportunities in nurturing care

TONG Meiling

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2024, 32 (2): 117-121. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2024-0044

Abstract （303）

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Both UNICEF and WHO mention that nurturing care is the most direct and effective approach to promoting early childhood development. Nurturing care emphasizes the importance of caregivers creating a suitable nurturing environment for the early development of children to promote their health and potential. The provision of early learning opportunities is an important aspect of creating a high-quality nurturing environment. This review focuses on the importance of establishing early learning opportunities, the methods of establishing early learning environments, implementing supportive strategies, and employing relevant evaluation methods, in order to provide reference and support for the establishment of early learning opportunities in nurturing care.

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Effect of methylphenidate hydrochloride prolonged-release tablets on the growth of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

LI Rong, LI Nian, WU Dandan, HUANG Rong, CHEN Yinhua

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2023, 31 (7): 731-735. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1339

Abstract （301）

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Objective To analyze the effect of methylphenidate hydrochloride prolonged-release tablets on the growth and nutritionl intake of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), in order to provide scientific reference for drug therapy of ADHD. Methods ADHD children in Children′s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were selected as study subjects, and were divided into treatment group and control group. The treatment group was given methylphenidate hydrochloride sustained release tablets, while the control group received behavior management. Height, weight, body composition measurement and 24 hour dietary survey analysis were monitored regularly. Results The Z scores of weigh-for-age(W/A-Z) ( t= 5.815, 6.708, 5.003, 2.234, P<0.001) andthe Z scores of body mass index-for-age(BMI/A-Z) ( t=3.776, 4.666, 6.431, 7.467, P<0.001), body composition measurement of protein content ( t=3.789, 4.087, 3.098, 2.889, P=0.001), skeletal musclecontent ( t=3.112, 2.890, 4.765, 5.221, P<0.001),fat content ( t=4.329, 3.879, 2.998, 2.567, P<0.001); 24-hour dietary assessment of energy ( t=11.657, 12.887, 5.091, 3.765, P<0.001), protein ( t=12.987, 14.098, 13.777, 12.987, P<0.001), fat ( t= 12.889, 12.012, 14.887, 13.987, P<0.001) and carbohydrate intake ( t= 13.889, 14.889, 15.098, 14.889, P<0.001)after 3-month,6-month,9-month,and 12-month treatmentwere lower than those in control group. The Z scrores of height-for-age (H/A-Z) of children in the treatment groupafter 6-month, 9-month and 12-month treatment were lower than those in control group( t=1.752, 2.625,5.961, P＜0.001). Repeated measurement anova analysis showed that the time effect, intragroup effect and interaction effect of physical assessment, body composition (except for inorganic salts) and 24-hour dietary assessment between the treatment group and control group were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusion The medication of methylphenidate hydrochloride prolonged-release tablets on ADHD children, with the treatment duration increasing, will have an impact on the height, weight, BMI and nutritionl intake of children.

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Development of children's movement skills and the cultivation of exercise habits should be valued in early childhood development

TONG Mei-ling

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2022, 30 (6): 581-584. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0598

Abstract （284）

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As a crucial component of early childhood development, physical activity can facilitate the development of children's physical, mental and social abilities. Caregivers incorporate physical activities into daily nurturing care to progressively develop children's movement skills and to cultivate children's exercise habits, which contributes to early childhood development and children's long-term health, and is also an important move to upgrade population quality as well as to strengthen the country and individuals.

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Exercise ability and early childhood development

GUO Jian-jun, WANG Chao

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2022, 30 (6): 591-593. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0565

Abstract （283）

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Early childhood development is crucial for the wellbeing and health of individuals in adulthood and even in old age. It has attracted more and more concerns from society. This paper summarizes the role of motor ability development in early education from the perspective of early physical growth, intellectual development, neuropsychological development and its effect on the intervention of special children's diseases, in order to find pathways and directions to promote children's healthy growth.

