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    Expert consensus on clinical application of vitamin A and vitamin D in Chinese children

    Child Health Care Professional Committee, Chinese Preventive Medicine Association
    Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2021, 29 (1): 110-116.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-2118
    Abstract2787)      PDF (1003KB)(3194)      
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    Physical activity guideline for Chinese preschoolers aged 3-6 years
    Working Group on Physical Activity Guideline for Chinese Preschoolers Aged - Years, GUAN Hong-yan, ZHAO Xing, QU Sha, WU Jian-xin, YANG Yu-feng, GUO Jian-jun, ZHANG Ting, LUO Dong-mei
    Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2020, 28 (6): 714-720.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-0982
    Abstract2323)      PDF (1329KB)(1992)      
    Physical activity in preschool period is closely related with the development of bone,cardiopulmonary health,motor,cognition and mental health. Moreover,it will continue to influence their health throughout the course of life. Over the past few years,some developed countries,like Canada and Australia,and World Health Organization have published their physical activity guidelines for children in early childhood. However,there are not yet physical activity guidelines for Chinese preschoolers aged 3-6 years. The Physical Activity Guidelines for Chinese Preschoolers (3-6 years old),hereinafter referred to as the " Guidelines",was jointly developed by Capital Institute of Pediatrics,Beijing Sport University,and China Institute of Sports Science from General Administration of Sport of China under an expert team from sports science,pediatrics and public health. The process of developing the Guidelines follows strict and transparent principle,drawing on the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) Ⅱ instrument,adopting the method of literature materials,and sorting out the relevant guidelines and research evidence of foreign preschool children on the basis of systematically searching,forming the core issues and the draft of the recommendations of the guidelines. After repeated discussions and revisions through five rounds of expert consensus meetings,the Guidelines was finally completed. As the first physical activity guideline for preschoolers in China,the Guidelines comprehensively considers movement behaviors of preschoolers in 24 hours of daily life,including physical activity,sedentary behavior and sleep. On this basis,it raises ten key recommendations in four aspects including the principles of preschool children′s physical activity,physical activity time,types of physical activity,and physical activity monitoring and evaluation. The Guidelines provides recommendations for parents,health care professionals,kindergarten teachers and parents,so as to give professional guidance on scientific and safe physical activities for Chinese preschoolers and meet their developmental needs.
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    Dietary guidelines for Chinese preschool children (2016)

    YANG Yue-xin, SU Yi-xiang, WANG Zhi-xu, et al
    Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2017, 25 (4): 325-327.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2017-25-04-01
    Abstract1133)      PDF (699KB)(1585)      
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    Analysis of status and factors influencing children's self-care ability.
    LIN Zhen,CHEN Yi-rong,LIN Yong-le,LIN Qi-yi.
    journal1    2016, 24 (11): 1135-1138.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2016-24-11-05
    Abstract1110)      PDF (665KB)(1498)      
    Objective To analyse the present situation and the influencing factors that affect it of the children's self-care ability. Method Self-compiled questionnaire (Children's Living Self-Care Ability Questionnaire-Parent Version) and 《Parenting Style Questionnaire》 were administered on 400 parents of young children. Results 3~6 years old children's self-care ability was in the medium level overall,there was uneven development in infants' self-care ability in various dimensions.Out of these dimensions,the children had good control of dressing up,other dimensions showed poor performances.There were significant differences in the children's demographic variables like sex,only child factor,place of birth and so on.Factors of grades,school type,parents and parenting styles also influenced children's self-care ability significantly. Conclusion Self-care ability should be gradual according to children's age and development characteristics,children should be allowed to experience operational processes,have fun using their hands; at the same time,increase the time spent by parents to accompany the children and coupled with cooperation with school to promote the development of children's self-care ability.
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    Analysis of the differences of anthropometric characteristics among adolescent girls of Han and Hui ethic groups
    YANG Yi-de,MA Rui,SUN Li-li,ZHAO Hai-ping,MA Jun
    journal1    2014, 22 (11): 1137-1140.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-11-06
    Abstract1039)      PDF (573KB)(173)      
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    Consistency analysis of ASQ-3 and DDST Scales in infant developmental screening
    HUANG Hong-mei, TANG Yan-ling, WANG Xiao-rong, LI Ting-yu
    Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2021, 29 (7): 759-762.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-1460
    Abstract996)      PDF (480KB)(352)      
    Objective To explore and analyze the consistency of the subjective and objective evaluation scale-Ages and Stages Questionnaire-Third Edition (ASQ-3) and Denver Development Screening Test (DDST),in order to provide reference for the clinical assessment of children's developmental disorders. Methods A total of 355 children in Children's Health Clinic of Chongqing Youyou Baobei Children and Women's Hospital from April 1st,2019 to April 30th,2020 were selected in this study. Their record of ASQ-3 and DDST evaluation results was retrospectively collected. The screening positive rates of two assessment tools were compared,and the consistency of the two tools in gross motor function,fine motor function,language and personal-social function was analyzed. Results The screening positive rate of ASQ-3 was higher than that of DDST. Except for the motor function,the differences on the screening positive rate of fine motor,language,and personal-social function between the two tools were significant ( χ 2=28.942,6.424,60.634, P<0.05). The consistency of the two screening methods was analyzed by the Kappa test. All Kappa values of the four function zones were lower than 0.4,suggesting very low consistency between ASQ-3 and DDST. The Kappa value of the motor function was relatively high compared with other zones( Kappa=0.317, P<0.001). Conclusions The consistency between ASQ-3 and DDST is low in developmental screening of children aged 3—60 months. Further researches are warranted to improve the accuracy and consistency of the infant development screening scale.
