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Consistency analysis of ASQ-3 and DDST Scales in infant developmental screening HUANG Hong-mei, TANG Yan-ling, WANG Xiao-rong, LI Ting-yu Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2021, 29 (7): 759-762.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-1460 Abstract （996）      PDF （480KB）（352）       Knowledge map    Objective To explore and analyze the consistency of the subjective and objective evaluation scale-Ages and Stages Questionnaire-Third Edition (ASQ-3) and Denver Development Screening Test (DDST),in order to provide reference for the clinical assessment of children's developmental disorders. Methods A total of 355 children in Children's Health Clinic of Chongqing Youyou Baobei Children and Women's Hospital from April 1st,2019 to April 30th,2020 were selected in this study. Their record of ASQ-3 and DDST evaluation results was retrospectively collected. The screening positive rates of two assessment tools were compared,and the consistency of the two tools in gross motor function,fine motor function,language and personal-social function was analyzed. Results The screening positive rate of ASQ-3 was higher than that of DDST. Except for the motor function,the differences on the screening positive rate of fine motor,language,and personal-social function between the two tools were significant ( χ 2=28.942,6.424,60.634, P＜0.05). The consistency of the two screening methods was analyzed by the Kappa test. All Kappa values of the four function zones were lower than 0.4,suggesting very low consistency between ASQ-3 and DDST. The Kappa value of the motor function was relatively high compared with other zones( Kappa=0.317, P<0.001). Conclusions The consistency between ASQ-3 and DDST is low in developmental screening of children aged 3—60 months. Further researches are warranted to improve the accuracy and consistency of the infant development screening scale. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical intervention of language delays and language disorders LIU Xue-man Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (8): 813-817.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0871 Abstract （843）      PDF （1370KB）（795）       Knowledge map    Language delays and language disorders are the most common type of childhood developmental disorders. The exploratory design and initial attempts to implement a Chinese model of an evidence-based clinical intervention pathway for language delays and language disorders were guided by the Clinical Framework of children's language development and the concept of response to intervention (RTI).The early exploratory design also incorporated China's well developed nationwide maternal and children's health care system into the internationally recognized evidence-based tertiary clinical intervention pathway to achieve some initial Results in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on early intervention for neurobehavioral development in high risk newborn Infant and Child Development, China Eugenics Association Professional Committee Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (3): 233-236.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0625 Abstract （719）      PDF （821KB）（1047）       Knowledge map    Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Communication disorders in children with autism spectrum disorder from speech language pathology perspective YANG Feng Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2024, 32 (3): 233-236.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2024-0114 Abstract （657）      PDF （722KB）（244）       Knowledge map    Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) face varying degrees of difficulties in communication, language, and social interactions.This article analyzes the basic communication abilities, language development characteristics, and social pragmatic features of ASD children from the perspective of speech pathology, introduces corresponding assessment tools and proposes intervention strategies based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF).Meanwhile, this article emphasizes the adoption of a comprehensive intervention model that involves medical, family, and school components to enhance the communication, language, and social skills of this group comprehensively, with the aim of effectively improving their overall quality of life. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on growth and development follow-up management techniques for high-risk newborns discharged from NICU at 0-3 years old Child Health Care Group, Pediatrician Branch, Chinese Medical Association Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2021, 29 (8): 809-814.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-2035 Abstract （599）      PDF （984KB）（890）       Knowledge map    Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (6): 581-585.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0347 Abstract （575）      PDF （910KB）（1048）       Knowledge map    Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in responsive caregiving for infants and toddlers XU Yu-ying, WANG Xue-na, LI Jia, AN Zi-fen, YU Li-ping Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (1): 71-75.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0343 Abstract （570）      PDF （551KB）（251）       Knowledge map    Responsive caregiving plays an important role in the early development of infants and toddlers. It can not only promote brain development, emotional and language development of infants and toddlers, but also enhance parent-child attachment and promote their social development. This paper focuses on the researches on responsive caregiving for infants and toddlers at home and abroad from three aspects:measurement tools, influencing factors and intervention measures, in order to provide theoretical reference for further study of responsive caregiving for infants and toddlers. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the development characteristics of 3- to 6-year-old children′s gross movements WEN Rui-xiang, JIANG Gui-ping, ZHAO Pan-chao, LI Jia-hui Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2021, 29 (10): 1072-1076.