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Clinical features and influencing factors of children with language delay

ZHANG Ying, WANG Jun-feng, DING Yan-hua

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2022, 30 (8): 912-915. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0910

Abstract （280）

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Objective To investigate the clinical features and high influencing factors of language delay in children, in order to provide reference for the early detection and intervention. Methods From November 2019 to July 2020, a total of 126 children with language delay in the Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Fudan University were enrolled in case group. While 100 normally developed children who visited the hospital from May to July 2020 were selected as control group. Children in case group were assessed by Gesell test. For both groups, a self-designed questionnaire about individual information and family environment was used to collected related information, including gestational age, pregnancy interval, delivery mode, birth weight, initial walking age, main caregivers, screen time and maternal education level. Results The first visit age for 126 children with language delay was (29.2±4.5) months. The ratio of boys and girls was 2.7∶1. Developmental quotients (DQs) of language, gross motor, fine motor, adaptive and social in Gesell Development Scale were 49.9±16.3, 73.5±15.4, 72.4±18.1, 70.2±16.2 and 60.4±16.4, respectively. The ratio of the preterm birth in the case group was higher than that in the control group( χ ²=4.873, P<0.05). For children in the case group, the initial walking age was later than that in the control group [(14.7±2.4) months vs. (12.6±2.0) months, t=5.766, P<0.05]. The screen time of children in case group was longer than that of the control group [(3.6±1.9) h vs. (1.20±1.0) h, t=10.587, P<0.05]. The level of maternal education of case group was lower than that of control group ( t=7.973, P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the main caregiver, pregnancy interval and delivery mode between the two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions Children with language delay may suffer from problems in other developmental areas as well. The longer screen time, lower maternal education and preterm birth may be the influencing factors for language delay in childhood.

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Status of vitamin A, vitamin D and comorbidity of both deficiency in Chinese children

YIN Shian, YANG Zhenyu

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2024, 32 (3): 301-306. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2024-0146

Abstract （270）

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Vitamin A and vitamin D deficiencies or insufficiencies in children remain global public health problems. The deficiencies of both vitamin A and vitamin D exist in Chinese children, the deficiency of vitamin A is mainly marginal (about 30%) in children aged 0 - 12 years.Vitamin D deficiency and prevalence are common in healthy children aged 0 - 18 years, among which the severe deficiency rate is 2.46%, the deficiency rate is 21.57%, and the marginal deficiency rate is 28.71%.The deficiency rate gradually increases with the increase of age.Since the respective bioactive metabolites of vitamin A and vitamin D, retinoic acid and 1 and 25-dihydroxyvitamin D ₃ have hormone-like properties, and both metabolites are synthesized from their vitamin precursors by different tissues and cells in the body, there may be a synergistic effect between both on target cells remotely by binding to nuclear hormone receptors.A high proportion of concurrent vitamin A and vitamin D deficiencies (comorbidities) in malnourished children under 5 years of age in low- and middle-income countries and poor areas will affect the immune response in a highly specific way, in addition to causing growth and developmental disorders (e.g., growth retardation, motor retardation), it also increases susceptibility to infectious diseases (e.g., recurrent respiratory infections, diarrhea), allergic diseases (e.g., asthma, atopic dermatitis), and neurodevelopmental disorders (touretic disorder, autism spectrum disorder).Therefore, children in the period of growth and development may benefit from supplementing with vitamin A and vitamin D.

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Parent-implemented early language intervention strategies for children

HAO Yan, ZHAO Jin-zhu

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2022, 30 (8): 818-821. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0796

Abstract （269）

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Early language acquisition in children is a complex process. It is important to provide evidence-based interventions for children with language delays in early childhood to improve their prognosis. Conducting child early language interventions in natural contexts and training parents to incorporate language and communication opportunities into daily parent-child interactions, allowing children to learn the language and practice new skills in natural and authentic learning experiences, can maximize opportunities for children to learn the language and generalize skills, yet there is limited knowledge in this area in China. This article provides a review of parent-implemented strategies for early childhood language intervention.

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Neonatal nutrition and early childhood development

LIU Li, WEI Si-meng, JIANG Te

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2022, 30 (8): 879-883. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-1142

Abstract （267）

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Early childhood development refers to the growth and development of the physical, psychological and social ability of the fetus to the preschool children, which is affected by the genetic environment and other aspects. Quality nutrition of newborns is an important material basis for the early development of children. Breastfeeding in neonatal period, neonatal diseases screening, and proper feeding of premature and low birth weight infants are all key factors in promoting early child development. This review will comprehensively summarize its role in the early development of children from the perspective of neonatal nutrition, so as to provide a new orientation and reference for better optimizing maternal and infant nutrition and promoting the early childhood development.