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    Development and evaluation of the Chinese Infants Sleep Assessment Scales
    FENG Wei-wei, PAN Xiao-ping, WANG Hui-shan, ZHANG Yue, JIN Xi, HUANG Xiao-na, XU Tao, ZHANG Tong, Provincial Working Group for Study on the Development of Chinese Infants and Todders Sleep Assessment Scales
    Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2021, 29 (5): 468-472.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-1376
    Abstract986)      PDF (630KB)(602)      
    Objective To develop Chinese Infants Sleep Assessment Scales (ISAS) suitable for Chinese infants under the age of 1 year old, and to evaluate the reliability, validity and feasibility of the scales. Methods The scale was divided into two ages, 0—3 months and 4—11 months, according to the infants' sleep development characteristics.Firstly, an item pool with 4 dimensions of sleep rhythm, bedtime arrangement, night wakings and sleep disordered breathing was constructed.Then, the scales were compiled and evaluated through preliminary screening, modification, item analysis, validity analysis, reliability analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Results The ISAS (0—3 months) and ISAS (4-11 months) both had 14 items, including 4 factors of sleep rhythm, bedtime arrangement, night wakings and sleep disordered breathing with total variance explained of 56.61% and 55.02%, respectively.The items of the two scales were slightly different.The item-level content validity of all items in both scales ranged from 0.83 to 1.00.The two scales were positively correlated with Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaires (BISQ) in terms of sleep latency, number of night wakings and sleep duration, with correlation coefficients of 0.31,0.41,0.39 and 0.32,0.66 and 0.38, respectively.There were statistically significant differences between community sample and clinical sample in the total scores of the two scales and most of the factors (except the sleep disordered breathing factors of the 0-3 months) ( P<0.05).The Cronbach's α coefficients of the two scales were 0.681 and 0.673, and the test-retest reliability were 0.75 and 0.74. Conclusion The two scales have relatively stable factor structures and good reliability and validity, which can be used for early screening of infants' sleep problems.
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    Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders among children in China:a systematic review and meta-analysis
    LIU Xian, LIN Sui-fang, CHEN Wen-xiong, CHAN Fan-fan, SHEN Song-ying, QIU Xiu
    journal1    2018, 26 (4): 402-406.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-04-15
    Abstract978)      PDF (877KB)(770)      
    Objective To systematically review the findings of Chinese epidemiological studies in the past 16 years by a meta-analysis,to estimate the prevalence for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Chinese,and to extract its epidemiological characteristics as well as to further explore the differences of the prevalence of ASD between China and foreign countries. Method Databases such as Chinese Web of Knowledge,WeiPu,WanFang were searched for literatures published from January,2000 to December,2016 about the prevalence of ASD/autism in China. Results Totally thirty studies were included in meta-analysis.The prevalence of ASD was 26.50/10 000,and prevalence of autism was 14.00/10 000.There was a significant difference on the ASD prevalence among the following sub-factors including gender,age,screening criteria and so on except northern and southern China. Conclusions Although prevalence of ASD in Chinese children showed an increasing trend,it is still lower than that in foreign countries.The prevalence of ASD in China is clearly underestimated due to the limitation of the following influential factors,such as investigation population,monitoring methods,screening and diagnostic tools.
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    Expert consensus on nurturing care for infants and toddlers

    Infants Nurturing Care Professional Council, Chinese Maternal and Child Health Association
    Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2020, 28 (9): 1063-1068.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-1357
    Abstract896)      PDF (1149KB)(1404)      
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    Clinical intervention of language delays and language disorders
    LIU Xue-man
    Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (8): 813-817.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0871
    Abstract843)      PDF (1370KB)(795)      
    Language delays and language disorders are the most common type of childhood developmental disorders. The exploratory design and initial attempts to implement a Chinese model of an evidence-based clinical intervention pathway for language delays and language disorders were guided by the Clinical Framework of children's language development and the concept of response to intervention (RTI).The early exploratory design also incorporated China's well developed nationwide maternal and children's health care system into the internationally recognized evidence-based tertiary clinical intervention pathway to achieve some initial Results in China.