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0211 Abstract （536）      PDF （1100KB）（220）       Knowledge map    Objective To explore the developmental characteristics of 3- to 6-year-old children′s gross movements,so as to provide data support for clinical diagnosis,treatment and educational intervention. Methods From April to July 2019,640 children aged 3—6 were randomly selected from two public kindergartens in Beijing,and Gross Motor Development Test(TGMD-3) was used for gross motor development test. Two-way ANOVA method was used to compare the differences in gross movement scores among children among different age and gender groups. Results There was no significant interaction effect between sex and age in the development of gross movements of 3- to 6-year-old children( P>0.05). There was a significant age main effect on the total score of gross movement,locomotor skills,object control skills and 13 sub-items( P<0.001). The score of rough movements increased with the increase of age. There was a significant gender main effect on the total score of locomotor skills,hop and skip in the 4- to 6-year-old group( P<0.05),which were better in girls than those in boys. The gender main effect also appeared in the score of object control skills,two-hand strike,forehand strike,kick and dribble( P<0.001),and which were better in boys than those in girls. Conclusions The scores of gross movements of 3- to 6-year-old children continue to increase with the increase of age. The locomotor skills of girls are better than those of boys,and the object control skills of boys are better than those of girls. It is suggested to give differential teaching according to the age and gender characteristics of the rough movements development at the age of 3 to 6 years old. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Revisiting of scientific assessment of child growth and development LI Hui Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2021, 29 (6): 581-583.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0771 Abstract （526）      PDF （523KB）（521）       Knowledge map    Growth and development evaluation is the basis of practice for child health care and pediatric clinic. By gaining access to the growth, nutrition and health information, growth assessment can help facilitate the early detection of abnormalities, assist in the disease diagnosis, and evaluate the efficacy of treatment. Accurate assessment requires suitable evaluation method, properly defined criteria, precise measurement, as well as rigorous data analysis. With multiple growth indicators integrated together, the growth chart has proved itself to be the most effective clinical technique to conduct children growth assessment and tracking. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Guidelines of health nurturing care for children under 3 years old (trial implementation) National Health Commission of the People′s Republic of China Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (1): 1-9.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1446 Abstract （517）      PDF （3768KB）（787）       Knowledge map    Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese norm of General Physical Activity Scale for children aged 3 to 6 HE Yan-lu, YANG Zhi-yong, LIU Feng, DONG Wen-hong, KUANG Xiao-ni, ZHANG Xue-jiao, WANG Nian-rong, LUO Yan,YANG Lin, WANG Xiao-juan, WU Jian-xin, ZHANG Ting, ZHU Zong-han, WANG Jian, GUAN Hong-yan, TONG Mei-ling Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (6): 594-598.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-1495 Abstract （509）      PDF （777KB）（313）       Knowledge map    Objective To establish Chinese norm of General Physical Activity Scale for children aged 3 to 6, and to explore its cut-off score for the norm, thus to provide a practical tool for clinical application. Methods From August 2020 to May 2021, a stratified cluster sampling approach was utilized to recruit 1 616 children aged 3 to 6 years from eight cities in six major administrative regions of China. The norm distribution and scores were analyzed, and its cut-off score was discussed. Results The scores of each dimension was significantly different among eight cities( F=10.964 - 117.766, P<0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the total score of the scale is 0.937(95% CI:0.916 - 0.957). The maximum Yuden Index(YI) was 0.74, and the corresponding total score was in the 17th percentile( P 17) in the norm, with the sensitivity of 0.871 and specificity of 0.864. When P 15 (76)and P 20(80)were taken as the threshold point, the corresponding YI was 0.69 and 0.72, respectively, and the sensitivity and specificity were both above 0.8. Conclusions The norm sample of this study is representative, and the cut-off score is appropriate, which can be popularized and applied in clinic practice. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Report on early childhood development practices in China from a global health perspective HUANG Yangmu, DANG Yuan Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2024, 32 (1): 1-6.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-1344 Abstract （506）      PDF （959KB）（189）       Knowledge map    As the health disparities among children indirectly reflect the unfair distribution of national child healthcare, education, and other infrastructure, early childhood health development is a globally significant public health concern. On a global scale, 193 countries have endorsed The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and have explored various development strategies. The government placing children's interests and their rights at the core of their efforts to achieve theSustainable Development Goals(SDGs) is essential, China has made substantial progress in improving children's well-being over several decades of continuous effort and practice. However, challenges persist, including regional development imbalances, insufficient service capabilities in impoverished rural areas, and emerging issues like obesity, myopia, and mental health problems. China still needs to meet the growing health needs of children fully. From a global health perspective, this article systematically reviews the current status of global early childhood health development, outlines the significant milestones and best practices in China's early childhood development efforts, and also anticipates the focus and challenges in early childhood development in China based on global trends, hoping to contribute to further research in this field. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the influence of family nurturing environment on early childhood development LI Jia, WANG Xue-na, DU Wen-wen, ZHANG Meng, YU Li-ping Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2021, 29 (10): 1096-1099.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-1280 Abstract （501）      PDF （573KB）（288）       Knowledge map    Early childhood development is of great significance to individual, family and society. Improving the parental competence and family nurturing environment is the key and core to promote the early development of children. This paper focuses on the family nurturing environment and early childhood development from the perspective of related concepts, theories, influence and intervention practice, aimed to provide the basis for the relevant empirical research in China, and to provide reference for the improvement of children′s health care work, so as to promote the comprehensive development of early childhood. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of diagnostic scales for the assessment of early neurodevelopment in infants and toddlers HUANG Heng-ye, YU Guang-jun Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (2): 162-166.