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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (6): 581-585.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0347 Abstract （577）      PDF （910KB）（1051）       Knowledge map    Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (9): 929-934.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0679 Abstract （335）      PDF （1156KB）（621）       Knowledge map    Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Early screening, diagnosis and intervention of learning disabilities in children CAO Aihua Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (6): 590-594.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0498 Abstract （377）      PDF （655KB）（591）       Knowledge map    Learning disabilities are neurodevelopmental disorders, which are classified as dyslexia, dysgraphia and dyscalculia according to the DSM-5 and ICD-11. Learning disabilities have a significant impact on children's schooling, but they will not be identified until children show poor academic performance at school. Therefore, screening for learning disabilities at preschool age and early intervention is essential. This article focuses on early screening, diagnosis and comorbidity of children with learning disabilities, and summarizes the treatment of learning disabilities in children from three aspects: education, cognitive behavior and medical interventions. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2024, 32 (4): 349-358.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2024-0279 Abstract （256）      PDF （1552KB）（579）       Knowledge map    Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Treatment and intervention of autism spectrum disorder in China and suggestions for further practice JING Jin Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (9): 939-944.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0680 Abstract （309）      PDF （831KB）（443）       Knowledge map    Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders with unknown etiology, high heterogeneity and rapidly increasing prevalence. Early education and training is the main method of rehabilitation. The intervention for ASD in China is still developing. Various medical and rehabilitation education institutions have carried out a variety of interventions, hoping to improve the function of ASD and reduce the family and social burden caused by ASD. Based on this, this article analyzes and expounds the progress in evidence-based practice of ASD, the current situation of ASD intervention in China, the limitations and the future development direction. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation and treatment of complex attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in childhood CHEN Li Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (9): 935-938.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0845 Abstract （191）      PDF （501KB）（427）       Knowledge map    Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood. Complex ADHD in children is relatively unique. These cases differ from typical ADHD cases in various ways, such as the atypical age at which symptoms appear or the presence of complex coexisting conditions. Additionally, the symptoms and functional impairment experienced by children with complex ADHD tend to be more severe.Therefore, these children require comprehensive interdisciplinary evaluation and treatment, as well as long-term standardized follow-up and chronic disease management. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Status of vitamin A, vitamin D and comorbidity of both deficiency in Chinese children YIN Shian, YANG Zhenyu Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2024, 32 (3): 301-306.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2024-0146 Abstract （270）      PDF （617KB）（342）       Knowledge map    Vitamin A and vitamin D deficiencies or insufficiencies in children remain global public health problems. The deficiencies of both vitamin A and vitamin D exist in Chinese children, the deficiency of vitamin A is mainly marginal (about 30%) in children aged 0 - 12 years.Vitamin D deficiency and prevalence are common in healthy children aged 0 - 18 years, among which the severe deficiency rate is 2.46%, the deficiency rate is 21.57%, and the marginal deficiency rate is 28.71%.The deficiency rate gradually increases with the increase of age.Since the respective bioactive metabolites of vitamin A and vitamin D, retinoic acid and 1 and 25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 have hormone-like properties, and both metabolites are synthesized from their vitamin precursors by different tissues and cells in the body, there may be a synergistic effect between both on target cells remotely by binding to nuclear hormone receptors.A high proportion of concurrent vitamin A and vitamin D deficiencies (comorbidities) in malnourished children under 5 years of age in low- and middle-income countries and poor areas will affect the immune response in a highly specific way, in addition to causing growth and developmental disorders (e.g., growth retardation, motor retardation), it also increases susceptibility to infectious diseases (e.g., recurrent respiratory infections, diarrhea), allergic diseases (e.g., asthma, atopic dermatitis), and neurodevelopmental disorders (touretic disorder, autism spectrum disorder).Therefore, children in the period of growth and development may benefit from supplementing with vitamin A and vitamin D. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Nutrition intervention for faltering growth in children under 6 years old YU Xiaodan Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (10): 1048-1050.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0914 Abstract （223）      PDF （396KB）（340）       Knowledge map    A report published in 2020 on the Nutrition and Chronic Disease Status of Chinese Residents revealed that the rate of faltering growth in Chinese children under 6 years old is 4.8%. This paper focuses primarily on the influence of weight deviation and nutrient deficiency on height (length) in children, and proposes early intervention measures, in order to provide valuable insights for healthcare professionals in the early prevention and treatment of faltering growth in clinical practice. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Early identification and treatment on childhood anxiety disorders ZHANG Jinsong Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (12): 1277-1279.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-1196 Abstract （206）      PDF （537KB）（329）       Knowledge map    Anxiety disorders are prevalent in children, and early identification and treatment are crucial to minimize their impact on children's development. There are several subtypes of anxiety disorders, and the symptoms in children are diverse and atypical, often manifesting as behavioral and physical responses. Raising awareness of early identification can be achieved by reinforcing correct understanding, enhancing foresight, focusing on high-risk children, and maintaining sensitivity. This article provides a brief overview of common manifestations for identifying anxiety symptoms, the process of early identification and diagnosis of anxiety disorders, and a treatment plan for childhood anxiety disorders that integrates preventive intervention and comprehensive treatment. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Communication disorders in children with autism spectrum disorder from speech language pathology perspective YANG Feng Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2024, 32 (3): 233-236.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2024-0114 Abstract （657）      PDF （722KB）（244）       Knowledge map    Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) face varying degrees of difficulties in communication, language, and social interactions.This article analyzes the basic communication abilities, language development characteristics, and social pragmatic features of ASD children from the perspective of speech pathology, introduces corresponding assessment tools and proposes intervention strategies based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF).Meanwhile, this article emphasizes the adoption of a comprehensive intervention model that involves medical, family, and school components to enhance the communication, language, and social skills of this group comprehensively, with the aim of effectively improving their overall quality of life. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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New concepts of complementary feeding in infants and toddlers WANG Zhixu Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2024, 32 (4): 362-367.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2024-0250 Abstract （115）      PDF （1443KB）（235）       Knowledge map    Infants go through a transition period before fully adapting to a diversified balanced diet after being breastfed, during which foods introduced other than milk, aimed at supplementing energy and nutrients, are referred to as complementary foods. The process of introducing complementary foods is called complementary feeding (CF). The purpose and significance of adding complementary foods include not only supplementing energy and nutrients, but also promoting the development of eating skills and fine motor functions, establishing healthy eating and food-related psychological behaviors, preventing food allergies and other allergic diseases, and materializing diversity of children's gut flora. The feeding suggestions of introducing red meat paste first other than iron-fortified baby rice flour at the age of 6 months, and rapidly achieving diversified food exposure, is comply with the above principles. This article analyzes the purpose of infant CF, reviews the historical development of CF, and interprets relevant feeding recommendations based on new concepts of CF. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Early intervention of emotionalization and socialization on high-risk children XIONG Zhonggui, ZHENG Xiaoyun, BIAN Xiaoyan, XU Haiqing Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (11): 1161-1164.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0985 Abstract （160）      PDF （662KB）（229）       Knowledge map    High-risk children are confronted with a serial of medical issues, such as early development of emotionalization and socialization, in which there were significant difference in neurobehavioral development between high-risk children and normal children. Early intervention could promote healthy development of high-risk children. This study is aimed at early development of emotionalization and socialization to achieve the optimal potential development on high-risk children. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on sensory characteristics of autism spectrum disorder LI Xiang, FAN Lili Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (9): 1000-1004.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1518 Abstract （145）      PDF （608KB）（200）       Knowledge map    Autism spectrum disorder(ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in early development. Sensory abnormalities are common among ASD children and were included in the diagnostic criteria in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) in 2013. Sensation is an important cornerstone for the development of advanced functions such as cognition and social interaction. Accurately grasping the sensory characteristics of ASD is the key to better understanding its advanced dysfunction such as social interaction. In this review, current related researches on ASD sensory characteristics are sorted out and integrated, aiming to provide reference for early screening, individualized intervention and basic research of ASD. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of parent-child interaction on early childhood development outcome CAO Hui, YAN Shuangqin, GUAN Hongyan Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (7): 770-774.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0811 Abstract （218）      PDF （570KB）（194）       Knowledge map    Family environment plays a central role in children′s health, growth and development.Parent child interaction is an important indicator to evaluate the quality of parenting care, and high quality parent-child interaction is a key determinant of cognitive and psycho-social development.However, so far, there is still a lack of comprehensive discussion on the relationship between parent-child interaction and early childhood development outcomes in China.By searching the previous literature and analyzing researches related to parent-child interaction, this paper finds that parent-child interaction can have a positive impact on children′s cognitive function, emotional sociality, language ability and common children′s developmental behavior disorders, and parent-child interaction therapy can also produce a good intervention effect, so as to provide a new intervention path and evidence-based basis for promoting children′s early development based on parent-child interaction.In addition, it is also pointed out that more evaluation and guidance of parent-child interaction, intervention practice research of children with special developmental behavior problems need to be carried out in China in the future, so as to further promote the development of new service technologies for early childhood development in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in screening tools for autism spectrum disorder at different ages LIU Annan, JIANG Zhimei Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (6): 645-649.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0790 Abstract （138）      PDF （625KB）（189）       Knowledge map    In recent years, ASD has become one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children. Since the last century, various ASD screening tools have emerged. However, the focus and use of these screening tools are very different and may further affect subsequent diagnosis and rehabilitation. This paper aims to compare and analyze various popular ASD screening scales and questionnaires at home and abroad, summarize their characteristics and screening effects, in order to achieve more effective and convenient early ASD screening and diagnosis in the future. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Report on early childhood development practices in China from a global health perspective HUANG Yangmu, DANG Yuan Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2024, 32 (1): 1-6.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-1344 Abstract （506）      PDF （959KB）（189）       Knowledge map    As the health disparities among children indirectly reflect the unfair distribution of national child healthcare, education, and other infrastructure, early childhood health development is a globally significant public health concern. On a global scale, 193 countries have endorsed The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and have explored various development strategies. The government placing children's interests and their rights at the core of their efforts to achieve theSustainable Development Goals(SDGs) is essential, China has made substantial progress in improving children's well-being over several decades of continuous effort and practice. However, challenges persist, including regional development imbalances, insufficient service capabilities in impoverished rural areas, and emerging issues like obesity, myopia, and mental health problems. China still needs to meet the growing health needs of children fully. From a global health perspective, this article systematically reviews the current status of global early childhood health development, outlines the significant milestones and best practices in China's early childhood development efforts, and also anticipates the focus and challenges in early childhood development in China based on global trends, hoping to contribute to further research in this field. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Early identification and treatment of emotion-related mental disorders in children and adolescents JIN Yu Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (12): 1280-1285.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-1195 Abstract （207）      PDF （833KB）（186）       Knowledge map    It has been found that children and adolescents are highly susceptible to emotion-related mental disorders such as anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, bipolar and related disorder. If left untreated, it may severely impact the normal functioning of individuals, family and society, indicating the importance of early detection and interventionin preventing and treatingchildren and adolescents who are at high risk for emotion-related mental disorders. This article reviews different types and risk factors of emotion-related mental disorders in biological, family and school contexts, and identifies effective early detection methods and intervention strategies for children and adolescents with emotion-related mental disorders.Further implications and recommendations for early detection and intervention are also discussed. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Intelligence characteristics of 2- to 5-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder, suspected autism spectrum disorder and global developmental delay LIU Mengjiao, ZHENG Xiaoqin, MENG Xian, WU Xiaoling, GE Dongmei, NIE Jing Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (6): 668-673.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1188 Abstract （110）      PDF （675KB）（167）       Knowledge map    Objective To describe and compare the developmental levels of Gesell Developmental Scale(GDS) in children aged 2 - 5 years who were diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), suspected ASD and GDD, and to know about the intelligence quotient, so as to provide reference for early diagnosis and early intervention. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on children aged 2 - 5 years who were diagnosed with ASD ( n=270), suspected ASD ( n=158) and GDD ( n=218) in Sichuan Maternal and Child Health Hospital from July 2018 to August 2022. The DQs of five domains of GDS were described and compared among the three groups. Results 1) The intelligence level of children in three groups was significantly different ( P<0.05); The scores of ASD group were significantly lower than those of suspected ASD group in all five domains of GDS, and the scores of fine motor and adaptability were significantly lower than those of GDD group ( P<0.05). 2) The intelligence development of the three groups at different ages was significantly different ( P<0.05); For children aged 2 to 3 years, the scores in five domains of ASD children were lower than those of suspected ASD group, and the scores in four energy areas of GDD group were significantly higher than those of ASD group except for gross motor ( P<0.05). For preschool children, the score of fine motor in ASD group was significantly lower than that in GDD group ( P<0.05), and the score of fine motor, adaptability and language ability in ASD group was significantly lower than that in suspected ASD group. 3) The developmental quotient of children in each group was different between children aged 2 - 3 and preschool children. The development level of personal-social area of preschoolers in ASD group was significantly higher than that of ASD children ( Z=2.45, P<0.05). The scores of adaptability and gross motor domain of preschoolers in the suspected ASD group were significantly lower than those of children with suspected ASD ( Z=2.83, 1.99, P<0.05). The development levels of language, adaptability and gross motor area of preschool children in GDD group were significantly lower than those in the GDD group ( Z=2.97, 5.18, 4.36, P<0.05). Conclusions There are certain differences in the neurodevelopmental characteristics of children with different age groups and developmental problems. In clinical practice, GDS can be used to clarify their intelligence development to identify ASD, suspected ASD and GDD, which is important for early diagnosis of the disease, the formulation of training programs and prognosis of the disease. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Early identification of Chinese developmental dyslexia should be valued LI Xiuhong Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (6): 586-589.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0429 Abstract （138）      PDF （609KB）（165）       Knowledge map    Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a persistent neurodevelopmental disorder that is usually diagnosed only when children experience severe learning difficulty after 2 to 3 years of enrollment. This late diagnosis not only leads to academic failure in children, but also has a serious impact on their mental health, career achievements, etc. If DD can be diagnosed before enrollment, its intervention will be more effective. Considering the prognostic benefits of earlyidentification and intervention, as well as many adverse consequences that can be avoided or mitigated, identifying early risks of DD is of great value. But how to early identify DD has always been a challenge. The article aims to introduce how to early identify DD, so as to provide reference for clinical practice. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the effect of screen exposure on cognitive function in children LI Yang, JIA Xiangrui, CAO Jianqin, WU Hongmei, SU Hong, YU Hong Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (12): 1331-1334.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0134 Abstract （235）      PDF （435KB）（161）       Knowledge map    In recent years, advancements in science and technology have led to the widespread use of electronic devices such as mobile phones, iPads, TVs, and computers, making them an integral part of daily life. Consequently, children's exposure to electronic screens has significantly increased over time. This growing trend has raised concerns regarding the impact of screen exposure on children's cognitive function. To address this issue, this study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the current state of children's screen exposure, incorporating relevant literature from both domestic and international sources. Furthermore, this study discusses the effects of screen exposure on children's cognitive function and assesses the research progress, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for promoting the physical and mental health development of children. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of sensory processing and self-regulation and their influence on hyperactivity in children with autism spectrum disorder REN Jiaojiao, ZHANG Xi, QI Jing, GAO Hong, BAI Ruibei, WANG Zhaohui Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (12): 1297-1301.