Table of Content

10 June 2014, Volume 22 Issue 6

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Research on the vulnerability of health risk behavior in left-behind children and its relationship with family environment.

LIU Xian-hua, YAN Liang-shi, HU Yi-qiu, SUN Huan-liang.

2014, 22(6):  566-548.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-03

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Objective To explore the vulnerability of health risk behavior in left-behind children and its relationship with family environment. Methods A total of 310 children, including 178 left-behind children and 132 non-left-behind children were surveyed by Adolescent Health Related Risky Behavior Inventory (AHRBI) and Family Environmental Scale-Chinese Version (FES-CV). Results The left-behind children got more scores than the non-left-behind children in aggression and violence (F=9.320), rule broken (F=8.961), suicide and self-injury (F=10.911) and health-compromising behaviors (F=9.144), The differences had significiance (P all<0.01.2) Family environment of left-behind children could predict 94% variance of their health risk behavior, the structural equation modeling fitting analysis was brought outχ²=40.396, RMSEA=0.047, GFI=0.961, NFI=0.933, PCFI=0.516. Conclusion The left-behind children are most severely vulnerable to health risk behavior, and family environment is an important influencing factor of health risk behavior.

Association between visuospatial characteristics and factors of mathematical ability in children.

DU Kun, WANG Qing-xiong, LIANG Xiao-hong, WU Meng-jing, PENG Jie-ping, YANG Han-shan.

2014, 22(6):  569-571.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-04

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Objective To provide new ideas and scientific basis for improving children' mathematical ability by analyzing the gaps of visuospatial ability and factors of mathematical ability in children with different mathematical ability. Method A total of 42 children with high scores and 40 children with low scores in mathematical ability test were assessed with Benton Visual Retention Tests(BVRT). Results The BVRT score of children with high mathematical ability was higher than that of children with low mathematical ability (P<0.05).There was specific relationship between visuospatial abilities and factors of mathematical ability in children with different mathematical ability.The mathematical abilities in both groups were related to visuospatial memory (P<0.05), but in low mathematical ability children, it was also related to visual reconstruction (P<0.05).Visuospatial memory and reconstructive ability had no difference between boys and girls (P>0.05). Conclusion Visual memory and visual reconstructive ability might affects mathematical ability in children.

Psychosocial competence and the effect factors analysis among young migrants in cities.

LV Bing-qi, YU Xiao-ming, GAO Su-hong, ZHANG Shu-ping, ZHOU Xiao-mei, ZENG Fang-ling.

2014, 22(6):  572-575.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-05

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Objective To assess the psychosocial competence among young migrants, analyze the effect factors, and to improve the adaptive ability and the health mental status of young migrants. Methods A total of 3 261 young migrants were recruited as the study sample.Self-esteem, coping style, and locus of control among these youth were assessed. Results The respective scores of self-esteem, coping style and locus of control were (26.01±1.89), (7.86±2.47) and (15.26±5.14).Generally, sex (OR=0.701), level of education (OR=1.344) and work industry had effects on self-esteem; different working environment affected young migrants' coping style; sex (OR=0.717), monthly salary (OR=0.862), level of education (OR=0.618) and different working environment influenced young migrants' locus of control. Conclusion Psychosocial competence of young migrants is not sufficient and affected by many factors.Correspondingly interfere measures should be taken to improve young migrants' psychosocial competence.

Study on the relationship among loneliness, social anxiety, and personality parenting style of city migrant children.

ZHANG Xiang, WANG Juan, CHEN Liang-hui, WU Jiao-jiao, YOU Li.

2014, 22(6):  576-579.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-06

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Objective To understand the mental health status of migrant children in the city and its relationship with personality characteristics and parenting style. Methods A total of 336 migrant children from primary school in fifth and sixth grade, and middle school in grade one in Guiyang and Kunming were investigated with the Children's Loneliness Scale (CLS), Social Anxiety Scale for Children (SASC), Core Self-Evaluation Scale (CSES) and Parenting Rearing Style Questionnaire (EMBU). Results The CLS score of city migrant children was 2.06±0.67, SASC score was 6.90±3.84, fear of negative evaluation dimensions score was 4.55±2.70, social avoidance distress dimension was 2.37±1.87, CSES score was 3.42±0.69.City migrant children's loneliness, social anxiety and core self-evaluations had significantly negative correlations(P<0.01);Loneliness and emotional warmth of father and mother had significantly negative correlation (P<0.01), it had significantly negative correlation with preference of father (P<0.05), and significantly positive correlation with the father and mother refused to deny and severe punishment (P<0.01).Social anxiety and father and mother severe punishment, refused to deny, excessive interference and excessive protection had significantly positive correlations (P<0.01), and father emotional warmth had significantly negative correlation (P<0.01). Conclusion To develop children personality traits and ameliorate parental rearing style are important ways to improve the mental health level of the city migrant children.