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0627 Abstract （453）      PDF （693KB）（348）       Knowledge map    Early infant and toddler development is a critical period in the life span of children, and preterm or high-risk infants are at a high risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Therefore, early detection and intervention are of great importance to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants and toddlers. This review summarizes common diagnostic scales for neurodevelopmental assessment of infants and toddlers in home and abroad, especially history of evolution, current status of application, advantages and disadvantages of Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Gesell Development Schedules, Griffiths Mental Developmental Scales, and Chinese Children Development Scales, so as to provide a reference for pediatricians′ clinical work. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Validity of the Chinese version of Ages and Stages Questionnaires: Social-Emotional (the Second Edition) for toddlers aged 12 to 35 months ZHANG Jing, BIAN Xiao-yan, SQUIRES Jane, SONG Wei, PENG Yong-mei, DU Li, ZHU Li-ping Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (3): 249-253.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0919 Abstract （435）      PDF （548KB）（216）       Knowledge map    Objectives To investigate the validity of the Chinese version of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires: Social-Emotional, Second Edition (ASQ:SE-2) for toddlers aged 12 to 35 months, so as to provide an appropriate assessment tool for the early social-emotion development of children. Methods From 22nd May to 29th October 2020, a total of 560 children aged 12 to 35 months were selected from Children's Hospital of Shanghai, Huangpu, Jing'an, Hongkou and Jiading Districts Maternal and Child Healthcare Center of Shanghai and child health care department of several community health service centers.The questionnaires for 12-, 18-,24-, 30- and 36-month-old toddlers in Chinese version of ASQ:SE-2 covering children aged 12 - 35 months were used, and the Chinese Infant-Toddler Social & Emotional Assessment (CITSEA) were used as validation criteria. Results The questionnaires for 12-, 18-,24-, 30- and 36-month-old toddlers in ASQ:SE-2 had good validity, significant correlations of the social, emotional, social-emotional scores and total scores of ASQ:SE-2 with the scores of the externalizing domain, the internalizing domain, the dysregulation domain and the competence domain of CITSEA were found ( r=0.31 - 0.72, 0.19 - 0.70, 0.23 - 0.75, -0.74 - -0.42, P＜0.05).And the correlation coefficient r between the factors of the two scales in the total sample ranged from |0.40| to |0.61| ( P<0.01).When samples above the cut-off scores was identified as social-emotional delay, the sensitivity and specificity of ASQ:SE-2 was 60.48% and 95.41%, respectively, and the percentage of the agreement between the ASQ:SE-2 and the CITSEA was 87.68%.When samples in the monitoring zone was identified as social-emotional delay, the sensitivity and specificity of ASQ:SE-2 was 76.61% and 82.80%, respectively, and the percentage of the agreement between the ASQ:SE-2 and the CITSEA was 81.43%.Exploratory factor analysis of ASQ:SE-2 showed that the factor loading of social, emotional, social-emotional scores and total scores of the questionnaires for 12-, 18-,24-, 30- and 36-month-old children ranged from 0.84 to 0.99. Conclusions ASQ:SE-2 has good validity and can be used to screen and monitor social and emotional behavior development of children in mainland China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and evaluation of Child Eating Behavior Scale YIN Ke, ZHANG Ting, SONG Zhi-xiao, ZHANG Li, QIAO Xiu-yun, LI Yan Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2021, 29 (10): 1115-1119.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-2099LB Abstract （424）      PDF （648KB）（225）       Knowledge map    Objective To develop Eating Behavior Scale for children with high reliability and validity,so as to provide a scientific and reliable tool for the evaluation of children′s eating behavior in China. Methods A total of 349 parents of children aged 1—3 years were investigated. Then the initial questionnaires were formed. Factor analysis,discriminant analysis,Cronbach′s α coefficient and Spearman correlation analysis were used to screen the initial items. And 1 021 parents of children aged 1—3 years were asked to fill out primary questionnaire. Finally the formal questionnaire was formed. The reliability and validity of the formal questionnaire was tested by Guttman split-half reliability analysis,retest reliability analysis,exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Results 1) Finally the Eating Behavior Scale of children consisted of 39 items with 7 dimensions was formulated. The Cronbach′s α coefficient of scale was 0.889,Guttman split-half reliability was 0.922,the retest reliability of the scale was 0.735,and the correlation coefficient between each factor and the scale ranged from 0.455 to 0.817. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the values of x2/ df,GFI,CFI,RFI and RMSEA of the scale were 2.980,0.815,0.802,0.708 and 0.062,respectively. 2) Children′s weight was related to birth weight,family structure and bad eating habits( P＜0.05). The length was related to family structure and low salt diet( P＜0.05). The education level of parents had a significant effect on children′s eating behaviors( P＜0.05). Family income had a significant effect on children′s food preference( P＜0.05). The effects of different family structures on food response,satiety response and common meal opportunity were significantly different( P＜0.05). Conclusion Children′s Eating Behavior Scale is a scientific and reliable tool with good reliability and validity,which can objectively evaluate the dietary behavior problems of 1- to 3- year-old children in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Efficacy of rhGH combined with letrozole in the clinical treatment of adolescent idiopathic short stature in male children ZHANG Qiang, LIU Li-jun, LI Jin-ying, CUI Hai-jing, WANG Yi-jing Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2021, 29 (7): 802-805.