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0920 Abstract （119）      PDF （527KB）（157）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the characteristics of sensory processing and self-regulation in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their influence on hyperactivity. Methods From October 2022 to June 2023,ASD children in the Department of Child Healthcare of Xi'an People's Hospital were enrolled in this study. Meanwhile, healthy children matched by age were selected as controls. Then ASD children were divided into ASD group and ASD comorbid with hyperactivity according to the hyperactivity index of Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire. The Sensory Processing and Self Regulation Checklist (SPSRC) was completed by parents. Using Z-score of the SPSRC scale, six sections of sensory processing (auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory, vestibular balance, and proprioception) and three sections of self-regulation (physiological condition, emotional regulation, and adaptability) were divided into abnormal (Z<-1) and normal groups. The data were statistically analyzed using χ 2 test, one-way ANOVA, and binary Logistic regression. Results Totally 35 children were included in the ASD group, 33 children were included in the ASD comorbid with hyperactivity group, and 35 children were included in the healthy group. The proportion of abnormal sensory and self-regulation in all sections was highest in the ASD comorbid with hyperactivity group, followed by ASD group, and the differences among the three groups were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The results of binary Logistic regression analysis showed that abnormal proprioception and emotional regulation were risk factors for hyperactivity in ASD children ( OR=5.31, 7.31, P<0.05). Conclusions ASD children have abnormal sensory processing and self-regulation, and the abnormalities are more significant in ASD children comorbid with hyperactivity. Moreover, abnormal proprioception and emotional regulation are risk factors for hyperactivity in ASD children. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Nutritional status and its influencing factors of children aged 1 - 5 years with cerebral palsy in Shenzhen WANG Jinggang, LI Qingyun, YU Chunyu, YUN Guojun, TONG Nan, CAO Jianguo Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (11): 1180-1184.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0070 Abstract （126）      PDF （628KB）（155）       Knowledge map    Objective To investigate the nutritional status of children aged 1 - 5 years with cerebral palsy in Shenzhen, and to determine its influencing factors, in order to provide evidence for clinical nutritional intervention. Methods This multicenter study was performed in ten maternal and child healthcare hospitals from October 2020 to August 2022. A total of 1 094 1- to 5-year-old children with cerebral palsy were involved in the survey. General data of the children were collected, meanwhile body weight, height/body length were measured. Nutritional status was evaluated according to the child growth and development standards issued by WHO. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was performed to test factors that may affect nutritional status. Results The prevalence of malnutrition among children with cerebral palsy aged 1 - 5 years was 17.91%. GMFCS level, feeding difficulty and parental knowledge level of nutrition were the factors significantly influencing the nutritional status of children with cerebral palsy ( P<0.05). Higher GMFCS score and feeding difficulty were the risk factors for malnutrition with cerebral palsy, while parental knowledge level of nutrition was a protective factor. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of malnutrition among children with different clinical classification, constipation or not, same educational background of parents ( P >0.05). Conclusions The malnutrition prevalence rate in children with cerebral palsy aged 1 - 5 years appears to be low in Shenzhen, China. GMFCS levels, the severity of feeding difficulties, and parental knowledge level of nutrition are factors that affect the nutrition status of this population. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in sensory abnormalities in children with autism spectrum disorder LI Menghan, LI Tingyu Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (6): 650-655.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1517 Abstract （127）      PDF （618KB）（155）       Knowledge map    Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. Sensory abnormality is one of the core symptoms in children with ASD, and raising awareness of them can help guide clinical and scientific work. This article reviews the research progress in sensory abnormalities from the aspect of clinical manifestations, related factors, evaluation instruments and interventions in ASD children. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research advance in the role of gut microbiota in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ZHENG Jie, CHEN Yanhui Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (9): 986-989.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1269 Abstract （126）      PDF （464KB）（148）       Knowledge map    The microbial-gut-brain axis (MGB), which is composed of gut microbiota and its metabolites together with the central nervous system, neuroendocrine system, neuroimmune system and autonomic nervous system, is considered to be a bridge between environmental risk factors and pathological mechanisms of ADHD. Monoamine neurotransmitter levels and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis disturbances, which have received much attention in ADHD research, are closely related to MGB imbalance. Given that the differences in geographical environment and dietary habits may cause regional differences in the intestinal microbial composition, exploring the influence of living habits on the specific characteristics and metabolites of intestinal microbes in different regions and their role in the pathological process of ADHD is helpful to understand the mechanism of MGB involving in ADHD and to provide a basis for accurate ADHD prevention and treatment strategies as well as life guidance. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Early prevention of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents as well as cardiovascular health in adulthood XIANG Wei Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (7): 697-702.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0538 Abstract （110）      PDF （855KB）（144）       Knowledge map    In our country, cardiovascular disease (CVD) now ranks the first among independent risk factors for atherosclerosis(AS) and CVD, and it is now the leading cause of mortality in both urban and rural populations. Numerous studies have demonstrated that AS-related CVD begins with AS lesions in early childhood, and this process is correlated with increased plasma cholesterol levels. The prevalence of dyslipidemia among children and adolescents is increasing in China. The definition, latest categorization, diagnosis, and treatment of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents are presented in this article. Primary prevention places a focus on lifestyle prevention, genetic counseling, and avoiding harmful impacts of variables connected to the developmental genesis hypothesis of health and illness on fetuses and offspring. When it comes to secondary prevention, the focus is on the value of screening and the promotion of dyslipidemia screening in children at high/medium risk or with a positive family history. For children with moderate to severe dyslipidemia, tertiary prevention means careful dietary restriction and medication intervention. It is advised to refer patients to a multidisciplinary team of experts in tertiary prevention. Finally, the development of researches on adult cardiovascular health and early dyslipidemia prevention in children and adolescents is presented. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and school bullying JIN Zhenkun, ZHANG Gong Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (9): 990-995.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0017 Abstract （102）      PDF （680KB）（142）       Knowledge map    Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood, with the main symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. ADHD children usually have difficulties with academic performance, peer relationships and emotional regulation. School bullying is an act of bullying and humiliation that occurs deliberately or maliciously between students through physical, verbal and online means, causing harm and having a negative psychological impact on both the bully and the person being bullied. Children with ADHD are more likely to engage in school bullying than normal children, and the impact of school bullying on ADHD children is more severe. Individual characteristic factors such as age and ADHD symptoms, as well as risk factors such as peer relationships and parenting styles may all be potential factors influencing the involvement of ADHD children in school bullying, and the experience of school bullying may lead to a variety of mental health problems in ADHD children. Intervention strategies for school bullying need to take into account the unique nature of ADHD children. Multi-level school bullying intervention for ADHD children from family, school and society may be a more effective measure. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influencing factors of children with developmental stuttering YU Yabin, WANG Jianhong, XU Qi, WANG Lei, ZHOU Bo, ZHANG Lili, WANG Xi, WANG Lin Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (6): 674-677.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1487 Abstract （82）      PDF （560KB）（139）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the related influencing factors of children with developmental stuttering, in order to provide scientific basis for reasonable clinical intervention. Methods A case control study design was adopted. The clinical data of 189 children with developmental stuttering (stuttering group) in the Center of Children's Healthcare, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics from October 2020 to April 2022 and 388 typically developed children (control group) who underwent physical examination during the same period were analyzed. χ 2 test and multivariate Logistic regression were used to analyze the association between developmental stuttering and potential influential factors. Results There were significant differences in terms of whether only-child or not ( χ2=5.353), relationship among family members ( χ2=7.107), family history of stuttering ( χ2=6.248), parent-child reading ( χ2=4.492) and daily screen time ( χ2=6.005) between children in stuttering group and control group ( P <0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that only-child ( OR=1.702, 95% CI: 1.153 - 2.514, P=0.007),family history of stuttering ( OR=1.814, 95% CI: 1.028 - 3.201, P=0.04), non-parent-child reading ( OR=1.663, 95% CI: 1.120 - 2.471, P=0.012), screen time≥1h/d ( OR=1.517, 95% CI: 1.025 - 2.246, P=0.037) were risk factors for developmental stuttering in children. Conclusions The occurrence of developmental stuttering in children is related to multiple factors. More attention should be paid to only-child and children with family history of stuttering. Besides, parent-child reading time should be increased, responsive care should be enhanced and screen time should be controlled. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Nutrition and brain development in early life SHAO Jie, GAO Jiaying Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2024, 32 (4): 368-371.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2024-0273 Abstract （65）      PDF （515KB）（139）       Knowledge map    The early life period is a rapid period, as well as a critical/sensitive period for brain development. Proteins, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), iron, zinc, iodine, folate, choline, vitamins A, D, B 6, and B 12, all play a role in key neural development processes and thus influence brain development. Different brain regions or circuits have specific critical periods during different stages of development that depend on specific nutrients. Any nutrient deficiency during this period, even if corrected with supplementation, may still affect the trajectory of brain development and result in long-term cognitive and behavioral impairment. This article elucidates the effects of major nutrient deficiencies during early life on brain development, the possible sensitive/critical timing, and the impacts on long-term cognitive and behavioral development, providing insights for the prevention and intervention of nutritional diseases and psychiatric developmental disorders, and the promotion of early childhood development. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Association between screen time and psychological behaviors of preschool children in Lanzhou City HUANG Lei, NAN Nan, SU Yue, WANG Pengli, WU Xiaoyan, GUO Jinxian Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2024, 32 (3): 242-247.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0396 Abstract （119）      PDF （788KB）（135）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the associations between different types of video screen time and psychological behaviors of preschool children, in order to provide evidence for promoting the development of children's mental health. Methods From February to March 2023, a total of 1 361 parents of children aged 3 - 6 years from 6 kindergartens of Lanzhou were surveyed by cluster sampling method.Parents were surveyed to obtain information about the video use, and the children's Strengths and Difficulties questionnaire (parent version) was used to assess children's psychological and behavioral problems. Results The rate of daily screen time exceeding standard was 36.96% (503/1 361).The screen time was mainly spent in watching TV cartoons, followed by educational APP.The detection rate of abnormal total difficulty score was 11.61% (158/1 361), and the abnormalities of peer communication (32.26%) and prosocial behavior (12.34%) were the most prominent.After adjusting for related factors by multiple Logistic regression analysis, total screen time≥2h/d ( OR=1.802) was found to be a risk factor for abnormal total difficulty score; watching TV cartoons≥2h/d was a risk factor for abnormal total difficulty score ( OR=2.409) and peer communication ( OR=2.222); playing games≥1h/d was a risk factor for abnormal total difficulty score, emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactive behavior, and abnormalities of peer communication, the differences were all statistically significant ( P<0.05).However, educational APP screen time<1h/d was a protective factor for abnormal total difficulty score( OR=0.615) and prosocial behavior ( OR=0.549), but educational APP screen time≥2h/d was a risk factor for conduct problems ( OR=2.302), the differences were all statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusions The screen time of preschool children in Lanzhou cannot be ignored, and there is a significant correlation between overuse and children's psychological and behavioral problems.Parents and schools should attach importance to the parent-child and peer interaction of preschool children and strengthen the intervention of preschool children's video behavior. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Status quo and influencing factors for language development in children aged 18 months XIA Bin, WANG Jie, LIU Qiaoyun, CHEN Siqi, LI Luanluan, YU Xiaodan Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (11): 1196-1201.