Early developmental environment of left-behind preschool-aged children in rural China:a preliminary study.

TAO Xu-wei, GUAN Hong-yan, FAN Zhao-yang.

2014, 22(6):  580-582.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-07

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Objective To understand the early developmental environment of left-behind preschool-aged children (LBPC) in rural China. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Shucheng Town, Anhui province.The sample was composed of 750 children aged 3~5 years old and their caregivers.All of the caregivers completed the questionnaires. Results It was found that 650 children were left-behind by parental migration.The survey provided the followings1)The LBPC were fostered by caregivers with lower educational level and better economic conditions.2)The LBPC received less health and early educational services.3)The caregivers of LBPC had less knowledge about child's health and care than the control.4)The caregivers of LBPC expressed their needs of multiple health care services. Conclusions The LBPC have harsher early developmental environment than their companies.The generation of intervene programs is in urgent need.

Invistigation of emotional and behavioral problems among children' aged 3~6 years in Shandong province.

WANG Shuo, HE Ying-ying, TIAN Tian, FU Mao-sun, XU Ling-zhong, GAI Ruo-yan, CUI Yi-meng.

2014, 22(6):  583-585.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-08

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Objective To investigate the status and influence factors for prevention strategies and suitable measures of the emotional and behavioral problems among 3～6 years old children in rural areas of Shandong province. Methods A total of 735 children were recruited as the subjects with random cluster sampling method from 8 kindergartens.Data were collected with questionnaires including the Children Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (edition for parents, SDQ), and a self-designed Families' Condition Questionnaire. Results The prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems was 34.15%.The SDQ scores of male children on morality problems, peer intercourse problems, difficult problems were higher than female children's (P＜0.05), and the SDQ scores of male children on social behavior were lower than female children's (P＜0.01).The children nursing by parents significantly got lower scores on morality problem, hyperactivity and difficult problems than those not (P＜0.05).Logistic regression analyses showed that an only child and activity limitation within one year were influencing factors. Conclusion The prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems are common, more attention should be paid and efficient intervention should be considered.

Development and discriminant functionof Attachment Questionnaire of Toddlers Aged 1~2 Years Old.

HE Shou-sen, ZHOU Qian, DING Li-li, WANG Jing, WANG Chun-yun, ZHANG Yan, NI Chen-xi, TANG Jing-hai.

2014, 22(6):  586-590.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-09

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Objective To develop the Todller Attachment Quetionnaire and build its attachment discriminant function. Methods The privary attachment questionnarie was derived from the items pools based on the 90 items of Attachment Q-set(AQS)and had been revised by an discussion with 6 experts of child development.The parents of 612 toddlers aged 1～2 years come from 8 cities fulfilled the todller attachment quetionnaire.With 6 exploratory factor analysis, the attachment questionnarie with 36 items built up through delete some in-effective items, and its reliability and validity were tested successively.With the data of strange situation procedure(SSP) testing and attachment questionnaries from 128 toddlers and their mothers, the attachment discriminant function was built finally. Results The attachment questionnarie consisted of 36 items, with 8 factors.Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.77, Guttman split-half reliability was 0.74, test-retest reliability was 0.56.Content validity and construct validity all were satisfied.The A type, B type and C type all had highly corrective discriminant results.There was no statistical significance between SSP types and AQS discriminant types (χ²=0.13, P=0.94). Conclusions The attachment questionnarie and its discriminant function are accord with psychometric demands, which can be used as a practicable instrument for people to evaluate toddler's attachment characters.

Association between sleep and life quality among preschool children.

SONG Yuan-jin, JIANG Yan-rui, SUN Wan-qi, WANG Yan, JIANG Fan.

2014, 22(6):  591-593.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-10

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Objective To investigate the association between sleep and life quality among preschool children. Methods A stratified, clustered sampling design was used to select subjects aged 5~7 years old from 11 kindergartens in Hongkou district, Shanghai, China.The Socio-demographic questionnaire, Children Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ)and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Measurement Models (PedsQL4.0) were used to assess children's basic information, sleep as well as life quality. Results The final sample consisted of 836 children, boys accounted for 49.9%.Compared to short sleepers (<-1s), children with longer sleep duration (>+1s) had better overall life quality, physical and emotional function, and those who had earlier chronotype(<-1s) showed better overall life quality, physical function, emotional function and performance in the kindergarten than later chronotype (>+1s). Conclusion Longer sleep duration and earlier bedtime may be beneficial for preschool children's life quality.Teachers and parents should pay more attention to children's sleep health.

Research of the relationship between the age and developmental characteristic in developmental language delay children.

HUANG Min-hui, CHEN Wen-juan, ZHANG Yi-wen.

2014, 22(6):  594-596.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-11

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Object To investigate the developmental characteristic in children with language developmental delay, know their developmental trajectory and provide reference for clinic and interference. Methods A total of 253 children (including boy 198 cases, girl 55 cases)were included, who were developmental language delay under five years old .Gesell test was used to evaluate children neurodevelopment. Results 1)As the children with developmental language delay getting older, the proportion of the only language problem was decreasing, 1～2 years old 38.46%, 2～3 years old 15.97%, 3～4 years old 10.96% and 4~5 years old none.2)After 2 years old, the DQ of each domain was significant declined (P<0.001), the DQ of language was the lowest. Conclusion Language is a sensitive indicator of different developmental problems, after 2 years old, language problems maybe the presence of other developmental disorders.

Study on risk factors in 101 pairs of autistic and control children.

WANG Yu, CHEN Lian-hong, ZHANG Feng-ling.

2014, 22(6):  597-599.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-12

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Objective To evaluate risk factors in autistic children and provide theoretical basis of prevention and early intervention for children with autism. Methods A total of 101 pairs of children autism vs.gender /age-matched control, were recruited for this study with a protocol that had been approved by the Ethical Committee of the Shanghai Children's Hospital.The autistic children fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of autism as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) of the American Psychiatric Association.The risk factors were assessed with a self- administered questionnaire.T test and Chi-square test were used for the single factor analysis and Logistic regression was used for multifactor analysis. Results The factors in autistic children were significant following asmale(OR=10.640, P<0.01), no breastfeeding six months ago (OR=2.952, P<0.01), infectious disease during pregnancy (OR=2.042, P<0.01) having risk factors at birth(OR=1.189, P<0.01) and time that parents accompany the children >1 hour/d (OR=0.179, P<0.05). Conclusion It has found that male, infectious disease during pregnancy, no breastfeeding six months ago and having risk factors at birth are major risk factors for autism children, and time that parents accompany the children >1 hour/d is the protection factor for autistic children.

Tracing study on the neurobehavioral effects of neonatal rats by the intrauterine human cytomegalovirus infection.

PAN Na-na, WANG Li-li, WU De, TANG Jiu-lai.

2014, 22(6):  600-604.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-13

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Objective To detect the dynamic influence of nervous system development in neonatal rats by the intrauterine human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Methods The SD rat model of intrauterine HCMV infection was established, then the rats selected from experimental group and the control group randomly were done neuroethology test, such as Morris water maze test, hanging test, slope test, the open field test etc at the age of 1, 3 and 6 months respectively.Before and after the experiment, the light microscope and electron microscopy were used to observe their dynamic pathological change of brain tissue separately. Results Compared with normal control group, the Morris water maze escape latency, swimming distance of the experimental group at the age of 1, 3, 6 months were significantly higher than those of the control group, at the same time cross the platform number was significantly lower than control group, and with the increase of age, the cross platform ability was drop obviously (F=45.09, P<0.01);Motor functionrats' hanging test scores were (1.49±0.53), (1.23±0.46), (0.93±0.35) in infected group at the age of 1, 3 and 6 months, while those in the control group were (2.29±0.49), (2.14±0.69), (1.98±0.25), there were significant differences between two groups(samples nonparametric test, P all<0.001), suggested sport function of infected neonatal rat was decreased significantly.Open filed resultoffspring's across the grid number were (44.0±7.32), (37.40±9.56), (26.62±8.87) in infected group in 1, 3 and 6 months of age, while those in the control group were (57.07±9.65), (55.27±9.36), (54.27±8.14), there were significant differences between two groups (P all <0.05).Pathological results showed that along with the age growth, the hippocampus structure and nerve myelin of the experimental group offspring were aggravate gradually. Conclusion Intrauterine HCMV infection may result in the abnormal neural behavior of neonatal rat, and the impairment of learning and memory, motor function and emotional behavior development is aggravate gradually.