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-1507 Abstract （415）      PDF （506KB）（95）       Knowledge map    Objective To study the efficacy of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) combined with letrozole on the improvement of the predicted final height in male children with adolescent idiopathic short stature (ISS). Methods Totally 60 male children diagnosed with adolescent idiopathic short stature admitted in Children's Hospital of Hebei Province from May 2015 to May 2019 were enrolled in this study and were divided into two groups by simple grouping method,with 30 cases in each group. The control group was treated with rhGH,while the experiment group was treated with rhGH and letrozole. Both groups were treated for one year. The improvement of physical development,growth rate,bone metabolism index and occurrence of adverse events were collected and analyzed. Results There were no significant differences in bone age,height and bone metabolism indexes between the two groups before treatment ( P>0.05). After 1 year of treatment,the bone age and bone alkaline phosphatase(BALP) level of the experiment group were lower than those of the control group ( t=6.537,9.290, P<0.05),and the levels of bone glaprotein(BGP),procollagen Ⅰ N-terminal peptide(PINP) and vitamin D of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group ( t=4.501,4.269,9.230, P<0.05). The predicted final height value was significantly higher in experiment group ( t=2.833, P<0.05). There were no significant differences in growth rate and adverse reactions between the two groups ( P<0.05). Conclusion Letrozole can improve the predicted final height of male children with adolescent idiopathic short stature. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Reliability and validity of grammar subscale of Children's Language Development Scale CHEUNG Hin-Tat, LI Xue, LIAO Min Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (8): 822-827.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0131 Abstract （413）      PDF （663KB）（267）       Knowledge map    Objective To evaluate the reliability and validity of grammar subscale of Children's Language Development Scale(CLDS). Methods A stratified cluster sampling method was adopted to randomly select 1 704 preschool children(including 852 boys and 852 girls) in Chengdu from December 2018 to June 2019. Children's language ability was evaluated with CLDS, then the reliability and validity of the grammar subscale of CLDS were tested. Results There were 1 701 completed Results in sum. The grammar scale contained 40 items of picture selection after listening to a sentence. Internal consistency reliability Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.834, and the half-fold reliability was 0.795. The infit and outfit MNSQ values of the subjects and the items were 1.00, 0.93 and 0.99, 0.93 respectively. The discrimination validity was 1.73, and the reliability of the scale was 0.75. The infit MNSQ values of 40 items were between 0.86 and 1.2 logits, which fitted well with the Rasch model. The difficulty value of items ranged from -2.55 to 1.82 logits, and the individual ability value was between -2.78 and 5.0 logits. Conclusions The grammar subscale of the CLDS has good reliability and validity. It can be applied to simply and effectively measure 3- to 6-year-old children's grammar development, so as to provide reference for diagnosing and treating speech and language disorders in Chinese children. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the reliability and validity of 3- to 6-year-old Children's General Physical Activity Scale HE Yan-lu, XIE Ya-chun, LIU Feng, CHEN Wei-ding, YANG Zhi-yong, ZHANG Guang-bao, HONG Qin, CHI Xia, TONG Mei-ling Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2021, 29 (8): 848-851.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0122 Abstract （410）      PDF （512KB）（209）       Knowledge map    Objective To assess the reliability and validity of 3- to 6-year-old Children's General Physical Activity Scale, so as to provide reference for the establishment of national norm and clinical application. Methods With stratified cluster random sampling method, 210 children from 3 kindergartens in Nanjing were tested to analyze and evaluate the reliability and validity of the scale.Cronbach's α coefficient, half reliability coefficient, test-retest reliability coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to evaluate the internal and external reliability of the scale.Exploratory factor analysis was used to evaluate the construct validity of the scale.The content validity was evaluated by expert argumentation and related analysis.Using Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 (PDMS-2) as the calibration standard, the correlation between the scores of the two scales in 30 children was analyzed to evaluate the correlation validity of the calibration standard. Results The Cronbach's α value of the scale was 0.815, the Guttman half-split coefficient was 0.804, the test-retest reliability was 0.91, and the rater reliability was 0.994.The KMO measure of sampling adequacy was 0.783.The correlation coefficient between total score and each dimension score ranged from 0.596 to 0.721.Except the body flexibility, the ability of children in each item showed an increasing trend with age ( F=6.070—65.355, P<0.01).The total standard score of 3- to 6-year-old Children's General Physical Activity Scale was positively correlated with the standard score of PDMS-2 ( r=0.552, P=0.002).There were significant differences in each dimension between the typically developed group and the motor delay group ( t=4.536—16.072, P<0.01). Conclusion 3- to 6-year-old Children's General Physical Activity Scale has acceptable reliability and validity, reaching the basic psychometric demands, which can be used to make the norm. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in health outcomes of adverse childhood experience WANG Yi-nuo, LIU Yang, ZHUANG Xu-xiu, MA Ya-nan, WEN De-liang Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (6): 632-636.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0023 Abstract （410）      PDF （532KB）（190）       Knowledge map    As a serious public health challenge,the health outcomes of adverse childhood experiences(ACEs)should not be underestimated.This article summarizes the outcomes of ACEsexperience from the following four aspects:mental health,physical health,sexually transmitted diseases and unsafe sexual behaviors,health risk behaviors,so as to provide reference for related studies. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the efficacy and safety of long-acting growth hormones in treating pediatric growth hormone deficiency patients WAN Nai-jun, ZHANG Tian, ZHANG Jin, SUN Hui-hui, SHANG Ran, SHI Wei-jia Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2021, 29 (7): 755-758.