Table of Content

Volume 13 Issue 9
26 September 2008

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Institute of clinical pharmacology

ZHANG Wei, HE Yi-jing, ZHOU Hong-hao

2008, 13(9):  961-965. 

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The interindividual differences in drug response lead to the birth of " Pharmacogenetics" and changed the basic normal formulas of Pharmacy research.Knowing the gene variants that cause differences among patients has the potential to verify the key point of pharmacogenetics.Gene chips and other new technologies will finally lead to " personalized" drug therapy.

Protective effects of cyclosporine A on myocardial damage and fibrosis induced by isoproterenol via ET pathway

PENG Hong-jun, JI Hui, DAI De-zai, DAI Yin

2008, 13(9):  966-971. 

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AIM: To investigate the protective effects of Cyclosporine A (CsA) on myocardial damage and fibrosis induced by isoproterenol (Iso) in rats and the role of ET pathway.METHODS: Myocardial damage and fibrosis in rats were produced by isoproterenol (2 mg°kg^-1 °d^-1, s.c.) for 10 days.In CsAtreated group, the rats were pretreated by CsA (25 mg/kg, s.c.).All the animals were subjected to cannulation through left carotid artery to measure LVSP, LVEDP, and±dp dtmax under urethane anesthesia. The contents of hydroxyproline (Hyp) in the left ventricle was assayed.The expressions of ET-1, ETAR, CTGF and MMP-9 mRNA were measured by RT-PCR and ETAR and MMP-9 protein were measured by western blotting.RESULTS: Compared with the control group, impaired cardiac function, elevated Hyp, and upregulation of ET-1, ETAR, CTGF and MMP-9 in mRNA and ETAR and MMP-9 in protein were found in Iso treated group.Pretreatment with CsA these changes were attenuated.CONCLUSION: CsA can alleviate myocardial damage and fibrosis induced by Iso in rats, and this effect is, at least in part, mediated by the ET pathway.

Comparison between S. miltiorrhiza Bunge Injection and S. przewalskii Maxim Injection on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

LUO Hui-ying, CHENG Ti-juan

2008, 13(9):  972-975. 

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AIM: To compare the influence of S. miltiorrhiza Bunge Injection (SMBI) and S.przewalskii Maxim Injection (SPMI) on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.METHODS: Focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury model was made with suture-occluded method.The levels of NOS and NO in serum and brain water content were measured.The neurological deficits of rats were observed after occluding middle cerebral artery for 45 min and reperfusion for 2 hours. RESULTS: After cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, the levels of NOS and NO in serum and brain water content increased significantly.SMBI and SPMI both effectively improve neural function, reduce hydrocephalus, and reduce the levels of NOS and NO in serum in rat models.CONCLUSION: These results suggested that SMBI and SPMI had obvious protective effect on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Protective effects of Yiqihuoxuechengqi Mixture on intestinal epithelium mucosae in incomplete intestinal obstructive rat model

HOU Juan, YANG Feng-rui, CUI Zhi-qing

2008, 13(9):  976-980. 

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AIM: To observe the protective effects of Yiqihuoxuechengqi Mixture on intestinal epithelium mucosae in incomplete intestinal obstructive rat model. METHODS: The 1/2 terminal ileum of rat was ligated as incomplete intestinal obstruction.The rats were administrated by gastric perfusion.The general status, intake, urination and defecation during the experiment courses were observed.The histological mucosal damage of small intestine was assessed.The change of D (-) -lactic acid in plasma after 72 hours was detected. RESULTS: The hyperemia, edema, exudation of the intestinal epithelium mucosae were relieved in the middle or high dose of Yiqihuoxuechengqi Mixture groups, and the contents of D (-) -lactic acid in plasma were decreased compared with model group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Yiqihuoxuechengqi Mixture has the synergistic effect with Dachengqitang Decoction in improving intestinal epithelium mucosae effect.Yiqihuoxuechengqi Mixture can protect intestinal epithelium mucosae with incomplete obstructive injury.

Promotion of chitosan on absorption via nasal mucosa of drugs

CHEN Xin-mei, LI Xin-qin

2008, 13(9):  981-984. 