Effects of normal pressure high oxygen on learning and memory and the expression of NF-κB positive neurons in hippocampal CA1 region of autism model rats.

FENG Xue-ying, WANG Wei, YU Yang, FU Peng, RAN Ni, YI Ming-ji.

2014, 22(6):  605-607.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-14

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Objective To observe the changes of learning and memory ability in valproic caid (VPA) autism model rats and the expression of NF-κB positive neurons in hippocampal CA1 region after normal pressure and high oxygen intervention. Methods To animal model of autism was establishe by the methods of Schneider, the subjects of study were randomly divided into normal pressure high oxygen group and model control group, normal control group were randomly selected from only males offspring of Wistar rat were evaluatepregnancy by intraperitoneal injection of the same amount of normal saline (each group 12).The learning and memory of the autism model rats were evaluated by the Y electricity maze test after the normal pressure and high oxygen intervention.The immunohistochemistry methods and image analysis were used to examine the number of NF-κB positive neurons in hippocampal CA1 region in different groups. Results The trying times of the normal pressure high oxygen group after treatment was less than those before treatment (31.08±0.99 vs 31.67±0.89, t=2.887, P=0.015), the memory times was increased(3.02±0.67 vs 2.62±0.52, t=-2.379, P=0.036).The number of the NF-κB positive neurons of the model control group was more than that of the normal control group, with statistical differences between them(4.67±1.58 vs 3.00±1.54, t=2.639, P=0.015).The number of the NF-κB positive neurons of the normal pressure high oxygen group was less than that of the model control group, with statistical differences between them(3.17±1.27 vs 4.67±1.58, t=2.588, P=0.017). Conclusions The pathogenesis of autism may be related to the expression level of NF-κB in the hippocampal CA1 region .The intervention of normal pressure high oxygen can reduce the expression of NF-κB in the hippocampal CA1 region of VPA autism model rats and improve their learning and memory ability

Effects on knockdown of silencing suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 to young rats with high fat diet-induced obesity.

ZOU Ning, LI Xiao-huan, DIAO Jing-jun, XIAO Xu-wu.

2014, 22(6):  608-610.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-15

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Objective To explore whether high fat diet-induced obesity and leptin resistance are attenuated by silencing suppressor of cytokine signaling 3(SOCS3) by means of RNA interference(RNAi) in young rats. Methods A total of 32 five-week-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into 4 groups randomly.The lentiviral vector(LV)-SOCS3-shRNA(RNAi) or LV-control-shRNA(Con) were stereotaxically injected bilaterally into the lateral ventricle of rats which then fed with hight-fat diet(HFD) or chow diet (CD) for 28 days, designated as RNAi+CD group, Con+CD group, RNAi+HFD group and Con+HFD group.Food intake and body weight were measured every 2 days and 7 days respectively.Up to 28 days after treatment, blood was harvested from the four group rats.Then levels of leptin, plasma glucose (PG), total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were detected by radioimmunity assay or automatic biochemistry analyzer respectively. Results Cumulative food intake and body weight of rats treated with RNAi+HFD exhibited decrease compared with those treated with Con+HFD after injection of 14 days and 21 days respectively (P＜0.05), but showed increase compared with those treated with Con+CD after injection of 22 days and 28 days respectively (P＜0.05).Level of leptin in rats treated with RNAi+HFD (0.86±0.12) ng/mL was significantly lower than those treated with Con+HFD (0.97±0.13) ng/mL and higher than those treated with Con+CD(0.75±0.10)ng/mL (P＜0.05). Conclusions Knockdown of SOCS3 by RNAi partly relieves high fat diet-induced obesity and leptin resistance in young rats.

Study on preschool children's safety awareness of life in rural area of Shandong.

ZHANG Jing-jing, LI Shi-xue, XU Ling-zhong, GAI Ruo-yan, HUI Ya-ru.

2014, 22(6):  627-629.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-21

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Objective To understand the status of preschool children's safety awareness of life and the influencing factors in rural area of Shandong, and provide evidence for the government to formulate relevant policies and develop safety education. Methods The method of stratified-cluster-random sampling was adopted in this study.735 cases of preschool children were selected from 2 counties of Shandong, and surveyed with self-made questionnaire. Results Multiple factor analysis showed the influencing factors of the children knew not go with strangers including cultural degree of parents and father's occupation type.The influencing factors of the children knew far away from pesticides including guardianship type and father's occupation type.The influencing factors of the children knew raw fruits and vegetables must be washed including gender and whether the only child. Conclusion Safety education of the rural preschool children and parents should be paid attention to, so as to improve the safety awareness of children.

Survey of loneliness and mental health of left-behind children in Baoji rural.

GUO Zhi-hui, HAN Zhi-hong, SHI Yong-tao, SHANGGUAN Qing-yun, GUO Yu-peng, XING Lin.

2014, 22(6):  630-632.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-22

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Objective To explore the rural left-behind children's loneliness and mental health, and provide the basis for rural left-behind children's mental health education. Method Using stratified cluster random sampling method, characters of 618 students in China's Northwest regions were extracted with the Children's Loneliness Scale (CLS) and the Chinese Middle School Student Mental Health Scale (MSSMHS). Results The incidence of left-behind children's loneliness was 85.64%, that of non-left-behind children was 68.22%, the incidence of non-left-behind children's loneliness was significantly higher than the left-behind children (P<0.01);The impact of gender and parents go out on rural left-behind children's loneliness had significant differences (P<0.05);Six factors in the MSSMHS force, paranoia, hostility, interpersonal relationship, maladjustment, psychological imbalance and total score of left-behind children were higher than the non-left-behind children (P<0.01); Children's loneliness and each factor of mental health had positive correlation. Conclusion The left-behind children's loneliness and mental health should be aroused people's concern.

Cross-sectional study on child neglect among preschool children in urban area of Tangshan.

DU Wen-ran, CUI Li-hua, JIAO Ying-hua, REN Qi, XUE Ling, LI Lin-quan, PANG Shu-lan.

2014, 22(6):  633-635.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-23

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Objective To investigate the status of child neglect among preschool children in Tangshan urban area and to formulate corresponding intervention measures and policies. Methods A total of 1 642 parents of children aged 3 to 6 years old were extracted by stratified cluster sampling method from 8 kindergartens based on the "Child Neglect Norms" used in China. Results The total neglect rate and degree of children in Tangshan urban area were 36.4% and 43.3 respectively.The neglect rate of medical was highest for 17.4% and the neglect degree of education were most serious for 46.8.The total neglect rate for child neglect in males and females were 36.7% and 36.1% with total degree as 43.4 and 43.3 respectively.There were not statistically significant differences in total neglect rate and degree between different genders(P>0.05).The males had significantly higher rate of education neglect than the females (χ²=5.574, P=0.018).There were statistically significant differences in total neglect rate and degree between different age groups (P<0.05), which the neglect rate and degree of children aged 3 years old were the highest.All children aged 3~6 were mainly involved in single item of negligence, with incidence rates as 17.0％ and proportions as 46.7%. Conclusion The state of child neglect among urban children aged 3 to 6 years old in Tangshan urban area is serious, and relevant departments and parents should pay more attention to child neglect.

Current status and influence factors of Harbin migrant pupils' mental health.

REN Xiao-fei, SHANG Jin, HE Lu-na, SU Shu-ge, WANG Yi-jun.

2014, 22(6):  636-638.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-24

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Objective To explore the status of mental health and the influencing factors among migrant pupils in Harbin, and to provide scientific evidence for promoting their mental health. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among pupils and parents, who were chosen from grade 3~5 in 3 primary schools(42.9% were migrant pupils, 57.1% were local pupils).Pupils' questionnaire included general situation, Mental Health Test (MHT), Egna Minnenav Bardndosna Uppforstran (EMBU), Core Self-Evaluations Scale (CSES), Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), Acceptance Scale and Psychological Control Scale.Questionnaire of parents included general situation, Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Inventory (CES-I) and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). Results 1)The prevalence of mental symptom was 9.40%(87/925).The rate of mental symptoms was higher in migrant pupils(local pupils 5.26%, migrant pupils 15.01% (χ²=25.215, P＜0.01).The rate was also higher in girls (P<0.01).The MHT rates of the pupils who growing in a harmonious environment or intact families, whose father had high education level, whose family had high economic levels was lower.But there was no significant difference among migrant pupils' who came in to city for different years.There was also no significant difference in gender.3) Migrant pupils mental health had negative correlation with parents Emotional Warmth Understanding, Social Support, Core Self-Evaluations and mother acceptance, and have positive correlation with SCL-90, parents' anxiety, parents' depression, parents' punishment, paternal refusing and denying and mother's control.4) Social support, parents' depression, core self-evaluations, parents anxiety, paternal emotional warmth and SCL-90 turned into the regression equation.The regression coefficient were -1.050, 0.267, -0.261, 0.204, 0.136, 0.129. Conclusions The mental health problem of migrant pupils can not be ignored.Society, schools, families should pay high attention to them.