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    Investigation on the influencing factors for anxiety related emotional disorders of children and adolescents with home quarantine during the prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019
    LI Shao-wen, WANG Yue, YANG Yuan-yuan, LEI Xiao-mei, YANG Yu-feng
    journal1    2020, 28 (4): 407-410.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-0169
    Abstract823)      PDF (644KB)(1386)      
    Objective To evaluate the mental health status of students aged 8 to 18 during the period of home isolation in the prevalence of coronavirusdisease 2019(COVID-19), so as to provide a basis for psychological counseling for students in special periods. Methods A total of 396 students aged from 8 to 18 were assessed for anxiety/depression by Questionnaire Star survey on February 6th to 8th, 2020.All subjects filled out general information and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders(SCARED) were analyzed for the impact of COVID-19 on children′ and adolescents′ mood and anxiety during home isolation. Results 1) The total score of SCARED in 396 students was 16.44±12.30, 87 (22.0%) with scores≥25 and 309 (78.0%) with scores<25.The mean scores of 5 factors(somatization/panic, generalized anxiety, dissociative anxiety, social phobia and school phobia) and the total scores were compared between the two groups, and the differences were statistically significant ( t=13.156, 19.524, 10.381, 13.964, 7.325, 23.371, P<0.001).2) Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that female students ( OR=2.258, 95% CI:1.370—3.721, P<0.001) and considering themselves in danger ( OR=1.978, 95% CI :1.185—3.301, P=0.009) were risk factors for anxiety among students isolated at home during the epidemic. Conclusionss The prevalence of COVID-19 has some influence on students′ mood, especially for girls.Parents, schools and society should take timely measures to guide students to avoid anxiety in special times.
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    Survey on prevalence of allergic symptoms among 0 to 24 months old children in Chinese cities
    WANG Shuo,JIANG Jing-xiong,WANG Yan,WANG Zi-huan,WANG Ting,WANG Hui-shan
    journal1    2016, 24 (2): 119-122.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2016-24-02-03
    Abstract802)      PDF (592KB)(717)      
    Objective To study the situation of allergic diseases among 0~24 months children in Chinese cities,and to provide theoretical basis for early-stage prevention and intervention against infantile allergies. Methods Thirty-three cities were chosen according to China's geological and demographic distribution.Randomly cluster sampling method was used to choose a community within each city as the sample region,the mothers of children were interviewed and conducted face-to-face questionnaire survey. Results The overall prevalence rate reported from parents for urban 0 to 24 months old was 40.9%(95% CI:40.1%~41.6%),the prevalence rate was 12.3%(95% CI:11.7%~13.0%);among prevalent allergic symptoms,the one with the highest rate was rash and pruritus(62.1%),the second and third highest were symptoms of eyes and nose and gastrointestinal symptoms,accounting for 7.6% and 6.9% respectively;The prevalence rate peaked among infants 4 to 6 months old,prevalence rate dropped sharply among infants older than 6 months( P<0.05).The prevalence rate for boys was higher than that of girls( P<0.05). Conclusions The prevalence rate of allergic diseases in Chinese infants and toddlers is approaching the level of developed countries and regions,signifying the importance of primary prevention for infantile allergic diseases.This study provides data for monitoring the trendy of infantile allergies as well as carrying out allergy screening and prevention.
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    Cited: Baidu(2)
    Comparative study of S-S method and Gesell developmental scale in children's language assessment
    LIANG Jing, WANG Zhao-hui
    journal1    2017, 25 (5): 514-516.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2017-25-05-24
    Abstract800)      PDF (492KB)(994)      
    ObjectTo explore the application of Gesell developmental scale-language part in language development evaluation by the comparison with S-S method. Method sA total of 130 children aged from 1.5 to 5 years were selected in psychological clinics of Child Care Center in the Xi 'an Fourth Hospital from June 2015 to May 2016.There were 93(71.54%) boys and 37(28.26%) girls.Gesell developmental scale and S-S method were both used to evaluate language retardation degree. Results 1)Overall consistency check of Gesell developmental scale and S-S method in language retardation showed:the Kappa score was 0.639( P<0.05),sensitivity was 77.2%,specificity was 86.3%.2)Overall consistency check of Gesell developmental scale and S-S method in mild language retardation showed that the Kappa score was 0.481( P<0.05).3)S-S method in mild language retardation for two age groups showed that the constituent ratio of language characteristics had statistical differences ( P<0.05).Children under 2 years old mainly had problem in language expression,while children above 2 years old mainly had problem in language comprehension. Conclusions 1)Gesell developmental scale can be used as a language development screening tool.2)Gesell developmental scale and S-S method can be used in combination,S-S method can be used for qualitative,Gesell developmental scale can be used for severity classification.3)S-S method should be used to ascertain diagnosis for the children under 2 years old whose language scores of Gesell developmental scale show margin state.