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AIM: To study the promotion of chitosan on Evans blue absorption via nasal mucosa and the nasal toxicity.METHODS: After nasal administration of Evans blue solution, the distribution of Evans blue in the brain of the mice was observed by fluorescence microscope.The content of Evans blue in the brain was determined by UV methods.The nasal toxicity of chitosan solution was studied by pathology sections. RESULTS: The absorption of water-soluble drugs such as Evans blue via nasal mucosa could be promoted by chitosan.Evans blue could be distributed in the front, middle and back of the brain.Chitosan had little toxicity to the mucosa of the rat.CONCLUTION: Chitosan is the good carrier to water soluble drugs absorbed from nasal mucosa.

Effects of metalloproteinases-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase on airway remodeling and the intervention effect of anti-RANTES antibody in rats with asthma

LIU Ya-li, ZHANG Li, JIN Hai-yan, AN Shu-hua

2008, 13(9):  985-990. 

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AIM: To observe the effects of anti-RANTES antibody on the expression of matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) in the lung tissue of asthma model, and study the intervention mechanism.METHODS: 36 male rats were randomly divided into three groups:control group, asthma group, and anti-RANTES antibody treated group.The immunohistochemistry method was used for marking the MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in the lung histological section and the mean optical densities of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were measured by multifunction color patho-image analysator.The level of RANTES was detected by ELISA.RESULTS: The expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in asthma group were increased significantly than those in control group (P<0.05), and the ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1 was decreased.The expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in the anti-RANTES antibody treated group were decreased significantly than those of control group (P<0.05), and the ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1 was revived gradually, and there were no statistical significance compare with that of control group (P>0.05).The pathology changes of airway inflammation, epithelial hyperplasia and collogen deposit were decreased significantly than those of asthma group.CONCLUSION: The anti-RANTES antibody leads to decreasing the expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in the lung tissue of asthma rats and adjusts the balance of the MMP-9 and TIMP-1, interferes in matrix remodeling, and plays an important role in delaying development of asthma airway remodeling.

Purification of antineoplasmic activity protein from the venom of Wannan Agkistrodon and the study in vitro

PAN Xue-bing, CHEN Dong-yun, HUAI Jian-guo, JI Zhao-ning

2008, 13(9):  991-995. 

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AIM: To purify the antineoplasmic active protein from the venom ofWannan Agkistrodon and to study the activity in vitro.METHODS: An antineoplasmic activity proteinum was isolatded from the venom of Wannan Agkistrodon by DEAE-sepharose Fast Flow and SP-sepharose Fast Flow column chromatography and Sephadex G-75 gel filtration chromatography, the generation depressant effects of this proteinum were detected by CCK-8 method in some tumor cells such as K562, SW480, SGC7901, HepG2 were cultured in vitro.RESULTS: An antineoplasmic activity ingredient named ATF1-c was discovered, its molecular weight was 23700.The generation depressant effects of K562, SW480, SGC7901, HepG2 cells cultured in vitro were detected by CCK-8 method, and there were dosage-time dependent relationships.CONCLUSION: ATF1-c has significant inhibited and lethal effect to human cancer cells cultured in vitro.

Empirical study on c-kit⁺ cardiac stem cells induced differentiation into cardiomyocytes by 5-aza

JIANG Hong, SHI Guang-fei

2008, 13(9):  996-1001. 

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AIM: To find the method of dissociating and culturing the cardiac stem cells (CSC), purify CSC by cell surface markers of stem cell with c-kit, and induce CSC differentiation into cardiomyocytes by 5-azacitidine (5-aza) in vitro.METHODS: The heart cells were dissociated and extracted by zymo-timing digestion and cultured in vitro, the c-kit masculine cells as CSC markers were purified by immunomagnetic beads method.The expression such as c-kit, lin and CD₃₄ as CSC markers were detected after purification by flow cytometry.The cardiac specific troponin T (cTnT), connective-43 (Cx-43) and the specificity desmin of cardiomyocytes were detected by the method of immunocytochemical stain.The differences of the results in the different conditions were compared and analyzed combined with the morphology changes.RESULTS: The cells, which were dissociated and digested from C57BL mouse cardiac muscles, were cultured in vitro. There was a kind of small, round and high-photonasty cells.The speed of cell multiplication after serial subcultivation was faster than the primary cell.These cells were similar to the stem cell from their cell multiplication and the morphological feature.Highly purified ckit + CSC were separated by immunomagnetic beads method, but the CSC do not express CD₃₄ and lin generally.Under the different inducing conditions, these CSC could differentiate into pulsatory cells, and express the specific protein of cardiomyocytes.CONCLUSION: The CSC can be obtained from cardiac muscular tissues of C57BL mice, the highly purified CSC of c-kit +-CD₃₄^--lin^- can be separated by using the magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) system. After induced by 5-aza or changed the microenvironment of CSC growth, the CSC can differentiate into cardiomyocytes and form " cardiomyocytes cluster" construction.