Study on subjective well-being and its relations with parental rearing styles, social support and self-esteem in rural junior high students.

JIA Ji-chao, LIU Jin-tong, WANG Yang, ZHANG Yan, CHEN Jie.

2014, 22(6):  639-641.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-25

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Objective To investigate the present status of subjective well-being and it's relations with parental rearing styles, social support and self-esteem in rural junior high students. Methods A total of 688 junior high students from Jinan countryside were assessed with Subjective Well-being Scale for Adolescent, Egma Minnen av Bardndosnauppforstran Scale, Social Support Scale and Self-esteem Scale. Results The subjective well-being of the rural students was comparatively high.The score rate of self satisfaction and life environment satisfaction was 73.6% and 70% respectively, and that of positive emotion and negative emotion was 61.6% and 34.6% respectively.The environment satisfaction of girls was significantly higher than that of boys (t=-3.440, P=0.001).Significant differences of subjective well-being were also found among grades (F=9.287~48.986, P=0.000).Parental warmth and understanding, social support and self-esteem showed significantly positive influence on subjective well-being, while mother's refusal, rejection, punishment, over protection and over intervention showed negative influence on it. Conclusion The subjective well-being of rural junior high students is at a comparatively high level and relates with parental rearing styles, social support and self-esteem.

Comparison of analogical reasoning between deaf-mute students and normal students.

HAN Jing.

2014, 22(6):  642-644.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-26

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Objective To research the development of deaf-mute students' analogical reasoning and the difference between deaf-mute students and normal students. Method A self-administered test was used to survey 30 deaf-mute students and 90 normal students. Results The scores of deaf-mute students in analogical reasoning task were lower than those of the normal students.The level of deaf children's analogical reasoning ability was significantly lower than that of normal students at the same age; parents' education and the origin of students had significant effects on the analogical reasoning ability of deaf-mute students but gender had no effect. Conclusion The analogical reasoning level of deaf-mute students are low, more scientific and targeted education measures should be taken in future.

Sleep disorders among preschoolers in Shijiazhuang city.

LIU Zhi-jun, GENG Li, WANG Guang-hai, LUO Jun-na, LI Ning-xiu.

2014, 22(6):  645-648.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-27

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Objective To investigate the prevalence of sleep disorders and associated factors among preschoolers in Shijizhuang urban area. Method A total of 445 preschoolers from 6 kindergartens were surveyed with the Children Sleep Habit Questionnaire (CSHQ) and self-made checklist. Results According to CSHQ cut-offs, the global prevalence rate of sleep disorders was 76.3%, with their specific type occurring in 12.1% (sleep disordered breathing) to 67.7% (sleep onset resistance).Generally, those with higher school grade, higher education level of the parents, lager living room, sleep alone and consistent parenting attitude scored lower on sleep disorders (P<0.05 or <0.01).Additionally, the current sample scored higher than parallel peers abroad (P<0.05 or <0.01). Conclusions The prevalence rate of sleep disorders is comparatively high among preschoolers in urban area of Shijiazhuang and that of the specific sleep disorders varies significantly.School grade, parent education degree, sleeping environment and parenting are associated with sleep disorders.

Research on the prevalence and the risk factors of autism spectrum disorder from 1.5 to 3 years old in Zhuhai city.

CHEN Qiang, HUANG Li-xia, XU Wen-juan, CHEN Hong, ZHONG Jie-qiong, ZENG Cai-xia.