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    Currens status of application of the Family Functioning Assessment Scale

    LUAN Feng-huan, DU Ya-song
    Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2016, 24 (12): 1287-1289.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2016-24-12-16
    Abstract757)      PDF (501KB)(1407)      
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    Analysis of 3~12 years old children growing development Z-score from 9 areas of China
    ZHAO Wen-zhi,ZHAO Ai,MA De-fu,ZHENG Ying-dong,XUE Yong,LI Jun-ping,ZHANG Yu-mei,WANG Pei-yu
    journal1    2015, 23 (9): 920-923.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2015-23-09-08
    Abstract736)      PDF (536KB)(454)      
    Objective To investigate and analyze the growing development and nutritional status of children aged 3~12 years from 9 areas of China,and to provide evidences for health care and nutrition management of children. Methods Physique growth investigation ( ie.body height and weight) and questionnaire were carried out in 1 722 children from 9 areas ( 7 cities and 2 countrysides),and related Z-scores were computed to assess growing development and nutritional status of investigated children. Results The mean height,mean weight and obesity rate of investigated children from 9 areas were higher (or larger),and the low weight rate,growth stunt rate and waste rate were lower.The proportions of children whose weight for age Z-score (WAZ),height for age Z-score (HAZ) and BMI for age Z-score (BAZ) reached medium level or better were 89.04%,89.19% and 83.22%,respectively.There were significant differences in the waste rate and overweight rate between children in city and in countryside. Conclusions The nutrition status of children from 9 areas is good,while low body weight,overweight and obesity are continuing.More attention should be paied to health care and nutrition management of children.
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    Expert consensus on early intervention for neurobehavioral development in high risk newborn

    Infant and Child Development, China Eugenics Association Professional Committee
    Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (3): 233-236.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0625
    Abstract719)      PDF (821KB)(1047)      
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    Study on the norm and the reliability of the second edition of the Ages & Stages Questionnaires:Social-Emotional with a Chinese national sample
    BIAN Xiao-yan, SQUIRES Jane, LU Hong-mei, YI Yan, WANG Guo-wen, XU Ru-chai, SONG Wei, ZHANG Jing
    journal1    2021, 29 (1): 23-27.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-1795
    Abstract698)      PDF (638KB)(567)      
    Objective To introduce the Ages &Stages Questionnaires:Social-Emotional,Second Edition (ASQ:SE-2),a parent-completed screening questionnaires for psychological behaviors of children aged 1 to 71 months to China,and to create a Chinese version,thus to explore its cut-off scores for the norm and its reliabilities. Methods According to internationally accepted standard steps,the Chinese version of ASQ:SE-2 was established by cooperating with the original English authors.A stratified cluster random sampling method was utilized to recruit 2 830 children aged 1 to 71 months in 2017-2019 from respectively urban and rural areas in one moderately developed city in each of the six administrative regions of China as the sample,and 176 of them were retested for test-retest reliability.Primary caregivers of children were guided by national unified trained investigators to complete questionnaires online or in paper form.Through qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data,and comparison with the cut-off scores of the English version,the cut-off scores of Chinese children were established in combination with the national conditions.The internal reliability and test-retest reliability of the questionnaires were developed. Results The Chinese version of ASQ:SE-2 was established.The demographic characteristics of this Chinese sample matched the recent China census data on gender,urban or rural location and family income.The percentile norms of ASQ:SE-2 was established,and the 75th percentile (the recognition rate was 15.19%) and the 90th percentile (the recognition rate was 11.80%) were taken as the cut-off scores in the monitoring zone and above the cutoff,respectively.The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole measure was 0.77,and test-retest reliability was 0.87( P<0.001). Conclusions ASQ:SE-2 is a reliable and valid measure with a representative national sample norm and appropriate cut-off scores.It can be used to screen and monitor the social-emotional behavior development of children in the mainland of China.
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    Research progress of common observational scales forearly parent-child interaction
    DING Mei-qi, XU Meng-xue, ZHU Zong-han, GUAN Hong-yan
    journal1    2018, 26 (6): 641-644.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-06-17
    Abstract679)      PDF (568KB)(497)      
    Providing high level of nurturing care is an important factor for young children to achieve their developmental potential. As an important index of nurturing care,Early Parent-Child Interaction has been of increasing concern. Through the observation of parent-child interaction, an objective assessment on the quality of parent-child interaction will be conducted. And it is crucial to identify strengths and problems of parenting in order to provide reasonable interventions. There are dozens of observational tools for assessing parent-child interaction internationally. Emotional Availability Scales (EAS),Parent-Child Interaction Scales (PCI Scales) and Child-Adult Relationship Experimental Index (CARE-Index) are common tools with good psychometric soundness. The background and constructs,reliability and validity,and applications of each scale reported in this review might guide clinicians and researchers working on maternal and child health care in the selection of an appropriate tool for observing parent-child interaction.