Effects of valsartan on nuclear factor-κB protein expression in the kidney of spontaneously hypertensive rats

YANG Yu-wen, WANG De-guo, KONG Xiang-quan, XU Chen-hua

2008, 13(9):  1002-1004. 

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AIM: To observe the local expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) kidney and effects of AT₁ receptor contagonist valsartan.METHODS: 16 SHRs were randomly divided into two groups:SHR control group and valsartan group.Another 8WKY rats act as normal control group.Systolic blood pressure (SBP) of SHR was measured at the beginning and the end of 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of intervention treatment.Radioimmunoassay was used to determine the activities of rennin and angiotensin II (AngII).The renal tissue NF-κB protein expression was detected by immunobiochemistry.RESULTS: SBP of SHR was remarkably decreased after valsartan intervention.However, the rennin activities and AngII level in plasma increased in valsartan group. In the renal tissue of SHR, there was remarkably increased in expression of NF-κB protein.Valsartan could significantly reduced NF-κB expression.CONCLUSION: Valsartan can depress NF-κB renal expression in protein level and might benefit hypotension renal function.

Effects of shenfu injection on expression of NF-κB, TNF-αand ICAM-1 after renal ischemia/reperfusion in rats

SUN Yan-ling, WU Wu-zhou, LIU Xian-yi, QING Cheng-ming

2008, 13(9):  1005-1009. 

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AIM: To explore the effect of shenfu injection on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats and to observe the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and intercellular adhension molecule-1 (ICAM-1).METHODS: 36 SD rats were divided into three groups randomly.There were 12 rats in each group.Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury was induced by left renal pedicle occlusion for 45 minutes, followed by reperfusion with contralateral nephrectomy in rats.In shenfu pretreatment group, the rats were pretreated 1 hour before ischemia with shenfu injection.In ischemia/reperfusion group and control group, the animals were both pretreated with 0.9% natrill chloride, but in control group, the left renal pedicle was isolated, however, occlusion of the pedicle was not performed.The blood and kidney tissue were harvested after 2 hours of reperfusion.The serum creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) values were measured with an automatic analyzer.Immunohistochemistry were used to evaluated the expression levels of NF-κB and ICAM-1, the concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the kidney and plasma was determined by enzyme-linked immunoadsordent assay (ELISA).RESULTS: Compared with control group, BUN and Cr were gradually increased in ischemia/reperfusion group (P<0.01).The average OD values of NF-κB and ICAM-1 protein were significantly higher in ischemia/reperfusion group than those in shenfu pretreatment group (P<0.01) and control group (P<0.01).The levels of TNF-α in the kidney tissue and plasma were markedly increased after reperfusion.By contrast, the levels of TNF-α in shenfu pretreatment group were significiantly lower than those in ischemia/reperfusion group (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: The results show that SF has a protective effect against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury, which may through inhibiting the activity of NF-κB and the expression of ICAM-1 and TNF-α.

Protection of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide on human rotavirus-induced diarrhea in suckling mouse model

XU Zhi-wei, LI Meng-rong, CHEN Yi-ping, SHI Hai-fan, DI Jun-bo

2008, 13(9):  1010-1016. 

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AIM: To explore the protectionmechanism of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) on Human rotavirus diarrhea in suckling mice.METHODS: 64 ICR suckling mice were randomly divided into control group (A), HRV infection group (B), CpG ODN pretreatment group (C) and CpG ODN treatment group (D).The treatment response was observed and RV antigen in animal stools was detected.The expressions of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in the intestinal tissue were measured with immunohistochemistry.RESULTS: The duration of diarrhea, RV excretion time and the incidence of severe diarrhea of group B were higher than those in group C and group D (P<0.05).The expressions of TLR9, IFN-γ of group C and group D were higher than those of group A and group B (P<0.01), there were a positive correlation in the expression of TLR9 and IFN-γ of group C and group D (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: CpG ODN pretreatment and treatment can improve the expression of TLR9 and IFN-γin intestinal epithelium, CpG ODN has protection to HRV infected suckling mouse.

Dose-effect relationship of spinal anesthesia with 0.75% ropivacaine in caesarean section

GAO Feng, ZHANG Xi-ming, SONG Li-qiang

2008, 13(9):  1017-1020. 

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AIM: To observe dose-effect relationship of spinal anesthesia with 0.75% ropivacaine in caesarean section.METHODS: According to the dosage of 0.75% ropivacaine, 120 full-term and singlebirth puerperants were randomly divided into four groups of 30 people each.The dosage of group Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ were 1.5, 1.8, 2.1 and 2.4 mL respectively.The sensory and motor block of each group within 30 minutes after the injection were observed, and the hemodynamic changes and adverse effects were recorded.RESULTS: (1) Within 30minutes after the injection, the intermediate zone of pain disappeared highest block level of group I-IV were T₁₀, T₈, T₆ and T₅ respectively. (2) During the period of the first 30 minutes, there were 3 cases in group Ⅲ (10%) and 8 cases in group Ⅳ (27%) appeared chest distress and dyspnea, and the blood pressure of 5 cases in group Ⅲ (17%) and 12 cases in group Ⅳ (40%) dropped to 90 mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa).There were significant difference compared with group IV (P<0.05). (3) The cases (rate) of motor block of extremities inferior were 3 (10%), 6 (20%), 10 (33%) and 18 (60%) in the four groups respectively.Except that there was no significant difference between I, II, III groups (P>0.05), there were significant difference between group IV and other groups (P<0.05). (4) 4 cases in group Ⅲ (13%) and 10 cases in group Ⅳ (33%) appeared supine hypotensive syndrome, 4 cases in group Ⅲ (13%) and 12 in group Ⅳ (40%) appeared bradycardia. (5) 8 cases in group Ⅰ and 3 in group Ⅱ appeared pain during surgical incision, but group Ⅲ and Ⅳ showed excellent anesthetic effect and muscle relaxation.CONCLUSION: The dose-effect relationship of spinal anesthesia with 0.75% ropivacaine in caesarean section displayed that the dosage of 1.8～2.1 mL was safe and feasible.

Aminophylline or doxapram attenuates somnolence induced by postoperative intravenous analgesia with butorphanol

ZHANG Zhao-ping, GU Xiao-feng, SUN Guo-hua, ZHANG Zheng-zheng

2008, 13(9):  1021-1023. 

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AIM: To study the altion of aminophylline or doxapram attenuate somnolence induced by postoperative intravenous analgesia with butorphanol. METHODS: One hundred and five adult patients were randomly divided into three groups under epidural blockade.0.01% butorphanol and 0.25% aminophylline analgesia-pump (group Ⅰ, n=35), 0.01% butorphanol and 0.15% doxapram analgesia-pump (group Ⅱ, n=35), and 0.01% butorphanol analgesia-pump (group Ⅲ, n=35).Lethargy and analgesia effect were compared.RESULTS: The analgesia effects were satisfactory in the three groups after operation. conscious-sedation score (OAA/S) (at 8-24 h after operation) in group Ⅲ was higher than those in group Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P<0.01, respectively).SpO₂ (at 0-30 min after loading dose) in group Ⅲ was lower than those in group Ⅰ, Ⅱ (P<0.01).VAS scores (at 8-24 h after operation) in group Ⅲ, was significantly lower than those in group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ (P<0.01), but VAS slore were lower than in all three groups.The other side effects in three groups were not significant differences. CONCLUSION: Aminophylline or doxapram Combined with butorphanol is effective for in lessening or elimineaing lethargy symptom after using butorphanol analgesia and the safty is elevated in clinic.

Several experimental designs for evaluating the bioactivity of low-molecular-weight heparin

ZHAO Hui-ling

2008, 13(9):  1024-1028. 

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AIM: To compare several experimental designs for detecting the bioactivity of low-molecularweight heparin (LMWH).METHODS: Chromogenic assay was used for detecting the bio-activity of LMWH by comparing the 4°4 method to 4°3, 3°4 or 3°3 method in quantity response parallel line design.RESULTS: In bioassay of LMWH with the quantity response parallel line analysis, there had no statistical difference (P>0.05) between 4°4 method with 4°3, 3°4 or 3°3 method.CONCLUSION: Quantity response parallel line design could be used in validation of the chromogenic assays for the potency assessment of LMWH.In parallel line design, 4°4, 4°3, 3°4 or 3°3 method of different dose groups all could be used according to the standard for LMWH.

Effectiveness of safflor yellow injection in the treatment for stable angina pectoris:a systematic review

YANG Juan, HE Ying-chun, XU Lin, LV Ying-hua, CHEN Jun-chao, ZHENG Qing-shan

2008, 13(9):  1029-1036. 

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AIM: To review the effectiveness of the safflor yellow injection (SYI) in the treatment for stable angina pectoris under the condition of large sample and deduction of multicentre effectiveness variation.METHODS: Four multicenter clinical trials (completed by 34 sub-centers with different efficacy) were collected.Each sub-center clinical trial was regarded as an independent study.According to our criteria, 25 suitable sub-centers were identified.A total of 1242 participants (787 participants in treatment group and 455 subjects in control group) were analyzed by Meta-analysis.Quality of included trials was assessed.Relative risk (RR) was used for the analysis of dichotomous outcomes, and the weighted mean difference (WMD) for continuous outcomes.Analysis of publication bias was shown with Fail-Safe number (N_fs).RESULTS: The effectiveness of SYI in treating stable angina pectoris were superior to control group, such as the efficacy of chest pain with pooled RR 1.25 and 95% CI 1.12 to 1.39, the chest distress with pooled RR 1.14 and 95% CI 1.06 to 1.22, the cardiopalmus with pooled RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.22, the effective rate of total scores of symptoms with pooled RR 1.21, and 95% CI 1.13 to 1.31, and the decrease of total scores of symptoms with pooled WMD 0.83 and 95% CI 0.55 to 1.12.The effective rates of chest pain, chest distress and cardiopalmus are 60%, 77.7% and 73.0%, respectively.It was 81.7% in total scores of symptoms.Fail-Safe number showed that the publication bias was not significant and the results were reliable.CONCLUSION: SYI is an effective agent for stable angina pectoris.This study also shows that if the result from each sub-center clinical trial is quite different or opposite, Meta-analysis can make decision about efficacy in multicentre clinical trial.

Research on the relationship between thiopurine S-methyltransferase genetic polymorphisms and azathioprine adverse drug reactions in patients with kidney transplantation

WU Xiao-chun, XIONG Hui, XIONG Lei, SU Dan, XIN Hua-wen, LI Qing

2008, 13(9):  1037-1043. 

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AIM: To investigate the relationship between thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT ) polymorphisms and azathioprine (AZA) adverse effects in patients with kidney transplantation.METHODS: The erythrocyte TPMT activity of 150 patients with kidney transplantation was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).The TPMT *2, *3A, * 3B and *3C four kinds of genetype were determined by allele specific PCR and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism.The relationship of the activity, gene polymorphism, adverse effects induced by AZA were analyzed. RESULTS: 30 patients (20%) stopped using AZA or reduced the dose due to adverse effects, hematotoxicity (n=12) and hepatotoxicity (n=18) happened.The patients without adverse effects were as control group, their TPMT activity-range of akaryocyte was 16.63-68.25 U, the mean activityrange was (38.43±11.59) U.The akaryocyte TPMT average activity-range was (24.16±9.84) U for the 12 patients with hematotoxicity, there was significant difference to the patients with adverse effects (P=0.0003).The TPMT activity had larger straggling for the 18 patients with hepatotoxicity, compared with control group, there was no difference (P=0.145).The TPMT activity deficiency patients were not found in the research.There were 7 cases (4.7%) with TPMT *3C heterozygous alleles in the research, their TPMT activity-range was 13.04-19.21 U, the mean activity-range was (16.75±2.09) U, much lower than that in other wild types patients (P<0.0001).It was 4 cases which had taken place side effects in the 7 cases (hematotoxicity, n=2, hepatotoxicity, n=2).CONCLUSION: The TPMT activity is reduced in patients with TPMT *3C heterozygote.Hematotoxicity induced by AZA is related to the TPMT activity.The activity detection and genotyping for TPMT which are detected prior to therapy can relieve or avoid severe hematotoxicity.

Study on in vitro antimicrobial activity of linezolid, vancomycin and other antibacterials against 111 methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

LIANG Bei-bei, WANG Rui

2008, 13(9):  1044-1047. 

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AIM: To investigate the antimicrobial activity of linezolid, vancomycin and other antibacterials against 111 methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus. METHODS: Broth dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of linezolid, vancomycin and other antibacterials against 111 methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus identified by cefoxitin.RESULTS: The resistant rates of 111 MRSA to β-lactam, erythromycin, aminoglycosides (netilmicin and gentamycin), fluoroquinolones (gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin and levofloxacin) and chloromycin were 100%, 92.8%, 99.1%, 91.9% -99.1%, 3.6%.All 111 MRSA were sensitive to linezolid and vancomycin, andMIC₅₀ and MIC₉₀ of vancomycin were 0.5 and 1 μg/mL, MIC₅₀ and MIC₉₀ of linezolid were 2 μg/mL.CONCLUSION: 111 MRSA were resistant to most antibacterials including β-lactam, erythromycin, aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. Linezolid and vancomycin have strong antimicrobial activity against MRSA.

Sensitivity analyses of linezolid against clinical gram-positive cocci isolates in vitro

XIAO Xiu-mei, LIU Zheng-ying, ZHANG Xiao-wei, ZHANG Jie

2008, 13(9):  1048-1052. 

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AIM: To compare the antibacterial activity of linezolid with vancomycin and other antibacterials against clinical gram-positive cocci isolates in vitro.METHODS: The antibacterial activity of linezolid and other antibacterials were determined according to the disk diffusion guidelines of NCCLS (CLSI) 2007 in vitro.RESULTS: The incidence of methicillin^- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated in our hospital was 79.1%, linezolid showed great susceptibility as well as vancomycin and teicoplanin.The incidence of methicillin-resistant coagulase negative Staphylococcus (MRCNS, 88.9%) was higher than that of MRSA, the antibacterial activity of linezolid was comparable with that of vancomycin and teicoplanin, and the sensitivity was 100%.The activity of linezolid against enterococcus faecalis is similar to that of vancomycin and teicoplanin, the activity of linezolid against enterococcus faecium is prior to that of vancomycin and teicoplanin (100%, 80.4%, 78.1%).Linezolid also showed great activity against penicillin resistant streptococcus pneumonia (PRSP).CONCLUSION: The antibacterial activity of linezolid was comparable with that of vancomycin and teicoplanin against MRSA, MRCNS, PRSP and enterococcus faecalis, and the sensitivity were all 100%.The antibacterial activity was better than those of the two drugs against enterococcus faecium in vitro.Linezolid could be a promising therapeutic option to treat infections caused by multi-resistant gram-positive cocci.

Effects of epidural anesthesia combined with propofol sedation on postoperative cognition in the elder

ZHU Guang-qiu, PENG Cong-bin, YOU Kuang-zhang, CHEN Bao-jun

2008, 13(9):  1053-1057. 

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AIM: To investigate the effects of epidural anesthesia combined with propofol sedation on postoperative cognition in the elder.METHODS: 160 patients, aged 65-80 years with primary school educational level, scheduled for transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), were randomly assigned into two groups (n=80 each group) :control group and test group.Patients in control group received only epidural anesthesia.Patients in test group received epidural anesthesia combined with propofol sedation.Propofol was administered by target controlled infusion (TCI), the effect-site concentration was adjusted according to the number of bispectral index (BIS) by hand, maintain the number of BIS near 80.A battery of 8 neuropsychological tests were performed the day before surgery and the fifth day after surgery to evaluate cognition. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) was recorded every 5 min during operation.Patient comfort and satisfaction with the anesthesia was assessed 30 min after surgery. RESULTS: The MAP was lower, the score of patient comfort and satisfaction with the anesthesia was higher in test group compared with control group (P<0.05). The scores of Rey auditory verbal learning test and digit span forward changed no significantly between pre-and post-operation in test group (P>0.05).The score of Rey auditory verbal learning test in test group was better than that of control group 5 days postoperatively. There was no significant difference of incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) between the two groups (P>0.05).CONCLUSION: Using propofol sedation combined with epidural anesthesia to reduce psychological stress during operation, may reduce the postoperative memory impairment in some degree in the elder, and with a excellent patient comfort and satisfaction about anesthesia, but contribute to reduce the incidence of POCD is very limited.