2014, 22(6):  649-651.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-28

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Objective To understand the prevalence and the related risk factors of children from 1.5 to 3 years old with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in Zhuhai city. Methods A total of 5 500 children from 1.5 to 3 years old and living in Zhuhai were selected randomly.The questionnaire and the Chinese Revised Version of the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers were used to screen the ASD.Then, the positive children were diagnosed by physicians combining with the clinical observation and the results of Childhood Autism Rating Scale.Finally, statistical analyses of the prevalence and the related risk factors of ASD were done. Results This survey showed that the prevalence of ASD was 29.45/10⁴ (95%CI15.41/10⁴~44.86/10⁴), they were typical autistic children, and the ratio of male to female was 6∶1.The differences between ASD group and non ASD group in gender, family income, parental education level, mother during pregnancy whether taking special medicines (contraceptive drugs, antipsychotic drugs, anti epilepsy drugs etc), whether supplementary folic acid while pregnant and the father's age distribution were significantly.What's more, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05).The regression analysis showed that lower family income, taking special drugs while pregnant, not supplementary folic acid while pregnant and paternal age at birth higher (>35 years old) or lower (<25 years old) were the risk factors of ASD. Conclusions The prevalence rate of ASD from 1.5 to 3 years in Zhuhai city is lower than the reported levels of both at home and abroad .The mothers avoiding using special drugs and taking folic acid actively while pregnancy, avoiding father's age too high or too low may help reduce the prevalence rate of ASD.

Study on the temperament characteristics of brain injury high-risk infants.

RUAN Shi-xiao.

2014, 22(6):  652-653.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-29

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Objective To explore the temperament characteristics of brain injury high-risk infants, and to offer help for early intervention and rearing style for those baby. Methods In child care clinics, 150 cases of 1~4 months infants with the high-risk factors of brain development before birth or birth were randomly selected, 150 healthy children of the same age as control group, raising people of two group were investigated by the Early Infant Temperament Questionnaire developed by Cary and others, the nine dimensions scores were analyzed. Results Scores of high-risk infants group in approach and withdrawal, response intensity two dimensions were significantly higher than normal group (P<0.05), while scores of the rhythmic, persistence, mood and response threshold four dimensions were significantly lower than normal group (P<0.05), the remaining three dimension scores had no statistical differences.It prompted that high-risk infants were lack of rhythmic, timid around strangers, response strongly, poor persistence, more depressed and sensitive to things around them.From the perspective of the composition of temperament type, the number of two groups of five types of temperament had significant differences (P<0.001), There were more performance for somewhat difficult parenting temperament among high-risk infants. Conclusions The supporter in early intervention of brain injury high-risk infants should understand its temperament characteristics as early as possible, and targeted way of individualized education according to their characteristics, will be better for their rehabilitation.

Effect of early complex intervention on preterm infants intelligence development.

LI Hui-li, WEI Guo, WANG Qiang, REN Lu-zhong, WANG Wei-shi, QIAN Gang , CHEN Shu-fen , FENG Wen-cheng.

2014, 22(6):  654-656.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-30

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Objective To discuss the effect of early complex intervention on preterm infants intelligence development at 12 months corrected gestational age. Methods A total of 108 preterm infants who were born in Longgang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital in 2012 were divided into early intervention group (n=57, group A) and internal control group (n=51, group B).At the same time, 49 normal term infants randomly selected who were born in the same hospital in 2012 were external control group(group C).All infants were examined according to the CDCC scale at 12 months corrected gestational age . Results The mental development index(MDI) of group A at 12 months corrected gestational age was 109.40±8.66, which was higher than that of group B (101.35±14.67), the difference was statistically significant (t=3.516, P=0.001).The psychomotor development index(PDI)of group A at 12 months corrected gestational age was 98.89±10.84, which was higher than that of group B (93.69±15.82), the difference was statistically significant (t=2.013, P=0.047).The rates of MDI≤69 and PDI≤69 in group A were all 0%, which was lower than that of group B (7.84%), the difference was statistically significant (χ²=4.643, P=0.047).The MDI of group C at 12 months corrected gestational age was 105.96±10.61, there was no statistical significance compared with group A(t=1.841, P=0.068).The PDI of group A was higher than that of group C (90.16±8.64)at 12 months corrected gestational age, the difference was statistically significant(t=4.535, P＜0.001). Conclusion The early complex intervention can improve the intelligence development, reduce the incidence of mental retardation and motor development retardation in preterm infants at the age of 1.

Study on the effect of different birth style on the intelligence of infants aged 12 months.

LU Ping, ZHU Rui.