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    Communication disorders in children with autism spectrum disorder from speech language pathology perspective
    YANG Feng
    Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2024, 32 (3): 233-236.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2024-0114
    Abstract657)      PDF (722KB)(244)      
    Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) face varying degrees of difficulties in communication, language, and social interactions.This article analyzes the basic communication abilities, language development characteristics, and social pragmatic features of ASD children from the perspective of speech pathology, introduces corresponding assessment tools and proposes intervention strategies based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF).Meanwhile, this article emphasizes the adoption of a comprehensive intervention model that involves medical, family, and school components to enhance the communication, language, and social skills of this group comprehensively, with the aim of effectively improving their overall quality of life.
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    Effects of early childhood trauma on children`s psychosocial development

    ZHANG Jin-song
    Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2015, 23 (6): 561-565.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2015-23-06-01
    Abstract630)      PDF (512KB)(1647)      
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    Research progress in the association of milk fat globule membrane with infants’ brain development and health

    ZHANG Bo, SU Yi-xiang, YANG Yu-feng
    Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2016, 24 (1): 43-47.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2016-24-01-13
    Abstract611)      PDF (775KB)(447)      
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    Expert consensus on growth and development follow-up management techniques for high-risk newborns discharged from NICU at 0-3 years old

    Child Health Care Group, Pediatrician Branch, Chinese Medical Association
    Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2021, 29 (8): 809-814.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-2035
    Abstract599)      PDF (984KB)(890)      
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    Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (6): 581-585.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0347
    Abstract575)      PDF (910KB)(1048)      
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    Nurturing care framework and strategy
    WANG Jing, TONG Mei-ling
    journal1    2020, 28 (9): 993-996.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-0489
    Abstract573)      PDF (1140KB)(762)      
    Early childhood development has a long-term influence on an individual′s physical development,brain development,mental health,and even has an impact on the health and wellbeing whose benefits last a lifetime and carry into the next generation.But a significant number of children are still at risk of stunting,whose development is the key to the well being of all mankind.The implementation of nurturing care can effectively improve the early development potential of babies,ensure children′s good health and nutrition,and protect them from threats.Nurturing care also means giving young children opportunities for early learning,through interactions that are responsive and emotionally supportive.This review systematically introduces the nurturing care framework and strategy,thereby providing a basis for further clinical and scientific research.
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    Establishment and interpretation of warning signs checklist for screening psychological,behavioral and developmental problems of children
    ZHANG Yue, HUANG Xiao-na, WANG Hui-shan, FENG Wei-wei
    journal1    2018, 26 (1): 112-114.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-01-32
    Abstract572)      PDF (566KB)(661)      
    To develop a brief and effective tool for monitoring development of children aged 0~6 years in China,warning signs checklist (WSC) for screening psychological,behavioral and developmental problems of children was established by experts in 2011-2015.The process of establishing WSC included discussion on framework ,building indicators pool,selecting key indicators for each key age-point,indicators interpretation,accuracy and feasibility evaluation,and reliability and validity research.According to exciting developmental scales in China and expert's clinical?experience,WSC has 44 indicators disaggregated into 11 corresponding age points,which covered 4 domains including language,social-emotional,fine motor skill and gross motor skill.
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    Cited: Baidu(2)
    Research progress in responsive caregiving for infants and toddlers
    XU Yu-ying, WANG Xue-na, LI Jia, AN Zi-fen, YU Li-ping
    Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (1): 71-75.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0343
    Abstract570)      PDF (551KB)(251)      
    Responsive caregiving plays an important role in the early development of infants and toddlers. It can not only promote brain development, emotional and language development of infants and toddlers, but also enhance parent-child attachment and promote their social development. This paper focuses on the researches on responsive caregiving for infants and toddlers at home and abroad from three aspects:measurement tools, influencing factors and intervention measures, in order to provide theoretical reference for further study of responsive caregiving for infants and toddlers.