Clinical evaluation on the efficacy of inhaling atomized garlicin injection for assistant treating acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis

LIU Yi-ming, WANG Xiao-cui

2008, 13(9):  1058-1061. 

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AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of inhaling atomized garlicin injection for assistant treating acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.METHODS: Based on the conventional treatment, 64 cases in the treatment group were given inhaled atomized garlicin injection, while other 52 cases in the control group were treated by the conventional treatment.Total effective rates of two groups were observed, the oxygen partial pressure, carbon dioxide partial pressure, the TNF-αand IFN-γ of blood serum in all cases were detected before and after treatment.RESULTS: The total effective rate of the treatment group is 93.75% and that of the control group is 67.31%, which shows a notable diference between the two groups (P<0.05). The curative effects for PO₂, PaCO₂ and concentrations of serum TNF-αand IFN-γ also show notable diference between the two groups, that is, the treatment group has got better effect.CONCLUSION: Inhaled atomized garlicin injection in treating patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis can improve symptom, shorten the course of disease.

Effects of intravenous butorphanol tartrate combined with propofol for aponia colonofiberscope patients

LI Li-ling, MENG Yi-nan, WU Qun, WU Hui, WU Jin-ze

2008, 13(9):  1062-1065. 

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AIM: To observe the effects and safety of intravenous butorphanol tartrate combined with propofol for aponia colonofiberscope operation. METHODS: One hundred and six patients underwenting aponia colonofiberscope operation were divided into two groups randomly, group A (fentanyl combined with propofol) and group B (butorphanol tartrate combined with propofol), and the anesthetized effects of two groups were observed.The vital sign, total dosage of using propofol, analepsia time and the other side effects were compared in two groups.RESULTS: There were no significant difference between group A and group B in BP, HR, the dosage of using propofol and analepsia time, respiratory depression number in group B were less than those in group A.No severe side effect occurred in either groups.CONCLUSION: Butorphanol tartrate combined with propofol using for enteroscope check has good analgesia, mitigate effect, and with less side effect.Especially, respiratory depression effect in group B is better than that in group A.

Pharmaceutical methods of identifying fibrinolytic activity

LI Hua, CHEN Ling-xia, XU Rui-an

2008, 13(9):  1066-1070. 

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Thrombosis disease is the most serious human diseases in the world, but there is not efficient therapeutic drug.And the animal, plant and microorganism from nature supply vast resources in the development of anti-thrombosis drug research.Some nature products, such as Urokinase, Nattokinase, Hirudin, Lumbrokinase, have been developed as the drug of anti-thrombosis, and play a certain role during treatment. Fibrinolytic enzyme and plasminogen kinase can direct dissolution the fibrin, then cause thrombosis disappearance.The research and developing of the novel type fibrinolytic enzyme is the best way to treat the thrombosis disease, and the establishing easy, rapid method on anti-thrombosis activity is the key point in this research.This article reviews the method of identifying the anti-clotting activity and provides some datas to improve the assay of thrombolysis.

Effects of Ginkgo biloba extracts on CYP450

TAO Gong-you, ZHOU Hong-hao

2008, 13(9):  1071-1075. 

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Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) is a popular herbal medicine and has received great attention in clinical therapy.Interactions between GBE and other drugs are of increasing concern.Among these interaction, induction and inhibition of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes by GBE have been investigated. This review focuses mainly on research about the effects of GBE on CYP450:CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP1A2, CYP2C19.

Development of mice experimental emphysema

QIAN Bo-chu, SHI Hong, ZHENG Xiao-liang

2008, 13(9):  1076-1080. 

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Emphysema is one of serious disease in respiratory system that consists of irreversible dilatation and destruction of terminal airspaces of the lung, and the development of clinic and basic study are slowness. In recent years, different animal models of pulmonary emphysema were described in some species such as mice, rats, rabbits, dogs and sheep.But their practicality are still limited because of the long periods of preparation, larger difference of individual, difficult measure and uncertain dependability of pulmonary function index.This paper introduced briefly some progress of mice experimental emphysema as follows the study on fractal geometry for the analysis of irregular and complex morphological structures of emphysema, study on effects of susceptible strain mice on cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema, and the study on the role of CD₈⁺ T cells and B cells in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema.These researches are useful to provide the new idea for the study of emphysema models in mice.