2014, 22(6):  657-658.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-31

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Objective To investigate the effect of different birth styles on the children's intelligence. Methods Using the Chinese Ages and Stages Questionnaires questionnaire (ASQ-C) for parents/guardians of the children aged one, according to birth style, the children were chosen and divided into 2 groupsnaturally delivered group and cesarean delivered group, to investigate the effect of mode of delivery on children's intelligence.SPSS 17.0 was used to analyse. Results There was no significant difference between boys and girls of the intelligence (t=0.017, P>0.05).The CG and PS scores in urban and country were different (t=2.418, P<0.05) .The scores of CM and GM of urban children were higher than the country-children, there were no significant differences among the FM, CG and PS (P>0.05).There was obvious difference between the spontaneous delivery group and the cesarean section group (t=3.039, P<0.01), the scores of CM, FM and PS of the spontaneous delivery group was higher than the cesarean section group (P<0.01), but there were no obvious differences between the GM and CG(P>0.05). Conclusions The intelligence of children is no difference in gender, residence was the factor of intelligence.The cesarean section is a risk factor to the intelligence of children.

Analysis of the intelligence development evaluation results of 0~3 years old infants in Qingyuan region.

ZHANG Xiao-xin.

2014, 22(6):  659-660.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-32

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Objective To understand the intelligence development of 0~3 years old infants. Methods The infants were selected in January 2012-December 2012 in Qingyuan Maternal and Child Health Hospital.The intelligent development of infants were assessed using 0~3 years old intelligence assessment. Results The scores of the 5 infants intelligence among different aged people were statistically significant (P<0.05).The older had the higher score evaluation.Among the participants, 91.63% of them had more than 85 of development quotient, and 1.8% were less than 75. Conclusion The intelligence of infants and young children in Qingyuan city need to be improved, and an effective mechanism for the infants and young children care should be established.

Equity evaluation and children health services utilization of Shandong Province.

JIANG Hai-tao, YU Zhen-jie, LIANG Zheng-rong.

2014, 22(6):  661-663.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-33

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Objective To evaluate the utilization and equity of children health care services in Shandong Province. Method By stratified random sampling, 989 children were selected as the research sample.The methods of concentration curve and concentration index were used to evaluate the equity of children health care services. Results The use efficiency of indicators of children health care services was low.Unfairness of children health care services was existed in some degree.The concentration indexes of neonatal visit, children health management, children system management in different income groups were 0.014 29, 0.019 97 and 0.038 27. Conclusion The children health care services with low equity degree should be concerned and improved.

Relationship between problem behavior and gratitude/social support of the left-home children.

WEI Chang, XU Qian, CHEN Xiao-ming, AN Xiao-jing.

2014, 22(6):  664-666.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-34

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Objective To explore the relationship between problem behaviors, gratitude and social support in left-home children. Method Externalizing Problem Behavior Scale, Gratitude Scale and Social Support Scale were used to 498 left-home children. Results As for left-home children, boys score was significantly higher than girls in problem behavior (P＜0.01);Two-parent families were significantly lower than that of single parent families in problem behavior(P＜0.05);There was significantly negative correlation in problem behavior, gratitude and social support among the left-home children(P<0.001);Family support could negatively forecast children's problem behaviors (P<0.001). Conclusion Gratitude, social support is the inhibitory factor in left-home children's problem behaviors.

Evaluation on intervention modes of preschool children of difficult temperament types.

ZHANG Yong-ming, GUAN Hong-yan.

2014, 22(6):  667-669.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-06-35

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Objective To explore the intervention modes in preschool children with the type of difficult temperament. Methods The temperament of preschool children were assessed with Carey Child Temperament Questionnaire in a kindergarten of Xicheng District of Beijing.19 preschool children with difficult temperament were selected for the intervention after parents filled in the informed consent.Intervention methoods included parents class and parent-child interaction games.Children temperament were re-evaluated after 8 weeks' intervention.Parents survey was conducted to collect the feedback from parents on the intervention. Results 84.2% children with difficulty temperament were no more with difficulty temperament after intervention.There was significant change of difficult temperament before and after intervention (P=0.000).There was significant change in the temperament dimensions, included approach-withdrawal, adaptability, intensity, and mood (P<0.05).Parents' feedback showed that the intervention achieved the objectives, obtained new knowledge, which was easy to be joined and practical. Conclusions Intervention modes are feasible and effective.The type and dimensions of children temperament in preschool children are changed significantly after intervention.