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Intervention progress in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in preschool children

ZHU Pei-ying, WANG Yu

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2022, 30 (12): 1332-1335. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0610

Abstract （267）

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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood,with inattention,hyperactivity and impulsivity as the main symptoms,and it is mainly manifested as hyperactivity in preschool period. ADHD has a seriously negative impact on children′s academic performance,interpersonal communication,physical and mental development and other aspects,and can continue to adolescence or adulthood. Early intervention can reduce the core symptoms of ADHD and reduce the incidence of comorbidities. Current interventions for preschool ADHD include behavioral therapy,physical therapy and drug therapy. Drug treatment can significantly improve the core symptoms of ADHD,but it can not improve the social interaction and executive functions of preschool children,and the side reactions of drugs can cause problems such as drug addiction and poor compliance. Behavior therapy can not only improve children′s social function and emotional problems,reduce the pressure of parenting,but also have no problems such as drug side reactions,which has become a current research hotspot. This article reviews the intervention progress in ADHD in preschool children.

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Early identification and early intervention of infants and toddlers with faltering growth

MAO Meng

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2023, 31 (4): 349-352. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0083

Abstract （265）

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Faltering growth in infants and toddlers is a common problem in clinical practice, and it can lead to a variety of short- and long-term health outcomes. Early life is a critical window for faltering growth identification and intervention, so a comprehensive understanding of how to identify and intervene faltering growth at early stage is of critical importance for achieving early appropriate catch-up growth and improving the lifetime health of infants and children.

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Correlation between serum vitamin D and tic disorder

YOU Hai-zhen, ZHOU Yi-fang, XIE Jing, JIN Zhi-juan, WANG Guang-hai, SUN Ke-xing

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2022, 30 (8): 904-907. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0524

Abstract （260）

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Objective To explore the association of vitamin D(VD) level with tic disorder (TD) symptom severity and clinical classification, in order to provide evidence for comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of TD. Methods From March 2020 to November 2020, a total of 225 TD children (TD group) and 228 healthy children (control group) in Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, were retrospectively enrolled in this study. According to the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS), children in the TD group were divided into mild TD group (≤25 points)and moderate to severe TD group(＞25 points). According to the DSM-Ⅴ clinical classification standard, children with TD were divided into provisional tic disorder group (PTD group), chronic tic disorder group (CTD group) and Tourette syndrome group (TS group). The correlation between vitamin D deficiency and the development of TD was analyzed. Results Serum VD level of children in TD group was significantly lower than that of the control group[(22.18±6.29) ng/ml,(26.14±6.48) ng/ml, t=6.60, P<0.001], and the proportion of insufficient or lacking VD (89.8%) was high in the control group (75.9%) ( χ²=15.35, P<0.001). Serum VD level of the moderate to severe TD group was lower than that of the mild TD group and the control group ( F=23.85, P<0.001). Serum VD level of TD children was negatively related to the severity of symptoms ( r=-0.215, P=0.001). The difference in VD levels among three clinical subtypes of TD and the control group was statistically significant ( F=16.93, P<0.001). Among them, the CTD group had the lowest VD level, which was significantly lower than the control group.The proportion of insufficient or lack of serum VDin children with TD subtypeswas higher than that of the control group ( χ²=15.91, P<0.001). Conclusions VD deficiency is more common in children with TD. There is a certain correlation between the degree of VD deficiency and the severity of tic disorder symptoms and clinical subtypesin children with TD. The detection of vitamin D level can be used as an auxiliary examination for children with TD, providing new clinical ideas for the treatment of TD.

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Factors associated with nursery care institution attendance for children aged 0 - 3 years old and the basic characteristics of nursery care institutions that children were enrolled in

DONG Wenhong, YAO Xinmeng, XU Xin, LYU Lina, WANG Shasha, ZHENG Shuangshuang, WANG Lei, ZHU Bingquan, SHAO Jie

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2024, 32 (2): 122-126. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0670