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0241 Abstract （153）      PDF （601KB）（135）       Knowledge map    Objective To know about current status and influencing factors of language development among 18-month-old children, so as to provide guidance for early intervention. Methods A total of 362 children aged 18 months who took routine physical examination in the Department of Child Health Center of Changning Maternal and Infant Health Care Hospital in Shanghai from October 2021 to March 2022 were selected into this study, including 176 boys and 186 girls. Children were screened for language development by using the Early Language Milestone Scale, with the total score≤ P 10 as abnormal. The demographic information, family conditions, behavior habits and feeding behaviors were collected using questionnaire. Univariate analysis and multiple regression analysis were performed to analyze influencing factors of language development. Results The prevalence of language development delay among 18-month-old children was 9.9%, with 11.9% in boys and 8.1% in girls. The score of voice and speech (11.14±2.62 vs. 12.45 ± 3.20) and the total score of language development (35.19±3.90 vs. 36.68 ± 4.02) in boys were significantly lower than those of girls ( t=-4.244, -3.591, P＜0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that mother or (maternal) grandparents as the major caregiver ( β＝1.188, 0.279, 0.217, 1.735, P<0.05) and higher education level of caregivers ( β = 1.027, 0.267, 0.161, 1.485, P<0.05) had positive effects on the scores of voice and speech, auditory perception and understanding, visual related understanding and expression and total score of language development. However, longer screen time ( β =-0.452, -0.612, P<0.05) and delayed timing to introducing solid food ( β =-0.515, -0.613, P<0.05) are negatively correlated with voice and speech development and overall language development of children. Conclusion Children at 18 months of age have a higher rate of abnormal language development, especially in boys; this can be facilitated by choosing an appropriate caregiver, controlling screen time and adding solid foods to the diet at the right time. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of family support on the effect of early intervention on motor function in high-risk children QIN Yueyi, TIAN Tian, LU Xiao Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (11): 1168-1173.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1419 Abstract （126）      PDF （739KB）（134）       Knowledge map    Objective To explore the relationship between the involvement degree of family intervention and the effect of motor function intervention on high-risk infants aged 0 to 3 years, in order to provide ideas for early intervention strategies for high-risk infants. Methods From June 2020 to April 2022, 81 high-risk infants with motor development retardation were included in this study for follow-up. All children received regular intervention in hospital and family guidance, and were divided into group with intervention frequency of <15min/d and group with intervention frequency of ≥15min/d according to the average length of daily family intervention. The level of children′s motor function was evaluated with Peabody Developmental Motor Scale (PDMS-2) before and 3 months after the intervention, and the intervention effect was compared. Results After intervention, gross motor development quotient (GMQ), fine motor development quotient (FMQ) and total motor development quotient (TMQ) of all children were significantly higher than those before intervention ( t=5.250, 5.601, 5.705, P<0.05). Further group comparison showed that the GMQ, FMQ and TMQ both in children aged 0 - 12 months and 13 - 36 months were significantly higher than those before intervention in group with intervention frequency of <15min/d and group with intervention frequency of ≥15min/d ( P<0.05), but the GMQ, FMQ and TMQ of children aged 0 - 12 months after intervention were significantly higher than those of children aged 13 - 36 months ( P<0.05). Families of children with abnormal cranial MRI were more likely to devote more time to the intervention each day than families of children without abnormalities (χ 2=4.516, P=0.034), and GMQ, FMQ and TMQ all improved significantly more in families of children with abnormal cranial MRI after the intervention ( t=2.104,2.264,2.757, P<0.05). Conclusions The early intervention training mode of hospital rehabilitation intervention combined with family intervention has a good promotion effect on improving the motor function of high-risk children with motor retardation aged 0 - 3 years. Family interventions that involve a higher level of investment and an early start are more likely to improve children′s motor development. The findings of the child′s cranial MRI have a certain influence on the family motivation and the effectiveness of the intervention. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Status quo of screen exposure and its determinants in 3- to 6-year-old children in Minhang district, Shanghai CHEN Min, ZHANG Hongmei, KANG Shurong, LI Yun Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2024, 32 (1): 26-30.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0004 Abstract （128）      PDF （549KB）（131）       Knowledge map    Objective To investigate the screen exposure status in 3- to 6-year-old children in Minhang district and to analyze its determinants, so as to provide a basis for scientific intervention of screen exposure in children. Methods A total of 1 035 children aged 3 to 6 years were selected from 30 classes in 10 kindergartens in Minhang district by multi-stage cluster sampling in October 2022. An online questionnaire survey was conducted by their parents. Screen exposure was difined as spending more than one hour on video products per day. Multivariate Logistic regression model was adopted to analyze the determinants of children screen exposure. Results Among 1 035 children, 730 experienced screen exposure (70.53%). The average time of daily screen exposure was (1.67±0.98)h. The daily screen exposure time of children aged 3, 4, 5 and 6 years at weekends was (1.77±1.13), (1.76±1.04), (1.98±1.10)h and(2.08±1.22)h, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant ( F=3.98, P<0.01). Multivariate Logistic analysis showed that age group of 5 years old ( OR=1.79, 95% CI:1.19 - 2.68), the caregivers using video products for 1 - 2hours/day ( OR=2.61, 95% CI:1.90 - 3.60) and >2hours/day ( OR=2.10, 95% CI:1.35 - 3.27) when accompanying children, parents supporting children using video products( OR=1.59, 95% CI:1.17 - 2.15), children using video products before bedtime( OR=1.94, 95% CI:1.32 - 2.86), and unsupervised use of video products for children( OR=1.94, 95% CI:1.36 - 2.77) were independent risk factors for children's screen exposure( P<0.05). Father's education level of bachelor( OR=0.61,95% CI:0.43 - 0.89), master and above( OR=0.49, 95% CI:0.34 - 0.73) was a protective factor for children's screen exposure( P<0.05). Conclusions Attention should be paid to the problem of screen exposure of 3 -to 6 - year-old children. Targeted efforts should be made to popularize the knowledge of the harm of early screen exposure to children among caregivers, caregivers are advocated for the rule formulation of screen behavior, scientifically regulate children's screen exposure behaviors, and increase parent-child communication, so as to reduce the adverse effects of screen exposure on children's health. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Association between executive function and behavioral problems in school-age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ZHANG Yu, YANG Yuankui, GUO Jing, XIE Fan, YUAN Xiaofang, FENG Jingwen, ZHANG Yi Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (9): 1017-1023.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0260 Abstract （137）      PDF （863KB）（131）       Knowledge map    Objective To explore the characteristics of executive function in school-age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its correlation with behavioral problems, so as to provide a theoretical basis for clinical intervention. Methods Thirty-two children with ADHD admitted to the Outpatient Clinic of Child Psychology Department, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou from May 2020 to December 2020 were selected into this study. Meanwhile 37 healthy children matched by age and sex were recruited. The Stroop test, Digit Distance Test (DST) and Wisconsin Card Test (WCST) were used for assessment, and parents completed the Parent Symptom Questionnaire (PSQ).The differences in executive function tests and questionnaire results between the two groups were compared, and the correlation was analyzed. Results 1) The scores of learning problems, impulse-hyperactivity and hyperactivity index in ADHD group were significantly higher than those of healthy children ( t=4.44, 2.63, 2.51, P<0.05). 