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    Vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D deficiency rickets prevention and treatment recommendations explained

    YANG Shu-fen, WU Guang-chi
    Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2015, 23 (7): 680-683.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2015-23-07-03
    Abstract557)      PDF (654KB)(1110)      
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    Survey of pubertal development among 6- to 16-year-old children in Shenzhen
    WANG Li, SU Zhe, WANG Qiang, LIU Jian, ZHOU Li, WANG Chang
    journal1    2020, 28 (4): 456-459.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-0423
    Abstract548)      PDF (1455KB)(413)      
    Objective To conduct a cross-sectional study on pubertal development of students aged 6 to 16 years in Shenzhen,in order to provide basic data for children health care and health education. Methods Two primary schools and two middle schools were randomly selected from three districts of Shenzhen,and finally 10 674 children aged 6 to 16 years were enrolled in this study.Data of secondary sexual development(testicular and pubic hair development in boys, breast and pubic hair development in girls) were obtained by the status quo method, and the age of menarche was inquired.Probit regression model was used for statistical analysis, and the results were expressed by median age and the corresponding 95% confidence interval. Results The age of onset of Tanner stages 2 for testicular and pubic hair for boys were 10.1(10.0-10.2) years old and 12.2 (11.9-12.6) years old, respectively.The age of onset of breast development and pubic hair for girls was 8.5(7.4-9.4) years old and 10.6 (10.5-10.7) years old, respectively.The age of menarche for girls was 12.1(11.8-12.4) years old.Compared with the data of study in urban Chinese children in 2005, the onset age of puberty was 0.4 years earlier for boys and 0.7 years earlier for girls, and the age of menarche was 0.1 years earlier for girls. Conclusions The onset age of puberty and the age of menarche in students aged 6 to 16 years in Shenzhen are similar to the results of the pubertal study in 2005.
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    Reliability and validity of the Chinese Version of Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination
    LIU Zhen-huan, JIN Bing-xu, LIU Chen, ZENG Zhen, QIAN Xu-guang, ZHAO Yong, TAN Yuan, ZHOU Yuan, PANG Bi-hui
    journal1    2020, 28 (3): 273-276.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-0856
    Abstract541)      PDF (837KB)(389)      
    Objective To test the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE). Methods Totally 59 children aged 2 months to 1 year old in diagnosis of high-risk infants with cerebral palsy were selected according to Chinese guidelines for rehabilitation of cerebral palsy (2015),devided into two groups by gestational-age,premarure group (32 to 36 weeks gestational-age) and term-infant group (37 to 42 weeks gestational-age).30 normal children matched with group in age were selected.All children were evaluated with the Chinese version of HINE.The total score of HINE and each factor score among the three groups were used to discriminate validity.As the gold standard the diagnosis of high-risk children with cerebral palsy,ROC was used to determine the cutoff point,tensitivity and specificity.10 cases were randomly selected from each group and re-examined and evaluated by the same physician 1 week after the first examination to test the test-retest reliability.10 cases were randomly selected from each group.The two groups of evaluators simultaneously conducted the examination and scoring of the HINE to test the inter-rater reliability. Results The total score of scale and the scores of 5 items in the preterm and term-infant groups were lower than those in the normal control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.01).The area under the ROC curve of the preterm group was 0.95, when the limit was 21 points,the sensitivity was 0.97,and the specificity was 0.93.While the area under the ROC curve of the term-infant group was 0.93, when the limit was 26 points,the sensitivity was 0.97,and the specificity was 0.95. The sensitivity and specificity of both groups were ≥0.9.For the inter-rater reliability and the test-retest reliability,the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of total score were both >0.80,the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of the scores of 5 items was >0.70 and >0.80 respectively. Conclusions The Chinese version of HINE has good validity and reliability,high sensitivity and specificity.It could be used as a clinical screening instrument for high-risk cerebral palsy children aged from 2 months to 1 year.
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    journal1    2015, 23 (1): 49-51.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2015-23-01-15
    Abstract538)      PDF (482KB)(260)      
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    Study on the development characteristics of 3- to 6-year-old children′s gross movements
    WEN Rui-xiang, JIANG Gui-ping, ZHAO Pan-chao, LI Jia-hui
    Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2021, 29 (10): 1072-1076.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0211
    Abstract536)      PDF (1100KB)(220)      
    Objective To explore the developmental characteristics of 3- to 6-year-old children′s gross movements,so as to provide data support for clinical diagnosis,treatment and educational intervention. Methods From April to July 2019,640 children aged 3—6 were randomly selected from two public kindergartens in Beijing,and Gross Motor Development Test(TGMD-3) was used for gross motor development test. Two-way ANOVA method was used to compare the differences in gross movement scores among children among different age and gender groups. Results There was no significant interaction effect between sex and age in the development of gross movements of 3- to 6-year-old children( P>0.05). There was a significant age main effect on the total score of gross movement,locomotor skills,object control skills and 13 sub-items( P<0.001). The score of rough movements increased with the increase of age. There was a significant gender main effect on the total score of locomotor skills,hop and skip in the 4- to 6-year-old group( P<0.05),which were better in girls than those in boys. The gender main effect also appeared in the score of object control skills,two-hand strike,forehand strike,kick and dribble( P<0.001),and which were better in boys than those in girls. Conclusions The scores of gross movements of 3- to 6-year-old children continue to increase with the increase of age. The locomotor skills of girls are better than those of boys,and the object control skills of boys are better than those of girls. It is suggested to give differential teaching according to the age and gender characteristics of the rough movements development at the age of 3 to 6 years old.
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    Responsive feeding in infant and young child nurturing care
    XU Pei-bin, YIN Chun-lan
    journal1    2020, 28 (9): 955-957.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-1090
    Abstract533)      PDF (1128KB)(855)      
    Except for the amount and type of food,researchers are increasingly aware of this,unresponsive feeding is a major barrier to health and nutrition.For this,responsive feeding is promoted in the feeding guidelines of WHO and UNICEF.This paper focuses on the scope,challenges,implementation plan,promotion strategy and effect monitoring of responsive feeding to promote the development of responsive feeding in infant care.
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    The revision and according validity research of 〈China Developmental Scale for Children〉.
    JIN Chun-hua,LI Rui-li,ZHANG Li-li,ZHANG Yue,LI Na,WANG Jian-hong,WANG Xiao-yan,LIANG Wei-lian,ZHANG Yi-xun,WEI Zhuang,ZHANG Feng,LIANG Ai-min,ZHAO Lu,BAO Ling,KONG Ya-nan,CHEN Bo-wen.
    journal1    2014, 22 (12): 1242-1246.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-12-04
    Abstract528)      PDF (701KB)(389)      
    Objective To study the construct validity and effective validity of the revised 〈China Developmental Scale for Children〉 and provide support for national norm and diagnostic development scale. Methods The revised 〈China Developmental Scale for Children〉 was used among sampled Beijing population.Item analyse,exploratory factor analysis,confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling analysis were used to determine the scale structure and structure effectiveness.Gesell Development Scale was performed to external effective validity analyse. Results Among 2 779 from 0 to 84 months old children,1 648 were boy and 1 311 were girl.77 329 tests were performed.99.2% (259/261) of the test items had discriminability (critical ratio, P<0.05).Regroup the samples for every three months age.9 subsets KMO were 0.938,0.954,0.933,0.932,0.940,0.942,0.948,0.976,0.956;5 dimension of the scale and extract factor loading analyze generally matched.After performing compulsory testing verify analyses for 9 subsets,idea of five dimension and actual data were fitted well.Considering the characteristic of development scale and the sample request of verify factor analyses,adjacent month aging was regrouped and verify analyses,the analyses parameter CFI and NNFI were both greater than 0.9,79.2% (19/24) of the sample had RMSEA lower than 0.08,the highest value was 0.98 which still matched the five dimension idea.The Pearson factor between Gasell scale was 0.637. Conclusion The revised 〈China Developmental Scale for Children〉 has good structure effectiveness and discrimination.Five dimension structure is reasonable and matches the diagnose development scale parameters.The result can be adapted as the foundation of national norm scale.
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    Revisiting of scientific assessment of child growth and development
    LI Hui
    Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2021, 29 (6): 581-583.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0771
    Abstract526)      PDF (523KB)(521)      
    Growth and development evaluation is the basis of practice for child health care and pediatric clinic. By gaining access to the growth, nutrition and health information, growth assessment can help facilitate the early detection of abnormalities, assist in the disease diagnosis, and evaluate the efficacy of treatment. Accurate assessment requires suitable evaluation method, properly defined criteria, precise measurement, as well as rigorous data analysis. With multiple growth indicators integrated together, the growth chart has proved itself to be the most effective clinical technique to conduct children growth assessment and tracking.
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    Sleep nurturing care behaviors and children's health
    WANG Hui-shan
    Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2021, 29 (5): 465-467.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0497
    Abstract519)      PDF (508KB)(690)      
    Early childhood is a process of rapid changes in sleep/wake patterns development.Inappropriate sleep nurturing care will lead to a high incidence of sleep problems in infants and young children.And sleep problems will have adverse effects on children's physical growth, cognitive development, emotional behavior and others.In order to improve the sleep quality and prevent sleep problems of infants and young children, it is suggested that health care workers should provide sleep health knowledge and predictive guidance for parents, guide the caregivers to adopt appropriate sleep nurturing care behaviors, and promote early childhood development.