Abstract （260）

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Objective To understand factors associated with children's attendance at nursery care institutions (NCIs) and the basic characteristics of the NCIs children were enrolled in, so as to provide scientific evidence for policymakers. Methods During November 2020 and January 2021, parents who visited the Department of Child Health Care in six selected maternal and children's hospitals, as well as nearby NCIs in Zhejiang were invited to finish an online questionnaire. Information such as children's sociodemographic characteristics, parents' knowledge, attitude and practice regarding nursery and feeding, etc. were collected. A total of 1 756 questionnaires were collected. Results Compared to children who were not in NCIs, children enrolled in NCIs were older (94.4% of children ≥24 months vs. 30.1%, χ ²=835.27), more likely to be from the local area (87.2% vs. 81.4%, χ ²=12.25), more likely to have parents with a college degree (mother:83.6% vs. 74.2%, χ ²=35.29; father:79.9% vs. 70.0%, χ ²=27.01), had a higher prevalence of family annual income >200 000 CNY (49.5% vs. 28.2%, χ ²=110.49), and were less likely to have their grandparents available to take care of them (16.7% vs. 26.8%, χ ²=31.4)The difference all have great significant.(P<0.05). In a multivariate Logistic regression model, the older the child, the more likely they were to attend an NCI (for children aged 6 - 23 months, OR=6.70; for children aged 24 - 35 months, OR=134.03; and for children aged 36 - 42 months, OR=699.33; P<0.05). Family annual income was positively associated with children's attendance at NCIs (for those earning 100 000 - 200 000 CNY/year, OR=1.63; for those earning 200 000 - 500 000 CNY/year, OR=2.96; and for those earning >500 000 CNY/year, OR=4.62, P<0.05). Conversely, the higher the level of grandparent involvement in daily care, the lower the attendance at NCIs (for children cared for by both parents and grandparents, OR=0.57; for those primarily cared for by grandparents, OR=0.26, P<0.05). For children who used to stay at NCIs, 82.8% stayed at institutions that only recruited children aged 0 - 3 years, 97.4% spent their whole day in NCIs, and 71.4% spent less than 3 000 CNY per month for NCI services. Additionally, over 95% of parents were satisfied with the food and care services in NCIs, as well as their children's physical development in NCIs. However, 32.1% of NCIs were reported by parents as having no room for breastfeeding. Conclusions Children's age, grandparent involvement in routine care, and family annual income are the main factors associated with children's attendance at NCIs. There is a greater need for more affordable and community-based NCIs, particularly for children under 2 years old. Additionally, more attention should be paid to the quality surveillance, assessment and management of NCIs.

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Relationship between responsive caregiving for infants and young children and parenting confidence among caregivers

LIU Panting, ZHANG Lei, HONG Qin, CHI Xia, TONG Meiling, QIAN Jun

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2024, 32 (2): 133-137. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0689

Abstract （259）

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Objective To investigate the current state of infant responsive caregiving and to analyze its correlation with caregiver parenting confidence, in order to provide theoretical basis for improving the level of responsive care for infants and young children. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted from October 2022 to February 2023 to select 1 028 infants and young children under 3 years old who underwent health examinations in the Department of Child Healthcare. Participants completed a general data questionnaire, the Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale, and the Infant Responsive Caregiving Scale. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis was used to investigate the related influencing factors of infant responsive care and to analyze the relationship between caregiver parenting confidence and responsive caregiving. Results The level of responsive caregiving was found to be associated with various factors such as infant age(χ ²=21.196), mode of pregnancy(Z=-2.072), history of pregnancy protection during pregnancy(Z=-4.713), history of pregnancy complications (Z=-4.504), gestational week at birth(χ ²=41.358), small for term infants(Z=-3.497), neonatal intracranial hemorrhage(Z=-5.425), neonatal hyperbilirubinemia(Z=-2.184), maternal education level(χ ²=9.419), family income(χ ²=11.211) as well as type of family (χ ²=15.360)(P < 0.05). Additionally, a significant correlation was observed between parenting confidence and responsive caregiving(r=0.421, P＜0.001). Hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis revealed that caregiver parenting confidence had a significant positive effect on the level of responsive caregiving (B=0.623, P＜0.05), even after controlling for the effect of demographic factors. Conclusion The level of infant responsive caregiving is influenced by caregiver parenting confidence, and increasing caregiver parenting confidence can effectively improve the quality of responsive caregiving for infants and young children.

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Cultivate healthy dietary behavior and keep away from childhood obesity

MA Guan-sheng, ZHANG Fan

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2023, 31 (1): 10-14. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1199

Abstract （259）

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Obesity has become an increasingly serious public health challenge endangering the childhood health in China. In recent 30 years, the continuous growth of childhood obesity rate in China is closely related to the improvement of living standards and the changes of dietary behavior. Dietary behavior refers to individuals′ habitual eating activities, including food selection and purchase, eating frequency, eating quantity, cooking method, eating place, etc. Eating frequency and regular eating, dining atmosphere, breakfast, western fast food and other dietary behaviors, drinking and snack eating behaviors are related to childhood obesity. Unhealthy dietary behaviors lead to weight gain and obesity in children by affecting energy intake. Parents, schools, society and the government must work together to create a healthy eating environment for children, help them cultivate healthy dietary behaviors, keep away from obesity, and provide necessary guarantees for the healthy growth of children.