2) There was no statistically significant difference in the results of DST test between ADHD children and healthy children ( t=1.84, 0.26, P>0.05), while the rate of persistent error in WCST in ADHD children was significantly higher than that in healthy children ( t=2.46, P=0.02). In the Stroop test, the positive numbers of card B, card C and interference of ADHD children were significantly lower than those in healthy children ( t=2.81, 4.67, 3.86, P<0.05).The rate of executive function disorder in ADHD group and healthy group was 81.25% and 43.24%, respectively, and the difference was significantly different ( χ 2=10.40, P<0.05), of which the rate of abnormal Stroop test result was significantly higher (68.75%).3) There was no significant correlation of DST and WCST test results with PSQ score; however, card A and card C test time of Stroop test, and interference amount time of the Stroop test were mildly correlated with the psychosomatic disorder index, learning problems index, impulsivity-hyperactivity index, and hyperactivity index ( r=0.35-0.47, P<0.05). 4) Logistic regression analysis showed that the persistent error rateand the number of correct cards C were independent predictive factors for ADHD ( P<0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of the working characteristic curve for the persistent error rate and correct card C was 0.743 and 0.783, respectively ( Z=0.491, P=0.624). The maximum Jorden index was 0.459 (sensitivity 1.000, specificity 0.459) when the persistent error rate was 4.23 and the maximum Jorden index was 0.498 when the number of correct cards C was 44.5 (sensitivity 0.811, specificity 0.688). Conclusions Executive dysfunction is highly prevalent in school-age children with ADHD and is associated with behavioral problems. Executive function tests can be used as an auxiliary indicator to the diagnosis of ADHD. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Meta-analysis of the effect of exercise interventions on executive function among children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder SONG Yiling, FAN Biyao, BAI Xiaotian, YU Hongjun Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (9): 1010-1016.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1568 Abstract （165）      PDF （1411KB）（129）       Knowledge map    Objective To systematically evaluate the effects of exercise interventions on executive function among children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), in order to provide a basis for developing non-pharmacological treatments for children with ADHD. Methods Literature related to the effects of exercise interventions on executive function in children and adolescents with ADHD published to November 8th, 2022 was captured through searching PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, CNKI and Wanfang databases. Reviewer Manager 5.4 was used for Meta-analysis, combined effect sizes were calculated. Heterogeneity test, sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis were performed. Egger's test in Stata 15.0 was used to test for publication bias in the literature. Results Fifteen studies with a total number of 592 participants with ADHD were included. Meta-analysis showed that exercise interventions improved inhibitory control ( SMD=0.54, 95% CI: 0.23 - 0.86, P<0.001), working memory ( SMD=0.61, 95% CI: 0.29 - 0.93, P<0.001), and cognitive flexibility ( SMD=0.66, 95% CI: 0.23 - 1.09, P＝0.003) of ADHD children and adolescents. Subgroup analysis showed the following results: 1) Moderate-intensity exercise had a moderate effect on inhibitory control and working memory, and moderate-to-vigorous-intensity exercise had a moderate effect on cognitive flexibility( P＜0.05). 2) Open-skilled sports had a moderate effect on inhibitory control, working memory and cognitive flexibility( P＜0.05),while closed-skilled sports did not significantly improve executive functions ( P＞0.05). 3) Exercising regularly two times/week produced a large effect on inhibitory control ( P＜0.05), and a more frequent (≥3 times/week) had a moderate-to-large effect on cognitive flexibility. 4) Interventions ranging from 6 to 8 weeks had a positive effect on inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility, and interventions with 12 weeks had a moderate-to-large effect on working memory ( P＜0.05). Conclusions Exercise interventions are effective in improving executive function in children and adolescents with ADHD. Moderate-intensity exercise is most effective in improving inhibitory control and working memory, and moderate- to high-intensity exercise interventions are required in order to improve cognitive flexibility. Open-motor skills improve executive function of ADHD children. Exercise 2 times/week for 6-8 weeks can improve inhibitory control, while improving working memory requires more frequent and longer periods of exercise intervention. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of the program for the education and enrichment of relational skills on school-age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ZHU Peiying, CHU Liting, MA Chenhuan, PAN Lizhu, GUO Naiqi, LU Dingjie, WANG Yu Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (9): 951-956.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1109 Abstract （176）      PDF （646KB）（128）       Knowledge map    Objective To explore the effect of the program for the education and enrichment of relational skills (PEERS ®) on the social skills of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) aged 6 - 8 years, so as to provide evidence for the clinical application of this project in young ADHD children in China. Methods A total of 74 children aged 6 - 8 years who were diagnosed with ADHD in the Department of Child Health Care of Shanghai Children's Hospital from March to November 2021 were enrolled in this study, and were randomly divided into intervention group and control group. The intervention group received PEERS training for 14 weeks, while the control group did not receive any intervention until the intervention in this study was finished. Social Anxiety Scale for Children (SASC), Social Skills Parent Rating Scale for Primary School Students, Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale-Parent Report (WFIRS-P) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were used for evaluation before and after the intervention. Results After 14 weeks of training, there was a statistically significant decrease in the fear of denial rating ( t=2.35), social avoidance distress score ( t=2.34) and total SASC score ( t=3.35) in the intervention group compared with those before intervention, and the scores were significantly lower than those in the control group( P<0.05). In terms of the Social Skills Parent Rating Scale for Primary School Students, scores of intention to interact ( t=3.70), group prestige ( t=2.84), social sensitivity ( t=6.31), masking ( t=2.34), individual sensitivity ( t=3.10), emotional sensibility ( t=3.33), expression skills ( t=5.95), interaction skills ( t=2.47), social expression and control ( t=7.24), social feelings ( t=7.71), emotional feelings and control ( t=3.78) and total scale score ( t=9.14) after intervention were significantly higher than those before intervention in the intervention group,which were significantly higher than those of the control group after intervention ( P<0.05). In terms of WFIRS-P, the intervention group had significantly higher scores for family ( t=3.06), learning/school ( t=3.65), self-concept ( t=2.44), social activity ( t=3.50), adventure activity score ( t=7.29) and total scale ( t=8.25) after intervention,which were significantly higher than those of the control group after intervention ( P<0.05).Except for conduct problems ( t=1.57, P=0.122) and hyperactive attention inability ( t=1.78, P=0.08),the intervention group had significantly lower scores for emotional symptoms ( t=3.01), peer interaction problems ( t=1.78) and total difficulty score ( t=5.72) after intervention,which were significantly higher than those of the control group after intervention ( P<0.05). After intervention, the hyperactivity-impulsivity score on the SNAP-Ⅳ scale was significantly lower in the intervention group than that before intervention ( t=2.29, P=0.025), and the decrease was more significant compared to the control group ( P<0.05). Conclusion PEERS training can significantly improve the social skills of ADHD children aged 6 - 8 years, and improve social function and some core symptoms of ADHD children. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of early learning opportunities in nurturing care TONG Meiling Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2024, 32 (2): 117-121.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2024-0044 Abstract （303）      PDF （753KB）（128）       Knowledge map    Both UNICEF and WHO mention that nurturing care is the most direct and effective approach to promoting early childhood development. Nurturing care emphasizes the importance of caregivers creating a suitable nurturing environment for the early development of children to promote their health and potential. The provision of early learning opportunities is an important aspect of creating a high-quality nurturing environment. This review focuses on the importance of establishing early learning opportunities, the methods of establishing early learning environments, implementing supportive strategies, and employing relevant evaluation methods, in order to provide reference and support for the establishment of early learning opportunities in nurturing care. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Intervention methods and development trends of autism spectrum disorder ZOU Hong, ZHU Jianfang, LUO Jiayi, LI Dandan, WU Di Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2024, 32 (3): 317-321.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0684 Abstract （119）      PDF （624KB）（125）       Knowledge map    Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, which is manifested by symptoms such as difficulties in social interaction and communication, stereotypical repetitive behaviors, and narrow areas of interests.At present, the intervention methods for ASD mainly include behavioral intervention, pharmacological intervention, physical intervention, exercise intervention, complementary and alternative medicine intervention.With the progress of science and technology and in-depth research, the intervention methods of ASD will develop in the direction of personalized intervention, deep learning technology, gene therapy and neurofeedback technology.These new intervention methods would hopefully improve the treatment effect and the quality of life of patients. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Systematic review of the prevalence and risk factors of tic disorders in Chinese children JIANG Yanlin, ZHANG Qiang, ZHAI Rui, PENG Yaqi, TAI Ran, WANG Junhong Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2023, 31 (6): 661-667.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1258 Abstract （213）      PDF （1210KB）（124）       Knowledge map    Objective To systematically retrieved the relevant data and analyze the prevalence and risk factors of tic disorders (TD) in China,in order to provide data reference for further study of TD. Methods A literature search of the CNKI, VIP, SinoMed, WanFang Data, PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases for relevant observational studies, published from database inception to October 2022, was performed. Literature screening, data extraction and evaluation of risk of bias were independently conducted by two researchers. Data analysis was performed using R software. Results Forty-five studies, including 271 172 children and 10 594 TD children, were included in the Meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of TD in China was 2.68% (95% CI:1.47% - 4.83%). Meta-regression analysis revealed that diagnostic criteria were the main source of study heterogeneity. The pooled prevalence of the TD subgroup, defined according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-Ⅳ) , was 1.22% (95% CI:0.79% - 1.86%) and its prevalence in males and females was 1.67% (95% CI:0.91% - 3.04%) and 1.21% (95% CI:0.83% - 1.78%), respectively. Factors associated with TD included preterm birth, abnormal birth weight, neonatal jaundice, other perinatal factors, poor dietary habits, excessive use of electronic devices, history of high fever or febrile convulsions, recurrent respiratory infection, rhinopathy or asthma, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or other neurological comorbidities, sleep disorder, family history, psychiatric abnormality during pregnancy, corporal punishment, spoil, single-parent families, emotional lability, and high stress levels. Conclusions The prevalence of TD in China is similar to that in other countries, and males are more prevalent than females. The occurrence of TD is closely related to perinatal factors, chronic respiratory disease, and family stability. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Association of sexual development characteristics and phases with the cognitive and behavioral development of adolescents aged 10 to 14 in rural areas of Shaanxi Province WANG Liang, ZHU Yingze, QI Qi, ZHU Zhonghai, ZENG Lingxia Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2024, 32 (1): 10-15.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0201 Abstract （121）      PDF （593KB）（124）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the association of sexual development characteristics and phases with the cognitive and behavioral development of adolescents aged 10 to 14 in rural areas of Shaanxi Province, in order to provide scientific reference for enhancing adolescent health. Methods The study population was selected from a birth cohort study's follow-up data for the adolescent phase. The Tanner quintile method was used to assess sexual development, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (WISC-Ⅳ) was used to assess cognitive development, and the Youth Self-Rating Scale(YSR-2001) was used to assess behavioral development. Generalized linear models was used to examine the association of the stages of adolescent sexual development with their cognitive and behavioral development. Results A total of 1 887 adolescents were enrolled in this study, with 1 111 (58.9%) boys. The proportion of boys and girls who have started sexual development was 78.22% and 89.30%, respectively. The detection rate of behavioral problems in adolescents was 9.70%, with 11.80% in boys and 6.70% in girls, and the gender difference was significant ( χ 2=13.517, P＜0.001). Compared to adolescents in Tanner stage Ⅰ, adolescents in stage Ⅲ had a higher total cognitive score of 2.19 (95% CI: 0.15 - 4.23), and a higher total score of 3.84 (95% CI: 0.85 - 6.83, P<0.05) in stages Ⅳ-Ⅴ. The detection rate of total behavioral problems of children in Tanner stages Ⅳ-Ⅴ was 2.63 times(95% CI:1.27 - 5.46, P<0.05) higher than that in stage Ⅰ. In boys, the rate of detection of internalizing problems was 3.96 times(95% CI:1.60 - 9.81, P<0.01) higher than that in stage Ⅰ, and the detection rate of internalizing problems was 2.88 times(95% CI:1.19 - 7.01, P<0.05) higher than that in stage Ⅰ. Conclusions There is a significant correlation of sexual developmental phrase with cognitive and behavioral development among adolescents aged 10 - 14 years in rural Shaanxi Province. The detection rate of adolescent behavioral problems increases with the increase of sexual development level and cognitive level, and there are significant gender differences. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care    2024, 32 (1): 7-9.   DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-1279 Abstract （342）      PDF （481KB）（121）       Knowledge map    Related Articles | Metrics