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-1392 Abstract （400）      PDF （461KB）（192）       Knowledge map    Objective To compare the efficacy and safety betwen a weekly PEGylated human growth hormone (PEG-rhGH,Jintrolong) and a daily growth hormone in children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD),in order to provide evidence for clinical application. Methods Totally 50 GHD children were enrolled in this study,of whom 20 cases were treated with weekly PEG-rhGH [0.2 mg/(kg·week)],and the other 30 cases were treated with daily rhGH [0.03 mg/(kg·week)]. Both treatments last for 56 weeks. The height,height velocity (HV),height standard deviation score(HTSDS),serum insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1),thyroid function,fasting blood glucose,fasting insulin,glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc),lipids and insulin resistance(IR) of the participants was measured before treatment,16,28 and 56 weeks after treatment initiation,respectively. Results Among the patient groups receiving weekly PEG-rhGH and daily rhGH,HVs were significantly increased from (3.67±0.81)cm/year and (3.39±1.36)cm/year before treatment to (14.05±2.30)cm/year and (13.63±2.32)cm/year in 28 weeks after treatment initiation (TI) ( P<0.05). A significantly greater HV increase was observed in weekly PEG-rhGH group ( P<0.05). At the end of treatment (56 weeks post TI),the HVs were (10.98±1.01)cm/year and (10.77±1.48)cm/year for the groups receiving weekly PEG-rhGH and daily rhGH treatment,respectively,but with no statistically significant difference between the two groups( P>0.05). Additionally,there was significant improvement in HTSDS compared with baseline from 16 weeks after TI in two groups,and HTSDS gradually reached to normal level ( P<0.05). A more significant increase was observed in the weekly PEG-rhGH group than that in the daily rhGH group in 4 weeks after TI and through the whole treatment period ( P<0.05). IGF-1SDS gradually increased for both groups after TI,and showed significant differences from 16 weeks after TI compared with baseline( P<0.05). Additionally,IGF-1SDS was significantly higher in weekly PEG-rhGH group than that in daily rhGH group from 28 weeks after TI. Neither the weekly PEG-rhGH group nor the daily rhGH group experienced severe adverse event throughout the treatment period. Conclusions Weekly PEG-rhGH is effective and safe for GHD treatment,and its efficacy is superior to daily rhGH. No severe side effect is observed. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Literature review on coparenting and related scales or questionnaires commonly used WU Ru-xing, CHENG Xu-wen, CHEN Jin-jin, CHEN Ru-nan, ZHU Da-qiao Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2021, 29 (11): 1218-1222.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-1410 Abstract （392）      PDF （578KB）（196）       Knowledge map    Coparenting was firstly proposed by American scholars,and its conceptual definition has not been completely consistent. Although the research on coparenting started relatively late in China,domestic scholars discovered new dimensions with cultural characteristics (such as red/white face) in the process of introducing and cross-cultural adjustment of coparenting assessment scales and questionnaires. This paper attempts to carry out a conceptual analysis of coparenting and to sort out the commonly used scales and questionnaires systematically,so as to provide reference for domestic scholars to select reasonable and effective assessment tools. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on growth retardation of infants and toddlers WU Hua-hong, LI Yang, LI Hui Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2021, 29 (10): 1105-1108.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-2173 Abstract （386）      PDF （523KB）（208）       Knowledge map    In recent years,the children′s growth retardation rate has been decreased worldwide,but the regional difference is still prominent. The growth retardation rate of children in poor areas of China is still almost 10%. Growth retardation has an impact on children′s physical growth,cognitive development,increases the risk of chronic diseases,decreases their income level in adulthood,and impairs social and economic productivity. The infant and toddler stage is the most prone ages of growth retardation,and also the key window period of intervention for growth retardation. So this review focuses on this stage,analyzes the causes,prevention and intervention methods and common clinical problems of growth retardation in this stage,in order to contribute to the understanding,prevention and intervention of growth retardation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of body composition of children with different genders, ages and nutritional status SU Yue-yue, WANG Hong, LI Qing, ZHANG Xiao-qiong, QIU Ming-hui Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2021, 29 (7): 713-716.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-1286 Abstract （385）      PDF （486KB）（192）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the differences in body composition of children with different genders,age and nutritional status,so as to provide basis for children's health evaluation. Methods A total of 1 185 children aged 3 to 8 years who took physical examination in Shenzhen Maternal ＆ Child Healthcare Hospital from January to December 2019 were enrolled in this study. All participants were measured for height and weight,and multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA) was used to measure body composition indicators. The correlations among gender,age and nutritional status with children's body composition were analyzed. Results The weight,body mass index(BMI),fat-free mass(FFM),total body water(TBW) and basal metabolic rate(BMR) of boys were higher than those of girls,while PBF was lower in girls ( t=2.94,5.05,5.21,4.67,2.88,5.27, P<0.05). The height and body fat (BF) changed little between different boys and girls,and the difference was not statistically significant ( P>0.05). BF,FFM of boys and girls all increased with age,while BMI decreased with age firstly but turned to an increasing trend from 6—years old ( P<0.05). The age of adiposity rebound (AR) in children was about 5 years old. BF,PBF and FFM of boys and girls all gradually increased with the increasing of BMI (boys: F=33.28、29.81、33.02;girls: F=28.57、13.38、24.55, P<0.05). There was a high consistency between PBF and BMI in the evaluation of overweight and obesity in children (χ 2=143.28、99.02, P<0.05),but the detection rate of overweight and obesity in PBF was higher ( P<0.05). Conclusions There are obvious differences in body composition among children with different genders,age and nutritional status. Body composition has a good early warning effect on the occurrence of overweight and obesity in children,and is a beneficial supplement to the health evaluation of children. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary development and evaluation of the Responsive Caregiving Rating Scale for children aged 0 to 4 years HUANG Ying, ZHANG Hai-feng, TONG Lian Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (4): 386-391.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0474 Abstract （382）      PDF （702KB）（224）       Knowledge map    Objective To develop the Responsive Caregiving Rating Scale for children aged 0 to 4 years (RCRS), and to testify its reliability and validity. Methods Based on attachment theory and the existing responsive caregiving scales, the original items of the scale were formed. A total of 2 759 parents whose children aged 0 to 4 years in Shanghai were recruited from March to May 2020, and each parent was asked to fill in an online questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed to test the structural validity. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used to test the concurrent validity. Results The exploratory factor analysis indicated that RCRS had 16 items grouped into three dimensions, which explained 78.04% of the total variance. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the three-dimension model fit well (CFI=0.971, TLI=0.965, RMSEA=0.069, SRMR=0.024). The Cronbach's α coefficient for the overall scale was 0.97, which in the dimensions of promotion of cognitive and emotional development, responsive, respect for autonomy was 0.95, 0.93 and 0.91, respectively. The scores of RCRS were significantly different between the normal and the abnormal children evaluated by SDQ( Z=7.071, P<0.05). Conclusion The RCRC is demonstrated to be an ideal tool with good reliability and validity to assess the quality of responsive caregiving. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Early screening, diagnosis and intervention of learning disabilities in children CAO Aihua Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (6): 590-594.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0498 Abstract （377）      PDF （655KB）（591）       Knowledge map    Learning disabilities are neurodevelopmental disorders, which are classified as dyslexia, dysgraphia and dyscalculia according to the DSM-5 and ICD-11. Learning disabilities have a significant impact on children's schooling, but they will not be identified until children show poor academic performance at school. Therefore, screening for learning disabilities at preschool age and early intervention is essential. This article focuses on early screening, diagnosis and comorbidity of children with learning disabilities, and summarizes the treatment of learning disabilities in children from three aspects: education, cognitive behavior and medical interventions. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress of neurodevelopmental characteristics and clinical diagnosis and treatment in premature infants WANG Hua-qian, YAO Bao-zhen Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2021, 29 (8): 877-880.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-0849 Abstract （366）      PDF （569KB）（313）       Knowledge map    With the improvement of medical treatment level, the survival rate of premature infants is continuously increasing.However, the surviving premature infants are more vulnerable to external adverse factors due to the imperfect development of various organs and systems, and face greater risks of various complications, especially neurodevelopmental injuries, such as cerebral palsy, cognitive disorders, autism and executive dysfunction, which bring heavy burdens to families, society and health systems.In this paper, the neurological development characteristics, neurological development assessment methods and early intervention measures of premature infants are systematically reviewed, so as to provide basis for clinical early and accurate identification of premature infants with neurological damage and individualized early intervention training for different premature infants, thereby improving the prognosis of premature infants. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Responsive care in early childhood development nurturing care systems NI Xue-fei, FAN Li-chun Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (1): 62-65.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0049 Abstract （349）      PDF （586KB）（371）       Knowledge map    The early childhood development nurturing care consists of five major contents:child health, adequate nutrition, safety and security, responsive care and early learning opportunities. Among them, responsive care is an important way to promote early childhood development. This article summarizes and reviews the connotation, challenges, implementation and evaluation of responsive care, and explores the influence of responsive care on early childhood development. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Status and challenges of early recognition and early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder KE Xiaoyan Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (3): 238-240.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0013 Abstract （346）      PDF （421KB）（393）       Knowledge map    Autism spectrum disorder(ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that seriously impacts the development of children. It has become a clinical consensus that early identification and early intervention are effective means. For professional reference, this paper mainly reviews and discusses the progress in early detection, early screening and early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in the domestic and overseas researches, as well as the problems in clinical practice. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2024, 32 (1): 7-9.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-1279 Abstract （342）      PDF （481KB）（121）       Knowledge map    Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary study on the reliability and validity of the Chinese Version ofParent-Child Interaction Feeding Scale JIA Ni, XU Meng-xue, DING Mei-qi, YAN Shuang-qin, ZHANG Qing-lan, WANG Bao-zhen, LI Yuan-yuan, GUAN Hong-yan Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (8): 839-844.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-1244 Abstract （340）      PDF （667KB）（187）       Knowledge map    Objective To introduce Nursing Child Interaction (PCI) Feeding Scale into China, and to assess the reliability and validity of PCI Feeding Scale in Chinese parent-child dyads. Methods Under the recommended steps by the International Testing Committee, PCI Feeding Scale was translated, then Chinese Version of Parent-Child Interaction Feeding Scale (PCI-FS-C) was developed. From June 2018 to January 2019, 310 parent-child dyads from four hospitals in Beijing, Yinchuan, Lanzhou and Maanshan were selected by convenience sampling, and PCI-FS-C was adopted to code their feeding interaction. Reliability was evaluated by internal consistency (Cronbach's α coefficient) and test-retest reliability (inter-item consistency) conducted with 10% of the samples randomly selected. Six samples were selected to evaluate rater reliability. Chinese Version of Infant-Toddler Home Observation Measurement of the Environment (IT-HOME-C) was used to exam the concurrent validity by Spearman correlation in 41 samples. Multivariate linear regression was used to evaluate discriminant validity. Results Totally 273valid mother-infant dyads were included in this study. The Cronbach's α coefficients of total score, caregiver and infant subscale scores were 0.846, 0.805 and 0.690, respectively. Both caregiver subscale ( r=0.778) and PCI-FS-C ( r=0.847) had excellent test-retest reliability, while the infant subcale showed acceptable test-retest reliability ( r=0.480) ( P< 0.01). For rater reliability, the Kendall coefficient of PCI-FS-C was 0.860. PCI-FS-C, caregiver subscale and infant subscale were moderately associated with IT-HOME-C ( r=0.526, 0.506, 0.427, P＜0.05). After controlling for mixed factors, there were significant differences among different age groups in PCI-FS-C, caregiver subscale and infant subscale ( b=3.24, 2.31, 0.92). Conclusions PCI-FS-C is a valid assessment for Chinese mother-infants, which fills the gap for assessment using an Objective measurement of caregiver/parent-child interaction in China. Enlarged sample size is suggested for culture-adapted study in future. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research advances in feeding difficulties of infants and toddlers YUE Xiao-jing, DU Lin, JIA Fei-yong Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2021, 29 (7): 738-741.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-0975 Abstract （340）      PDF （551KB）（366）       Knowledge map    Feeding difficulty is a common feeding problem in infants and toddlers. The causes are complicated and the symptoms are various. However, feeding difficulty has a far-reaching impact, thus early reasonable feeding is of great significance. At present, there is a lack of consensus on the diagnostic criteria and intervention measures. In this paper, the influencing factors, evaluation and intervention of infants and toddlers feeding difficulties are reviewed in order to clarify the research status. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on applied behavioral analysis intervention in autism spectrum disorders DAI Zhen-zhen, JIANG Zhi-mei, ZHU Jun-li Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2021, 29 (6): 623-626.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-0350 Abstract （338）      PDF （469KB）（300）       Knowledge map    Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder found in early childhood,mainly characterized by social disorder,stereotyped behaviors and restricted interests,all of which limit and impair children's daily life functions.In recent years,there are more and more kinds of interventions for ASD,and applied behavior analysis (ABA) is currently the only form of treatment for ASD endorsed by the US Surgeon General.Its effectiveness has been proven and it is now widely used in the treatment of ASD children.This paper reviews the basic theory,function and effect of ABA compared with other intervention methods. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation and intervention of hot- and cool-executive function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder YANG Bin-rang, CHEN Qiao-ru Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (12): 1277-1281.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1315 Abstract （336）      PDF （734KB）（467）       Knowledge map    Executive function impairment emerges as a primary cognitive deficit in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), involving prefrontal cortex and multi-level brain network dysfunction. Executive function has been functionally classified into cool and hot. Cool-executive function impairment mainly manifests in response inhibition, working memory and cognitive flexibility, while hot-executive function impairment usually involves delayed gratification, reward/punishment-related decision-making, self-regulation and emotion regulation. A variety of traditional paradigms have been used when assessing executive function in ADHD children, some of which are reliably modified and culturally adapted. Based on the literature, clinical practice should not focus exclusively on cool executive function. Children′s impairment in hot executive function (with emotional and social components) should also be noted as significant indicators when evaluating the state of children′s condition. Additionally, dynamic follow-up and intervention should be required to achieve the best results in the long term. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (9): 929-934.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0679 Abstract （334）      PDF （1156KB）（621）       Knowledge map    Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of parental height on the height of children under 7 years old ZHANG Ya-qin, LI Hui, WU Hua-hong, ZONG Xin-nan Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2021, 29 (6): 584-588.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0623 Abstract （326）      PDF （986KB）（203）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the effect of parental height on the height of children under 7 years old, in order to provide evidence for individual growth evaluation. Methods A total of 161 297 children with completed parental height information, who were from The National Survey on Physical Growth and Development of Children Under 7 Years in The Nine Cities in 2015, were analyzed.The Z-scores of children's height, father's height, mother's height, and mid-parental height were calculated.The Spearman method was used to analyze the correlation between children's height and father's height, mother's height and mid-parental height.All the children were divided into 6 groups according to their mid-parental height and their differences of children's height in each group were compared. Results 1) Children's height was positively correlated with father's height, mother's height and mid-parental height( r=0.13—0.42, P<0.05), and the correlation coefficient with mid-parental height was the highest.2) According to their mid-parental height, the children were divided into six groups:short stature, slightly short stature, low-medium stature, upper-medium stature, slightly tall stature and tall stature.The average height of children in each group increased sequentially from parental short stature to parental tall stature.The children's height in the parental short stature group was 1.9—14.7 cm lower than that in the parental tall stature group, and the differences increased with age.3) The third percentile ( P 3) of children's height in the parental slightly short stature group was 0.6—4.8 cm lower than that the P 3 of Chinese children's height standards, while the P 3 of children's height in the parental slight tall stature group was 0.6—4.7 cm higher than that of the height standards.4) The average differences between the children's height Z score and the mid-parental height Z score in the parental short stature, parental slightly short stature, parental low-medium stature, parental upper-medium stature, parental slightly tall stature and parental tall stature group were 1.27±0.99, 0.61±0.92, 0.18±0.89,-0.19±0.90,-0.61±0.93, and-1.17±0.92, respectively. Conclusions The height of children under 7 years old is positively correlated with their parental height.The height of children with parental short stature is lower than that of children with parental tall stature, and the children's height are higher than the genetic height of the family among the children with parental short stature, which suggested that the influence of parental height should not be ignored when evaluating and explaining the height of individual children. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation analysis of the motor development assessment between Peabody Motor Development Scale-2 and Gesell Development Scale CHEN Jun-lin, ZHOU Wen-zhi, YANG Xia Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (2): 203-206.