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Study on the correlation between cognitive ability and learning disability in children

LIU Zi-zi, XU Xiao-yu, PAN Ning, JIN Yu-ying, GUO Xu-ning, LI Xiu-hong

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2022, 30 (8): 834-838. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-1427

Abstract （256）

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Objective To analyze the correlation between cognitive processing defects and different types of learning disabilities in second- to fifth-grade pupils, so as to provide reference for targeted intervention measures. Methods A total of 1 905 second- to fifth-grade pupils in Guangzhou were randomly selected by stratified cluster sampling. Children with learning disabilities were screened by the Pupil Revised-Screening for Learning Disability (PRS) and the Dyslexia Checklist for Chinese Children(DCCC). Data were analyzed by χ² test, t test and Logistic regression. Results Children with written expression disorder ( OR=2.70, 95% CI: 1.01 - 7.18), attention disorder ( OR=4.44, 95% CI: 1.50 - 13.10) and visual perception disorder ( OR=2.93, 95% CI: 1.35 - 6.35) were more likely to have learning disabilities. Children with attention disorder had a higher risk of verbal learning disorder ( OR=9.02, 95% CI: 1.82 - 44.84), and children with visual perception disorder had a higher risk of non-verbal learning disorder ( OR=4.01, 95% CI: 1.59 - 10.10).Children with attention disorder ( OR=6.06, 95% CI: 1.88 - 19.49) and visual perception disorder ( OR=4.61, 95% CI: 1.76 - 12.04) had a higher risk of developing mixed learning disorder. Conclusions Multi-dimensional cognitive impairment is related to the occurrence of learning disabilities. Specifically, children with attention impairment and visual perception impairment are more likely to have verbal learning impairment, and non-verbal learning impairment, respectively. Mixed learning impairment is significantly related to both attention impairment and visual perception impairment.

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Results of Gesell Developmental Scale of 2- to 3- year-old children with autism spectrum disorder or developmental language disorder

WU Man-hong, DENG Xue-mei, LIN Hua-zhao, YU Chu-lan, ZENG Liu-yuan, YANG Yun

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2022, 30 (8): 895-899. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0706

Abstract （252）

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Objective To compare the developmental characteristics of 2- to 3- year-old children with autism spectrum disorder(ASD) or developmental language disorder(DLD) by Gesell Developmental Scale(GDS),in order to provide evidence for early diagnosis and intervention. Method From March 2020 to March 2021,children with ASD( n=78) and DLD( n=80) were evaluated by GDS,their development characteristics were analyzed and compared retrospectively. Results 1) The average developmental quotient(DQ) of ASD children was lower than that of DLD children. Except for the gross motor,the DQs of adaptability,fine motor,language and personal-social in ASD children were significantly lower than those of DLD group( t=16.043,6.208,14.219,10.811, P<0.001). 2) The language development of ASD children was predominantly severely and moderately impaired(48.72%,33.33%),while the language development of DLD children was most mildly impaired(77.5%). Fifty percent of ASD children had a mild impairment in personal-social area and no one case was normal. However,68.75% of DLD children had a mild impairment in personal-social area,and 30% of personal-social DQ was at normal or borderline level. Conclusions Except for the gross motor energy area,the average DQs of other developmental areas in ASD children are lower than those in DLD children. Familiarity with the Gesell developmental characteristics of ASD children and DLD children is helpful for the early identification,rehabilitation and education plan development as well as the prognosis of children with ASD and DLD.

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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2024, 32 (4): 349-358. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2024-0279

Abstract （250）

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Research progress in school refusal of children

ZHOU Ya-nan, YANG Chun, WU Dan-dan

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 2022, 30 (12): 1354-1357. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0872

Abstract （249）

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School refusal(SR) is a common psychological behavioral problem in children,which can be manifested by children′s reluctance to go to school,lack of interest in learning and school,or even completely refusing to go to school. More and more studies have shown that most children with school refusal are accompanied by anxiety,depression and other emotional problems,which may have a wide and negative impact on their academic performance,family,interpersonal relationship and other aspects. This review combs the definition,assessment,etiology,treatment and prognosis of school refusal in children,which is helpful for clinicians to further explore the etiology of school refusal in children,and timely assess and intervene to help them improve clinical outcomes and return to school as soon as possible.

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