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    Guidelines of health nurturing care for children under 3 years old (trial implementation)
    National Health Commission of the People′s Republic of China
    Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (1): 1-9.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1446
    Abstract517)      PDF (3768KB)(787)      
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    Chinese norm of General Physical Activity Scale for children aged 3 to 6
    HE Yan-lu, YANG Zhi-yong, LIU Feng, DONG Wen-hong, KUANG Xiao-ni, ZHANG Xue-jiao, WANG Nian-rong, LUO Yan,YANG Lin, WANG Xiao-juan, WU Jian-xin, ZHANG Ting, ZHU Zong-han, WANG Jian, GUAN Hong-yan, TONG Mei-ling
    Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (6): 594-598.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-1495
    Abstract509)      PDF (777KB)(313)      
    Objective To establish Chinese norm of General Physical Activity Scale for children aged 3 to 6, and to explore its cut-off score for the norm, thus to provide a practical tool for clinical application. Methods From August 2020 to May 2021, a stratified cluster sampling approach was utilized to recruit 1 616 children aged 3 to 6 years from eight cities in six major administrative regions of China. The norm distribution and scores were analyzed, and its cut-off score was discussed. Results The scores of each dimension was significantly different among eight cities( F=10.964 - 117.766, P<0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the total score of the scale is 0.937(95% CI:0.916 - 0.957). The maximum Yuden Index(YI) was 0.74, and the corresponding total score was in the 17th percentile( P 17) in the norm, with the sensitivity of 0.871 and specificity of 0.864. When P 15 (76)and P 20(80)were taken as the threshold point, the corresponding YI was 0.69 and 0.72, respectively, and the sensitivity and specificity were both above 0.8. Conclusions The norm sample of this study is representative, and the cut-off score is appropriate, which can be popularized and applied in clinic practice.
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    Diagnosis and treatment of micropenis in boys
    XIAO Yan-feng, YIN Chun-yan
    journal1    2018, 26 (6): 581-583.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2018-26-06-01
    Abstract508)      PDF (560KB)(420)      
    Micropenis is a kind of medical diagnosis based on correct measurement of length. If stretched penile length is below the value corresponding to -2.5 standard deviation of the mean in a patient with normal internal and external male genitalia, a diagnosis of micropenis is considered. The current lack of reference values for the length of the penis has made clinical diagnosis more difficult. Micropenis can be caused by a variety of factors including structural or hormonal defects of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. It can also be a component of a number of congenital syndromes. For the etiological evaluation, endocrinologic tests are important. This article reviews the etiology, diagnosis, treatment and management of micropenis.
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    Prevalence of depression in Chinese children and adolescents:a Meta-analysis.
    LI Jiu-ling,CHEN Xing,ZHAO Chun-hua,XU Yong
    journal1    2016, 24 (3): 295-298.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2016-24-03-22
    Abstract508)      PDF (518KB)(767)      
    Objective To estimate the prevalence of depression among children and adolescents in China. Methods Publications between 2000 and 2014 were extracted from China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang Databases and Chinese Science and Technology Journal Databases(VIP) and Chinese Biomedical Database(CBM).Observational studies on prevalence of depression were included.The prevalence of depression was combined by meta-analysis.Subgroup analysis was undertook by gender and region. Results A total of 14 papers were included in this study.The total number of participants investigated was 72 402,with 12 318 depression cases identified.It was considered that the homogeneity of the references were moderate after testing of heterogeneity( I 2=49.6%).The model of the meta-analysis had statistical significance ( q=0.999, P=0.000).The pooled prevalence was 15.4%( P=0.000) and the 95% confidence interval was from 13.3% to 17.8%.Subgroup analysis shows that the prevalence of boys(16.8%) was higher than the girls(15.6%);the prevalence of rural (20.0%)was higher than the city (16.2%)and the prevalence of senior school (23.3%)is higher than the junior school (16.2%)student. Conclusion The prevalence of depression is higher in senior high school,we should be early screening and take some related intervention.
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    Study on the influence factors of the toddlers' emotional and social competence development.
    WANG Jing,HE Shou-sen,WANG Hui,GUAN Chun-rong,YUAN Qiang,YUAN Chun-xiang,HUANG Xiao-ling,AN Xiang-mei,ZHOU Ya-ping.
    journal1    2013, 21 (12): 1250-1253.  
    Abstract506)      PDF (550KB)(635)      
    Objective To probe into the general influence factors of the early emotion and social competence of toddlers aged 1~2 years old so as to support the practice of early promotion and intervention. Methods A total of 296 toddlers,random sampled from Jinan,Jining,Zibo,Liaocheng and Rizhao cities,fulfilled the Demographic Questionnaire,1~3 years Child Nurture Environment Scale,Chinese 1~3 Years Toddler Temperament Scale (CTTS),12~36-month infant and toddler social and emotional assessment as assessment tools through their parents,served as the sample for analyzing the relationship between toddler's temperament,nurture environment and the social and emotional competence. Results A big differences of social and emotional behavior presented at different types of children's temperament,mothers' mental conditions during perinatal period,and parent's education(all P<0.05).There were obviously correlation between child nurture environment and the toddlers' emotion and social competence(all P<0.01). Conclusion Toddlers' temperament,their parent's education,the mother's mental condition during perinatal period,and nurture environment perhaps play an important role on toddler's emotion and social development.
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