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-1785 Abstract （324）      PDF （718KB）（208）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the correlation of the motor development assessment between Peabody Motor Development Scale-2(PDMS-2) and Gesell Development Scale(GDS) in children with different birth conditions and different gestational ages. Methods A total of 900 infants, who were 3 to 12 months old and in the rehabilitation department of Chengdu Women′s and Children′s Central Hospital, were enrolled in this study and were assessed by PDMS-2 and GDS. The assessment results between PDMS-2 and GDS were described and their correlation was analyzed. Results The gross and fine motor assessment results between PDMS-2 and GDS were positively correlated among extremely low birth weight infants, low birth weight infants and full-term infants( r=0.386-0.530, P＜0.001).With the increasing of age, the correlation became stronger, and it was highest at the age of 12 months old(ELBWI: r=0.641, 0.601; LBWI: r=0.678, 0.647; full-term infants: r=0.896, 0.749).The correlation between PDMS-2 and GDS in terms of gross motor assessment and fine motor assessment of full-term infants( r=0.530, 0.483) were higher than those in LBWI( r=0.496, 0.459) and ELBWI( r=0.449, 0.386). Conclusions Children′s motor function should be assessed according to their birth condition and age, as well as the sensitivity of the assessment scale, so that the assessment results will be more scientific and accurate. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Family parenting and early childhood language development SHEN Shi-fang, SHAO Jie Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2022, 30 (8): 865-868.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-1294 Abstract （324）      PDF （519KB）（221）       Knowledge map    Language learning is the product of the interaction between children's learning ability and language environment, which occurs in the social environment where children actively participate in. Differences in language ability begin to appear in infants and toddlers, and run through and affect people throughout their lives. In recent years, more and more domestic and foreign scholars have studied the effect of family parenting on early childhood language development. Understanding the influence of family parenting on the early language development of children can provide basis for formulating prevention and intervention strategies from the perspective of family parenting to promote the best development of early childhood language. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Meta-analysis on psychological sub-health status among adolescents in China SU Xian-biao, YIN Ai-hua, YANG Ying, WU Shu-xin, LIU Jin-tong, WANG Yang, WANG Wei Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2021, 29 (6): 645-649.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-1448 Abstract （320）      PDF （1177KB）（157）       Knowledge map    Objective To estimate the epidemiology and distribution characteristics of psychological sub-health status among adolescents in China, in order to provide reference for knowing about the psychological status of adolescents. Methods Databases at home and abroad were searched to collect literatures on psychological sub-health among adolescents in China published from January 2008 to March 2020. Random-effects model was adopted to analyze the overall detection rate of psychological sub-health status, and subgroup analysis was used to analyze the differences in different gender, grade, region and period groups. Results A total of 17 studies with samples of 63 060 individuals were included. The report rate of psychological sub-health status was 15.50% (95% CI:13.04%—18.31%).Subgroup analysis showed that the report rates of psychological sub-health status among adolescents in junior high school students, senior high school students and college students were 14.03%, 18.99% and 9.52%, respectively. And the report rate of psychological sub-health status was highest in during 2016 to 2020 (16.75%), followed by the year 2011—2015 (16.38%), and 2008—2010(11.46%). Conclusion Psychological sub-health status is common among adolescents in China, and its detection rate has significant differences in different grade and year groups. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation of bone age with overweight and obesity in children GAO Hai-tao, WANG Xi, XU Qi, WANG Xiao-yan, WANG Jian-hong, ZHANG Li-li, LI Xiao-meng, LI Na, JIN Na, JIN Chun-hua, WANG Lin Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2021, 29 (7): 767-771.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2021-0435 Abstract （317）      PDF （521KB）（163）       Knowledge map    Objective To observe the distribution of difference between bone age and age (BAD) in children at different age stages, and to explore the correlation betweenoverweight and obese children with abnormal bone age development. Methods Totally 21 699 children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years, who took physical examination in the Affiliated Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics from January 2010 to December 2020, were enrolled. The bone age was evaluated by CHN method on left hand radiographs. According to the cut-off point recommended by WHO, the subjects were classified into normal group, overweight and obesity groups. The distribution characteristics of BAD in children with different ages and nutritional status were analyzed. The key time point of bone age advance in overweight and obese children was evaluated. Results The children were mainly school-age children aged 6—12 years, of whom 48.6% were boys and 51.4% were girls. The detection rate of BAD >1 in normal, overweight and obese children was statistically significant ( χ 2=1 703.70, P<0.05). The average value of BAD in overweight and obese children was higher than that in normal children among most age groups, and the average value of BAD was higher than 1 in 6- to 11-year-old obese boys and 6- to 10-year-old obese girls. There was significant difference in average value of BAD between 6- to 12-year-old boys and 13- to 15-year-old boys in obesity groups ( t= 9.47, P<0.05), and the average BAD of 6- to 12-year-old boys was higher than 1. There were significant differences in BAD between girls aged 6 to 12 years and 13 to15 years in overweight and obese group ( t=9.695, 13.118, P<0.05), and the average BAD of 6—12 years old girls in overweight and obesity group were higher than 1. Conclusion The BAD of overweight and obese children is significantly obvious than that of normal children, and the BAD of 6- to 12-year-old children is the most obvious. Early bone age has a strong influence on children's normal growth and final height, which should be paid more attention and intervention. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics